Science X Newsletter Monday, Feb 6

Dear Reader ,

Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for February 6, 2017:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

The thermodynamics of learning

Astronomers discover the least massive warm Jupiter exoplanet

Study sheds light on how carnivorous plants acquired a taste for meat

Gene therapy restores hearing in deaf mice... down to a whisper

Best of Last Week – Quantum phase transition observed, lost continent found and the health impact of thirdhand smoke

Building a better microbial fuel cell—using paper

Curiosity rover sharpens paradox of ancient Mars (Update)

Scientists develop 'lab on a chip' that costs one cent to make

Pedal power revival in China as bike-share apps race for glory

Two worlds are sharing in this proof of concept

LED lighting could have major impact on wildlife

Psychology explains how to win an Oscar

Japan's troubled 'space junk' mission fails

Research reveals strategy to potentially treat juvenile Batten disease

Cholera bacteria stab and poison enemies at predictable rates

Astronomy & Space news

	Astronomers discover the least massive warm Jupiter exoplanet (Phys.org)—A European team of astronomers led by Oscar Barragán of the University of Turin in Italy reports the discovery of a low-mass warm Jupiter extrasolar planet orbiting a nearby K-type main-sequence star. The newly found alien world, designated EPIC 218916923b, is the least massive warm Jupiter known to date. The findings were presented Feb. 2 in a paper published on arXiv.org.
	Curiosity rover sharpens paradox of ancient Mars (Update) Mars scientists are wrestling with a problem. Ample evidence says ancient Mars was sometimes wet, with water flowing and pooling on the planet's surface. Yet, the ancient sun was about one-third less warm and climate modelers struggle to produce scenarios that get the surface of Mars warm enough for keeping water unfrozen.
	Japan's troubled 'space junk' mission fails An experimental Japanese mission to clear 'space junk' or rubbish from the Earth's orbit has ended in failure, officials said Monday, in an embarassment for Tokyo.
	A massive galaxy long ago and far away Galaxies today fall roughly into two categories: elliptically-shaped collections of reddish, old stars that formed predominantly during a period early in the history of the universe, and spiral shaped objects dominated by blue, young stars. The Milky Way is an example of the latter, a spiral galaxy actively making new stars. In order to understand the growth of galaxies over cosmic time and the past star formation history of the universe, astronomers study the population of old stars in distant ellipticals from earlier epochs, stars which in turn formed at an even early time. Star formation produces supernovae which enrich their environments with elements, including the diagnostic element magnesium. Measuring the amount of magnesium (relative to iron) in a galaxy thus helps to fix the strength and duration of prior episodes of star formation.
	Researchers discover a black hole feeding frenzy that breaks records A giant black hole ripped apart a nearby star and then continued to feed off its remains for close to a decade, according to research led by the University of New Hampshire. This black hole meal is more than 10 times longer than any other previous episode of a star's death.
	Image: Shedding star AG Carinae This luminous star, AG Carinae, is losing mass at a phenomenal rate. Its powerful winds reach up to seven million km/hour, and exert enormous pressure on the clouds of material already expelled by the star.
	How GPS keeps up with a continent in constant motion Nothing on the Earth's solid surface is static because all land is moving very slowly due to continental drift. This very slow movement affects everything around you in the same way so you can't tell it is happening, unless you are able to very accurately measure where on the Earth's surface you are.
	NOAA's GOES-16 EXIS instrument observes solar flares On January 21, 2017, the GOES-16 Extreme Ultraviolet and X-Ray Irradiance Sensors (EXIS) observed solar flares.
	Don't panic—the northern lights won't be turning off anytime soon The northern lights are nature's very own magnificent light show. They are the mesmerising end result of electrically charged particles from the sun colliding with the Earth's upper atmosphere. Though more frequently witnessed from the polar regions, the UK and other places on similar latitudes are lucky enough for the aurora borealis to occasionally grace their night sky.
	Radial core heat spreader to improve Stirling radioisotope generator heat rejection The NASA Glenn Research Center is developing the next generation of Stirling Radioisotope Generators (SRGs) to power deep space science missions. One potential technology gap is the waste heat rejection approach for higher power Stirling convertors. The previous 140W Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) used a copper alloy conduction flange to transfer heat from the convertor to the generator housing radiator surface. The conduction flange would incur a substantial mass and thermal performance penalty for larger Stirling systems. The Radial Core Heat Spreader (RCHS) is a passive two-phase thermal management device developed to solve this issue by using water vapor instead of copper as the heat transport media.
	See a flirtatious lunar eclipse this Friday night Not many people get excited about a penumbral eclipse, but when it's a deep one and the only lunar eclipse visible in North America this year, it's worth a closer look. What's more, this Friday's eclipse happens during convenient, early-evening viewing hours. No getting up in the raw hours before dawn.
	Used SpaceX booster set for historic first reflight is test fired in Texas The first orbit class rocket that will ever be reflown to launch a second payload to space was successfully test fired by SpaceX engineers at the firms Texas test facility last week.
Meteor over Lake Michigan lights up sky in several states A meteor over Lake Michigan lit up the sky Monday morning across several states in the Midwest.

Technology news

	Pedal power revival in China as bike-share apps race for glory Unlock them with an app, drop them off anywhere, and nip past lanes of stationary car traffic: the humble bicycle is seeing a revival in China as a new generation of start-ups help tackle urban congestion and pollution with fleets of brightly coloured two wheelers.
	Two worlds are sharing in this proof of concept (Tech Xplore)—Nice going: A video from Drew Gottlieb, a software developer studying at the Rochester Institute of Technology, is sparking off a lot of what-if imagination. The video is titled "Shared Reality: Vive + HoloLenses = Magic" That it is.
	Asilomar AI Principles: A framework for human value alignment (Tech Xplore)—This site and other tech-watching portals give you ample news throughout the week on enhancements to technology making use of artificial intelligence—new awakenings, new feats. The time, artificial intelligence drew a crowd of technologists and thought leaders for a discussion about AI principles.
	Engineers harness stomach acid to power tiny sensors Researchers at MIT and Brigham and Women's Hospital have designed and demonstrated a small voltaic cell that is sustained by the acidic fluids in the stomach. The system can generate enough power to run small sensors or drug delivery devices that can reside in the gastrointestinal tract for extended periods of time.
	Mimicking nature's cellular architectures via 3-D printing Nature does amazing things with limited design materials. Grass, for example, can support its own weight, resist strong wind loads, and recover after being compressed. The plant's hardiness comes from a combination of its hollow, tubular macrostructure and porous microstructure. These architectural features work together to give grass its robust mechanical properties.
	Climate change may overload US electrical grid: study As the planet warms due to climate change and hot days become more common, the US electrical grid could be unable to meet peak energy needs by century's end, researchers warned Monday.
US utilities seek sun as Trump sides with coal, fossil fuels The plunging cost of solar power is leading U.S. electric companies to capture more of the sun just when President Donald Trump is moving to boost coal and other fossil fuels.
	Lithuania builds 'dream' Tesla factory with Minecraft Lithuanian entrepreneurs eager to woo Tesla Motors to their shores have built an entire factory to impress the electric carmaker... inside the Minecraft video game.
India's techies fear US crackdown on high-skilled visas Indian student Sunny Nair has always dreamt of working for a technology giant in the United States but fears that President Donald Trump will crush his life ambition.
	Toyota, Suzuki to work together in green, safety technology Japanese automakers Toyota and Suzuki, which began discussing a partnership in October, said Monday they would work together in ecological and safety technology—a rapidly growing area in the industry.
	Terahertz wireless could make spaceborne satellite links as fast as fiber-optic links Hiroshima University, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Panasonic Corporation announced the development of a terahertz (THz) transmitter capable of transmitting digital data at a rate exceeding 100 gigabits (= 0.1 terabit) per second over a single channel using the 300-GHz band. This technology enables data rates 10 times or more faster than that offered by the fifth-generation mobile networks (5G) expected to appear around 2020. Details of the technology will be presented at the International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC) 2017 to be held from February 5 to February 9 in San Francisco, California.
	The solution from the skies to save endangered species The world's first astrophysics-ecology drone project at Liverpool John Moores University could be the answer to many global conservation efforts.
	Coal and oil demand to peak by 2020, according to new report A boom in the popularity of solar panels and electric cars could spark irreversible changes in the energy sector within three years.
	Applying the technology and methods of the game industry to real-world national security problems When you hear the term "serious gaming" you might envision professional eSports competitors gearing up for a League of Legends World Championship in front of tens of thousands of live fans and tens of millions of streaming fans.
	NJIT grad students invent slick new dating app Online dating has become a way of life for folks looking for love in the freewheeling, tap-and-swipe culture that dominates the 21st century.
	When data's deep, dark places need to be illuminated Much of the data of the World Wide Web hides like an iceberg below the surface. The so-called 'deep web' has been estimated to be 500 times bigger than the 'surface web' seen through search engines like Google. For scientists and others, the deep web holds important computer code and its licensing agreements. Nestled further inside the deep web, one finds the 'dark web,' a place where images and video are used by traders in illicit drugs, weapons, and human trafficking. A new data-intensive supercomputer called Wrangler is helping researchers obtain meaningful answers from the hidden data of the public web.
Fighting fake news isn't just up to Facebook and Google You, too, can join the battle against misleading and other "fake" news online. But your options are somewhat limited unless you're already an academic or data scientist who's been studying the subject since way before Donald Trump started running for president.
	French presidential campaign goes high-tech with hologram rally French far-left candidate Jean-Luc Melenchon appeared to supporters by hologram on Sunday in a technological first for a presidential campaign in France.
	Apple, Google, Uber join fight against Trump travel ban Dozens of tech companies, including behemoths like Apple, Google, and Facebook, are siding with Washington state and Minnesota as they fight President Donald Trump's ban on refugees and travelers from seven predominantly Muslim countries from entering the United States.
	High-pressure natural gas turbine-generator Scientists of Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU) have developed a turbo expander electric generator operating on high-pressure natural gas. Natural gas, compressed at the power station, releases a large amount of thermal energy into the environment as waste; the use of such derived energy may represent a step toward sustainable energy.
	Hounded over Merkel selfie, Syrian refugee sues Facebook A Syrian refugee whose selfie with German Chancellor Angela Merkel has been repeatedly manipulated to link him to violent jihad will take Facebook to court Monday for spreading defamatory fake news.
University student gets 3 years' probation in cybercrime (Update) A Carnegie Mellon University student who developed and sold malicious software through an online cybercriminal marketplace that allowed others to remotely control Google Android smartphones has been sentenced to three years' probation.
Luxembourg files complaint after it's drawn into VW scandal The government of Luxembourg is filing a legal complaint after it became embroiled in the Volkswagen emissions scandal.

Medicine & Health news

	Gene therapy restores hearing in deaf mice... down to a whisper In the summer of 2015, a team at Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School reported restoring rudimentary hearing in genetically deaf mice using gene therapy. Now the Boston Children's research team reports restoring a much higher level of hearing—down to 25 decibels, the equivalent of a whisper—using an improved gene therapy vector developed at Massachusetts Eye and Ear.
	Research reveals strategy to potentially treat juvenile Batten disease Researchers at Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital and King's College London have discovered a treatment that improves the neurological symptoms in a mouse model of juvenile Batten disease. This discovery brings hope to patients and families affected by the disease that a treatment might be available in the future. The study appears in Nature Communications.
	Immune system genes linked to most common type of leukaemia People who inherit genetic variants affecting the function of their immune system are at increased risk of developing the most common form of leukaemia, a major new study reveals.
	First blood biomarker discovered for the prognosis of multiple sclerosis: quick, accurate and soon to be available An international study, led by Macquarie University researchers Dr Edwin Lim and Professor Gilles Guillemin, has discovered the first blood biomarker – a chemical identifier in the blood – for multiple sclerosis (MS), a debilitating disorder of the central nervous system that affects more than 23,000 Australians and 2.3 million people worldwide.
	Researchers identify 'synthetic essentiality' as novel approach for locating cancer therapy targets A new method has been found for identifying therapeutic targets in cancers lacking specific key tumor suppressor genes. The process, which located a genetic site for the most common form of prostate cancer, has potential for developing precision therapy for other cancers, such as breast, brain and colorectal, say researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Study results were published in the Feb. 6 online issue of Nature.
	Prosthetic arm technology that detects spinal nerve signals developed Scientists have developed sensor technology for a robotic prosthetic arm that detects signals from nerves in the spinal cord.
	Sentinels in the blood: A new diagnostic for pancreatic cancer Despite enormous research strides, detection methods for many diseases remain cumbersome and expensive, and often uncover illness only at advanced stages, when patient outcomes can be bleak. One such illness is pancreatic cancer, which may display no obvious symptoms in its early stages, yet can develop aggressively. Indeed, according to the American Cancer Society, a staggering 80 percent of those stricken with this form of cancer die within 1 year of diagnosis.
Alpha-lipoic acid prevents kidney stones in mouse model of rare genetic disease Alpha-lipoic acid, a dietary supplement widely available to consumers, prevented stone formation in a mouse model of cystinuria, a rare inherited disease that causes recurrent formation of painful and damaging kidney stones. The research, a collaboration between the Buck Institute and the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), has led to the initiation of a clinical trial in patients suffering from the condition.
	World lung health study allows scientists to predict your chance of developing COPD The world's biggest study into an individual's genetic make-up and the risk of developing lung disease could allow scientists to more accurately 'predict' - based on genes and smoking - your chance of developing COPD, a deadly disease which is the third commonest cause of death in the world.
	Study results suggest improving posture may help reduce depression (Medical Xpress)—A team of researchers at the University of Auckland has found evidence that suggests people who are depressed can improve their outlook simply by modifying their posture while sitting. In their paper published in Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, the team outlines experiments they conducted with volunteers and what they learned from them.
	Less is more: Exposure to stimuli for overcoming phobia A team of investigators, led by Bradley S. Peterson, MD, director of the Institute for the Developing Mind at Children's Hospital Los Angeles, and Paul Siegel, PhD, associate professor of psychology at Purchase College of the State University of New York, have found that exposure to phobic images without conscious awareness is more effective than longer, conscious exposure for reducing fear. The investigators used fMRI to determine that areas of the brain involved in fear processing were much more strongly activated by unconscious exposure. Results of the study will be published in the journal, Human Brain Mapping, on February 6, 2017.
	New technique slashes diagnosis time during brain surgery A new approach to the practice of surgical pathology for brain tumor patients could make for a powerful combination: more accurate, safer and more efficient operations.
	Unearthing immune responses to common drugs Australian researchers are a step closer to understanding immune sensitivities to well-known, and commonly prescribed, medications.
	Scientists catalogue 'parts list' of brain cell types in a major appetite center Using Harvard-developed technology, scientists at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) have catalogued more than 20,000 brain cells in one region of the mouse hypothalamus. The study, published in Nature Neuroscience, revealed some 50 distinct cell types, including a previously undescribed neuron type that may underlie some of the genetic risk of human obesity. This catalog of cell types marks the first time neuroscientists have established a comprehensive "parts list" for this area of the brain. The new information will allow researchers to establish which cells play what role in this region of the brain.
Low-dose chemotherapy protocol relies on normalization of tumor blood supply The effects of a promising new approach to chemotherapy that involves frequent administration of dosage levels much lower than traditionally used appears to rely on the "normalization" of blood vessels within and around a tumor. In their report receiving online publication in PNAS, a team led by a Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) investigator describes how their mathematical model, based on data from previous studies, reveals the mechanisms by which what is called metronomic chemotherapy improves both the direct killing of cancer cells by chemotherapy drugs and activation of the immune system again the tumor.
	How does the brain make perceptual predictions over time? Prediction is crucial for brain function—without forecasting, our actions would always be too late because of the delay in neural processing. However, there has been limited theoretical work explaining how our brains perform perceptual predictions over time.
	Researchers examine unusual condition of mirror-touch synesthesia When a student in a University of Delaware study watched a video of someone else's hand being touched, she felt the touch on her own hand. While that may seem a little eerie to most of us, she's not alone. About two in 100 people have this condition called mirror-touch synesthesia, or MTS.
	Scientists find clue to why Zika, but not its close relatives, causes birth defects The most frightening aspect of Zika virus has been its ability to produce severe fetal birth defects during pregnancy, especially microcephaly—a small head.
	Severe newborn jaundice could be preventable, mouse study shows For many newborn babies, an enzyme that breaks down the molecule bilirubin doesn't activate right away. The resulting bilirubin buildup can lead to jaundice, a typically harmless condition that causes a baby's skin to temporarily appear yellow. In some cases, however, bilirubin can accumulate to toxic levels in the brain. Researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine have identified a protein that inhibits the bilirubin-breakdown enzyme. Methods that block this inhibitor, and thus restore the enzyme's activity, could provide a new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating severe jaundice.
	Uterine glands vital for embryo growth, successful pregnancies The majority of pregnancy losses occur during the first trimester, when biological communication between the embryo and mother is critical for the establishment of the pregnancy. Scientists and doctors have known for several years that glands within the uterus produce Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF), which is vital for embryo implantation and successful pregnancies. Now, researchers at the University of Missouri have found that uterine glands have additional roles in promoting pregnancy beyond LIF. Tom Spencer, a professor of reproductive and developmental biology at MU, says this discovery is important for scientists and doctors to better understand how pregnancies develop and to prevent pregnancy loss and complications such as miscarriage and preeclampsia.
	30 former NFL players pledge their brains for research (HealthDay)—Thirty former NFL players have joined the growing number of retired players who have pledged to donate their brains to research on a devastating brain disease that has been linked to the repetitive head trauma.
	Coffee speeds time to bowel movement after gynecologic Sx (HealthDay)—Coffee consumption speeds the time to bowel movement after complete staging surgery of gynecologic cancers, according to a study published in the February issue of the American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology.
	2000 to 2014 saw increase in vitamin D deficiency in children (HealthDay)—From 2000 to 2014 there was an increase in the rate of vitamin D deficiency diagnosis among children, according to a study published online Feb. 3 in Pediatrics.
Can childhood cancer treatments affect survivors' sex lives in adulthood? A recent analysis showed that although adult survivors of childhood cancer did not differ overall from their peers in terms of their satisfaction with their sex lives and romantic relationships, those who received cancer treatments that were especially toxic to the nervous system were least likely to have had intercourse, be in a relationship, or have children. Published early online in Cancer, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Cancer Society, the report noted that even the groups of patients who reported achieving fewer such psychosexual milestones did not consistently report less satisfaction.
New study finds children and adolescents at risk from medicine intended for pets Almost two thirds of households in the US own a pet and many of these households have children that either live in or visit the home. As pet owners know, it is common for pets to need medications either to treat health conditions or to prevent things like fleas, ticks, and heartworm. Many parents, however, may not be aware of the risks these medications can pose to their families. A new study from the Center for Injury Research and Policy and the Central Ohio Poison Center (COPC) at Nationwide Children's Hospital looked at calls to the COPC for pediatric exposures to medications intended for pets from January 1999 through December 2013.
	Transporter of thyroid hormones is crucial for the embryonal development of the brain Thyroid hormones are very important for the development of the brain. And when the transporters of these hormones are not functioning properly, the consequences for the development of the cerebellum or 'the little brain' are very serious. These are the findings of a study by researchers from KU Leuven (University of Leuven, Belgium) and King's College London.
	Sex differences in cognitive regulation of stress While it is true that women and men respond differently to stress, current neuroscientific research only partially confirms traditional gender stereotypes. Other factors heavily contribute to the stress response such as self-esteem, hormones and stress regulation, as has been demonstrated by a project funded by the Austrian Science Fund FWF.
Fetal therapy for severe diaphragmatic hernia A new study shows that a fetal procedure called fetoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) is feasible and significantly improves the survival of newborn babies with severe left congenital diaphragmatic hernia. FETO also reduces the need for ECMO, a procedure in which a machine takes over the function of the lungs after birth. Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital have the largest experience in the U.S for treating severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia with FETO. The study appears in Obstetrics & Gynecology.
	Marijuana policy has outpaced science, says researcher With marijuana legalization advancing in several states, including Massachusetts, scientists are working to answer questions about the drug's effectiveness as a medicine and its impact on health and the brain.
	Immunotherapy—training the body to fight cancer The human immune system is powerful and complex. It can identify and destroy invaders of nearly infinite variety, yet spare the more than 30 trillion cells of the healthy body.
	Finding the causes of cancer is the first step to prevention ​ Big Tobacco is the poster child for how an industry can confuse the experts and the public on the dangers of its product. It delayed any smoking restrictions for decades by employing the subterfuge of demanding "perfect knowledge" for proof of harm. This would mean complete and quantitative definitions of all aspects of human exposure, disease outcomes, biomolecular mechanisms of how smoking can cause cancer and effects of smoking on cancer in rats and mice.
	Stories are better than lectures at teaching us about health Humans having been using stories or narratives to transmit crucial information for thousands of years. Despite that, Western medicine largely ignores the use of narrative and instead continues to rely on lists of dos and don't's, facts and figures to compel behavior change.
	'Snus' users run greater risk of type 2 diabetes Consuming one or more pot of "snus" – Swedish snuff or dipping tobacco – per day increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 70 per cent. This is the same risk increase as previously seen for smokers who smoke one packet of cigarettes a day. The study on the effects of snus was conducted by researchers at Karolinska Institutet and their colleagues at Umeå and Lund universities, and is published in the Journal of Internal Medicine.
Researchers study care for undocumented immigrants with kidney failure By failing to provide scheduled dialysis treatments to undocumented immigrants with kidney failure, states pay higher costs for care and the patients face greater pain and psychological distress, according to a new study appearing in the latest issue of the journal JAMA Internal Medicine.
	Routinely prescribed antibiotic may not be best for treating severe C. diff infections Over the past two decades there has been a sharp rise in the number and severity of infections caused by the bacteria Clostridium difficile often shortened to C. diff now the most common hospital acquired infection in the United States. But a new study suggests that the most routinely prescribed antibiotic is not the best treatment for severe cases. Scientists at the VA Salt Lake City Health Care System and University of Utah report that patients with a severe C. diff infection (CDI) were less likely to die when treated with the antibiotic vancomycin compared to the standard treatment of metronidazole. The findings will be published online on Feb. 6 on the JAMA Internal Medicine website.
	Highlighting the risks posed by herbal medicines to the Australian community Murdoch researchers have played a key role in discovering the inadequate regulation and monitoring of traditional herbal preparations in Australia, which are widely used to treat a broad range of conditions and diseases.
	Are painful periods normal? The experience of having periods varies between women. They can be light and completely painless for some, but completely debilitating for others.
Floaters are common as we age but may signal a more serious eye problem Have you ever noticed the sudden appearance of a black dot in your field of vision that moves around when you move your eyes? It could also look like a cob web. You try blinking but it just won't go away. They can be quite bothersome especially if you're trying to read or do other close work.
	Predicting premmies—one simple test to revolutionise childbirth in Australia A simple bedside test for pregnant women to accurately predict early labour is under development at the University of Melbourne.
	High-speed running increase puts hamstrings at risk AFL players who quickly increase the amount they run at high-speed are at greater risk of hamstring injuries, QUT research has found.
	Researchers create a song that makes babies happy Plenty of research has looked at adults' emotional responses to music. But research with babies is more piecemeal and eclectic, perhaps reflecting the difficulty of asking them what they like. Researchers know that babies can hear and remember music even while they are still in the womb. And one curious study found that newborn babies prefer Bach to Aerosmith.
	Psychotherapy normalizes the brain in social phobia Anxiety in social situations is not a rare problem: Around one in ten people are affected by social anxiety disorder during their lifetime. Social anxiety disorder is diagnosed if fears and anxiety in social situations significantly impair everyday life and cause intense suffering. Talking in front of a larger group can be one typical feared situation. A study conducted by researchers from the University of Zurich, Zurich University Hospital and the University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich now reveals that the successful treatment of an anxiety disorder alters key brain structures that are involved in processing and regulating emotions.
Research on short-term effects of air pollution on the health of airways of children with chronic respiratory complaints Starting in 2017, researchers will commence their study in Eindhoven on the effects of days with high air pollution on respiratory complaints, medication use and lung function of children suffering from chronic respiratory complaints such as wheezing or asthma.
Sign language users have better reaction times and peripheral vision People who use British Sign Language (BSL) have better reaction times in their peripheral vision, a new study from the University of Sheffield has found.
Research finds flaws in studies of mass deworming efforts for children in poor countries The International Journal of Epidemiology finds that three widely cited research studies relating to mass deworming in Africa have substantial problems in their methods and analysis. The original researchers claimed that their results show long-term effectiveness of these mass deworming programmes in developing countries, but this critical analysis concludes that the findings are unlikely to be as positive as previous researchers have reported.
	Experts reveal hidden dangers behind supplements Many herbal supplements contain hidden pharmaceutical ingredients that could be causing serious health risks, according to a team of experts from Queen's University Belfast, Kingston University London and LGC.
	The molecular mechanisms of the cancer-protective effect of nuts Roasted and salted, ground as a baking ingredient or fresh from the shell – for all those who enjoy eating nuts, there is good news from nutritionists at Friedrich Schiller University Jena (Germany). Their latest research shows that nuts can inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
	For cops, exposure to stressful situations dysregulates cortisol pattern For most people, cortisol, the vital hormone that controls stress, increases when they wake up. It's the body's way of preparing us for the day.
	New software automates brain imaging When humans and animals learn and form memories, the physical structures of their brain cells change. Specifically, small protrusions called dendritic spines, which receive signals from other neurons, can grow and change shape indefinitely in response to stimulation. Scientists at Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience (MPFI) have observed this process, known as long-term structural plasticity, in individual spines, but doing so requires substantial time and effort. A new technique, developed by MPFI researchers, automates the process to make observing and quantifying this growth far more efficient. The open-source method is available to any scientist hoping to image plasticity as it happens in dendritic spines using Scanimage. The work was published in January 2016 in the Public Library of Science journal, PLOS ONE.
Study highlights importance of preventing weight gain in adults to reduce type 2 diabetes A study of over 33,000 people, published today in the journal BMC Public Health, indicates that public health strategies that aim to prevent adult weight gain in the whole population have the potential to prevent twice as many cases of type 2 diabetes as strategies that target individuals at high risk of diabetes due to being obese.
	Team develops effective economical Ebola treatment An effective and economical treatment for Ebola patients has been developed by an international team led by Queensland researchers.
	Sitting not linked to incident diabetes, new research says Sitting may not be as deadly as previously thought, with new research led by the University of Sydney ruling out sitting as a direct cause of diabetes.
China promotes traditional medicine to combat AIDS China will double the number of AIDS patients it treats with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), officials have said, part of a broader push to increase the use of the ancient practice in the country's medical system.
	Potential new cancer treatment activates cancer-engulfing cells Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that can engulf and destroy cancer cells. A research group led by Professor MATOZAKI Takashi, Associate Professor MURATA Yoji, and YANAGITA Tadahiko (Kobe University Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling), discovered that by using an antibody for a particular protein found on macrophages, the macrophage is activated, and cancer cells are effectively eliminated. This discovery could lead to the development of new cancer treatments. The findings were published on January 12 in the online version of JCI Insight.
	Immune receptor that's typically activated by bacteria major contributor to bladder dysfunctionion Bladder dysfunction is a reality for about half of patients with diabetes and now scientists have evidence that an immune system receptor that's more typically activated by bacteria is a major contributor.
	Growing group of women take heart in pregnancy recommendations For generations, doctors told women who were born with complex congenital heart defects that the physical demands of pregnancy and delivery would be too difficult for them, and that they should not have babies.
Is the pain coming from your hip, spine or both? Many patients live with low back pain that radiates to the buttock, groin, thigh, and even knees. The challenge for patients, and often their doctors, is determining the origin of the pain—the hip, the spine, or both. A new article published in the February Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (JAAOS) outlines the identical symptoms associated with hip and spine pain and discusses the diagnostic steps and tests required to treat them appropriately.
	Study finds new clues to causes of heart failure Of the more than 700,000 Americans who suffer a heart attack each year, about a quarter go on to develop heart failure. Scientists don't fully understand how one condition leads to the other, but researchers in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania have now discovered a significant clue—which ultimately could lead new therapies for preventing the condition.
	Researchers find new potential route to treat asthma Researchers at the UNC School of Medicine believe they have isolated a protein that, when missing or depleted, can cause airway constriction, production of mucus, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing for the 334 million people worldwide who suffer from asthma.
Novel combination therapy overcomes difficult-to-treat form of antibiotic resistance Combination therapy with two antibiotic compounds overcame pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae harboring a pernicious form of antibiotic resistance, in a bone-infected patient, where other drugs had failed. The research describing this successful treatment regimen is published in Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, a journal of the American Society for Microbiology.
Genetic defect found to cause disease in multiple organs New research from Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) has identified a novel syndrome in patients with kidney and adrenal disease.
Federal law increases use of services for autism without raising out-of-pocket costs A federal law aimed at requiring equal insurance benefits for both physical and mental health care has increased the use of services by children with autism spectrum disorder without increasing the out-of-pocket costs to their families, new Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health-led research suggests.
	The heavier the person, the lower the chance of getting hospice care or dying at home: study The heavier someone is, the less likely they are to have what many people might call a "good death", with hospice care and a chance to die at home, a new study finds. And that difference comes with a financial, as well as a personal, cost, the research shows.
	E-cigarettes safer than smoking, says long-term study E-cigarettes are less toxic and safer to use compared to conventional cigarettes, according to research published in Annals of Internal Medicine today (Monday).
	Immune therapy scientists discover distinct cells that block cancer-fighting immune cells Princess Margaret Cancer Centre scientists have discovered a distinct cell population in tumours that inhibits the body's immune response to fight cancer.
	1 in 4 teen E-cigarette users has tried 'Dripping' (HealthDay)—One-quarter of U.S. teen e-cigarette users have experimented with "dripping"—a new vaping method that produces thicker clouds of vapor, researchers report.
Newborn screening tests approved (HealthDay)—A set of screening tests designed to detect four rare metabolic disorders in newborns has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
	Fewer major bleeds with once- versus twice-daily enoxaparin (HealthDay)—Once-daily enoxaparin is associated with fewer major bleeds than enoxaparin twice daily in patients with acute venous thromboembolism (VTE), according to a study published online Jan. 25 in the Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis.
	Microvascular complications linked to severity of periodontitis (HealthDay)—Microvascular complications and poor glycemic control are associated with the severity of periodontitis, according to a study published online Jan. 27 in the Journal of Diabetes Investigation.
	Variation in prescribing practices for pediatric atopic dermatitis (HealthDay)—Prescribing practices vary among U.S. and Canadian physicians treating severe childhood atopic dermatitis (AD), according to a study published in the February issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.
	Daily energy expenditure linked to health care utilization (HealthDay)—Lower intensity of peak daily energy expenditure estimated from ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring is associated with increased health care utilization, according to a study published in the Feb. 15 issue of The American Journal of Cardiology.
	Poor pathologist agreement for low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's (HealthDay)—There is poor agreement between pathologists in diagnosis of low-grade dysplasia (LGD) in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE), according to a study published in the February issue of Gastroenterology.
	Treatment of hips beneficial in patients with low back pain (HealthDay)—For individuals presenting with a primary complaint of mechanical low back pain (LBP), prescriptive treatment of the hips seems beneficial in addition to treatment of the lumbar spine, according to a study published online Jan. 27 in the Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice.
	Team identifies ion channel necessary for hormone and anti-obesity drug to suppress eating UT Southwestern Medical Center researchers have identified an ion channel required for brain cells to suppress eating behavior in response to the hormone leptin or to the anti-obesity drug lorcaserin.
	Change in marital status post-menopause may impact health For women who marry later in life, a few extra pounds may accompany their nuptials, a new study led by the University of Arizona suggests.
	Myopia cell discovered in retina Northwestern Medicine scientists have discovered a cell in the retina that may cause myopia when it dysfunctions. The dysfunction may be linked to the amount of time a child spends indoors and away from natural light.
	New study finds that yoga can be helpful for low back pain Over the course of their lives, about 80 percent of Americans will suffer from back pain at one time or another. A recent study found that more than a third of adults say that low back pain has affected their ability to perform the tasks of daily living, exercise, or sleep. Treating this pain remains a difficult problem, and for millions of people the pain is chronic.
	Encouraging clinical results for an antibody drug to prevent or treat HIV A new biologic agent—the most potent of its kind so far—is showing early promise as part of a potential new strategy for treating HIV. The drug, known as 10-1074, may also offer a new way to prevent viral infection in people who are at high risk to acquire HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
	Alzheimer's disease researchers solve mystery of beguiling protein Leading neuroscientists have clarified the role of a controversial immune system protein in Alzheimer's disease, showing it has opposing effects in early and late stages of the disease. Their discovery unites previous studies that left researchers conflicted and showed the protein both exacerbates and ameliorates disease symptoms. The updated model of disease progression, published in the Journal of Neuroscience, also highlights the need to align certain therapies with disease stages when treating the 1 in 9 Americans over 65 living with Alzheimer's.
Medicaid waivers help parents of children with autism stay in the workforce Medicaid waivers that improve access to home and community-based services for children with autism also help their parents keep their jobs, according to research from Penn State College of Medicine and collaborators.
	Clinical trial informed consent quality similar in developed, developing countries Making sure that participants of a clinical trial provide informed consent—understanding their role, along with any risks and benefits of voluntary participation—is a cornerstone of ethical trials. Now, researchers reporting in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases have, for the first time, directly compared the quality of the informed consent process in a developed and a developing country in similar clinical trials of the same hookworm vaccine.
Canada authorizes new drug consumption rooms Canada's health minister on Monday approved opening North America's first new drug consumption rooms in more than a decade, in an effort to contain the opioid overdose crisis.
Israeli ministers endorse bill to export medicinal cannabis Israeli ministers on Sunday endorsed a draft bill to legalise export of cannabis for approved medical use, Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked's office said, without elaborating.
Young Albanians scarred by rogue cosmetic treatments Emira Sela covers her face with her hand to hide a disfiguring abscess, the traumatic result of unregulated cosmetic treatments now rampant across Albania.
	The paradox of treating anaemia Iron deficiency can be fatal. But in countries where patients are also likely to have other serious diseases, so too can the iron supplements used to treat it. Nearly 12 years ago, Dora Pereira – sometimes referred to as 'The Iron Lady' – was part of the team who had an idea for a new supplement. She now leads its clinical trial in The Gambia.
	Yellow fever global whack-a-mole While many in the community of neglected disease scientists and public health experts in the Western Hemisphere consider 2016 the year of the Zika virus, across the Atlantic Ocean an equally ominous Yellow fever (YF) epidemic was underway in sub-Saharan Africa. It began in December 2015 and throughout the year of 2016 raged through Angola and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In August of 2016 a difficult two-week long YF emergency vaccination campaign was held in Kinshasa, the DRC Capitol, in which more than seven million people were vaccinated. An innovative aspect of the Kinshasa vaccination campaign was to use fractional doses of the YF vaccine in order to extend an otherwise inadequate supply of available vaccine. The effort was impressive for its size and scope – according to the World Health Organization (WHO) an estimated 30 million people were vaccinated in both nations, employing tens of thousands of volunteers in thousands of mass immunization teams, under the auspices of the DRC and Angola Governments, WHO, UNICEF, Gavi, CDC, and a Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN).
	Brisk exercise linked to better arterial health already in childhood High levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity are associated with lower arterial stiffness in 6-8-year-old children, according to a new study from the University of Eastern Finland. No similar association was found for light physical activity. Published in Pediatric Exercise Science, the findings constitute part of the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) Study carried out in the University of Eastern Finland. The study was conducted in collaboration with the University of Cambridge.
	New study compares the effects of direct exposure to cigarette smoke or e-cigarette vapor Researchers reported changes in the expression levels of 123 genes when reconstituted lung tissue was exposed to cigarette smoke, compared to only two genes that could be confirmed following exposure to e-cigarette aerosols. They also reported increased levels of several cytokines, which are biomarkers of inflammation, in the lung tissue model exposed to conventional cigarette smoke, as described in the study published in Applied In Vitro Toxicology, a peer-reviewed publication from Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers. The article is part of a special issue on Next Generation Nicotine Products and is available to media contacts upon request.
	Radiotargeted therapy with SST2 antagonists could combat multiple human cancers A study published in the February issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine demonstrates the potential of extending peptide receptor radionuclide therapy targeting the somatostatin receptor to other types of malignancies beyond neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). The theranostic pairing of Netspot (Ga-68 DOTATATE, which is FDA-approved) and Lutathera (Lu-177-DOTATATE, currently under FDA review) has already shown that it can significantly improve progression-free survival in patients with somatostatin receptor-positive NETs.
	Successful preclinical tests for new agent against severe malaria Scientists from the Heidelberg University Hospital and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) have developed a new substance that has cured severe malaria in humanised mice.
A protein called PERK may be a target for treating progressive supranuclear palsy The brain disease "progressive supranuclear palsy" (PSP) is currently incurable and its symptoms can only be eased to a very limited degree. PSP impairs eye movements, locomotion, balance control, and speech. Scientists at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and the Technical University of Munich (TUM) have now discovered a molecular mechanism that may help in the search for effective treatments. Their study focusses on a protein called PERK (protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase). A team of researchers led by Prof. Günter Höglinger reports on this in the journal EMBO Molecular Medicine.
What are the best treatments for female genital mutilation? A new review provides valuable insights for improving the health care of girls and women living with female genital mutilation. Published on February 6th, which is International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation, the article highlights what is currently known and what questions remain on how to address the needs of the millions of women and girls who are currently affected.
Body dysmorphic disorder may be under-diagnosed in patients seeking cosmetic procedures Plastic surgeons and other cosmetic professionals are familiar with the challenges posed by patients with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) seeking cosmetic procedures, reports a survey study in the February issue of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the official medical journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS).
Who is appropriately qualified to perform cosmetic surgery? 'Confusing jargon' contributes to misperceptions Do you know what makes a "plastic surgeon" different from a "cosmetic surgeon"? If you're considering surgery to improve your appearance, the answer has important implications for choosing an appropriately qualified physician, according to a report in the February issue of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the official medical journal of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS).
Rapid test detects mobile resistance gene mcr-1 Scientists from the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) and the Justus Liebig University Giessen (JLU) have evaluated a rapid test that detects the dreaded colistin resistance gene within twenty minutes. It can therefore be used in hospitals and for livestock.
A pathway controlling inflammatory responses aids recovery after heart attack After a heart attack, or myocardial infarction, a patient's long-term prognosis depends on the ability of the heart tissue to heal and remodel. Immune system activation and inflammatory responses that occur in the aftermath of a myocardial infarction can be detrimental to healing, so better understanding of the pathways that contribute to these processes may improve treatments in heart attack patients.
New ACIP Adult Immunization Schedule recommends major changes to flu, HPV, and meningococcal vaccines The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) released its 2017 Recommended Immunization Schedule for adults with major changes to the influenza, human papillomavirus (HPV), and meningococcal (MenB) vaccines. This year's schedule includes a colorful cover page with references, resources, approved acronyms, and instructions for specific patient populations. The schedule is published in Annals of Internal Medicine.
West Virginia distributing 8,000 overdose antidote kits West Virginia health officials are responding to opioid overdoses by distributing more than 8,000 kits with an antidote—Naloxone—that can get people breathing again if administered in time.
Weight-management benchmarks not met in primary care of overweight Latino children One of the first studies of provider-patient communication regarding weight-management and associated electronic medical records (EMR) finds that many benchmarks of quality weight-management care are not met during primary-care visits with overweight Latino children.
	How geospatial characteristics affect those most affected by HIV Young men who have sex with men (YMSM), particularly racial/ethnic minorities and youth living in socioeconomically disadvantaged communities, are disproportionately affected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the United States. By examining multilevel studies for evidence of how geospatial indicators are associated with HIV prevention and care outcomes for this population, a new study proposes strategies to intensify prevention efforts in communities where HIV is heavily concentrated.
Pennsylvania lawmakers resume push for 20-week abortion ban Legislation began advancing in Pennsylvania on Monday to impose new restrictions on elective abortions as backers resumed a push that stalled last year amid a veto threat from Democratic Gov. Tom Wolf and opposition by Pennsylvania's largest doctors' organization.

Biology news

	Study sheds light on how carnivorous plants acquired a taste for meat To the average plant-eating human, the thought of a plant turning the tables to feast on an animal might seem like a lurid novelty.
	LED lighting could have major impact on wildlife LED street lighting can be tailored to reduce its impacts on the environment, according to new research by the University of Exeter.
	Cholera bacteria stab and poison enemies at predictable rates The enemies were thrown together, so the killing began. Brandishing harpoon-like appendages covered in poison, two armies of cholera bacteria stabbed each other, rupturing victims like water balloons. Scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology tracked the battle over sustenance and turf mathematically to gain insights that could, someday, lead to new, targeted therapies to fight infections.
	Genes linked to malaria parasites' ability to persist in the body The ability of malaria parasites to persist in the body for years is linked to the expression of a set of genes from the pir gene family, scientists from the Francis Crick Institute and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute have found. Their results are published today in Nature Microbiology.
	Can sharks be fished sustainably? Yes (but it's going to take work) Conventional wisdom holds that sharks can't be harvested in a sustainable manner because they are long-lived animals. It takes time for them to reproduce and grow in numbers. But, researchers reporting in Current Biology on February 6 have evidence to suggest that sustainable shark fishing can be done with careful, science-based management. In fact, they say, an outright shark ban won't work. The only way to protect sharks and the food security of people who depend on them is by managing shark fisheries sustainably.
	Killing off rivals makes for happy families, bacteria study finds A grisly method by which bacteria dispatch their distant relatives also creates conditions in which the attackers can thrive, research has found.
	Genomes in flux: New study reveals hidden dynamics of bird and mammal DNA evolution Evolution is often thought of as a gradual remodeling of the genome, the genetic blueprints for building an organism. But in some instance it might be more appropriate to call it an overhaul. Over the past 100 million years, the human lineage has lost one-fifth of its DNA, while an even greater amount was added, report scientists at the University of Utah School of Medicine. Until now, the extent to which our genome has expanded and contracted had been underappreciated, masked by its relatively constant size over evolutionary time.
Female genital cutting has 'evolutionary' drive: study The widely condemned practice of ceremonial genital mutilation among girls and young women follows an evolutionary logic, according to a provocative study published Monday.
	Honduras manages to stall pine-munching bugs' march Over the past three years, Honduras has lost a quarter of its pine forests to a plague of bark-munching beetles.
	US: Oceanic whitetip shark warrants 'threatened' listing The oceanic whitetip shark's declining status in the wild warrants listing as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, an arm of the federal government has determined.
	Exceptional reproductive biology in extremely restricted critically endangered Nimba toad The critically endangered Nimba toad is long known for its exceptional reproductive biology. The females of this unique species give live birth to fully developed juveniles, having for nine months continuously provided nutrition to the foetuses in the womb (matrotrophy). While live birth (viviparity) among frogs and toads is rather an exception than a common characteristic, matrotrophy, in place of alternatives such as the foetus being fed with yolk, unfertilized eggs, or smaller siblings, is what makes the Nimba toad one of a kind.
	Options to address ryegrass for warm-season forage production Producers hoping to mitigate annual ryegrass growth for warm-season hay production have options and should start sooner than later, said a Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service expert.
	New wheat streak mosaic virus resistance genetic markers developed The Wsm2 gene is located on chromosome 3BS in wheat and most recently eight tightly linked flanking markers have been identified and mapped.
	Promiscuous lamprey found to conduct 'sham matings' Researchers at Hokkaido University have discovered that the nonparasitic lamprey Lethenteron kessleri mates repeatedly without releasing eggs, in a behavior termed "sham mating," suggesting the possibility that females choose their mates while engaged in promiscuous mating habits.
	Decision-making process of viruses could lead to new antibiotic treatments Humans face hundreds of decisions every day. But we're not alone. Even the tiniest viruses also make decisions, and scientists are researching how they do so, to help lead to better treatments for some diseases.
Barely educated humans impact bear behavior The American black bear can rest easier thanks to conservation research conducted at UBC's Okanagan campus. A recent study indicates that while urban sprawl results in more human-bear interactions, human education can hinder negative encounters.
	Champions of biodiversity: A weevil genus beats records of explosive evolutive radiation With as many as 120 recently discovered weevils placed in the genus Laparocerus, it now hosts a total of 237 known species and subspecies. They are all flightless beetles and most of them endemic (living exclusively in one geographic location) to a single island of the archipelagos of Madeira, Selvagens and the Canary Islands (17 islands in total). Only two species inhabit Morocco, the nearest continental land.
	Chicago aquarium euthanizes more than 90-year-old lungfish An Australian lungfish that entranced visitors to Chicago's Shedd Aquarium for more than 80 years has been euthanized due to old age, the popular tourist attraction announced Monday.
	Researchers look for life's (lower) limits When energy and nutrients abound, a bacterium will repair itself while synthesizing new parts to create a twin and then split, all as quickly as conditions allow. But if resources shrink, so does growth rate. The cell responds by shunting its dwindling supplies from replication to repair, shutting down processes until it's running a skeleton crew to survive. Below a crucial level, it's all over.
	Scientists confirm dorado catfish as all-time distance champion of freshwater migrations An international team of scientists has confirmed that the dorado catfish (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii) of the Amazon River basin holds the record for the world's longest exclusively freshwater fish migration, an epic life-cycle journey stretching nearly the entire width of the South America continent.
Researchers tackle impact of climate change on plants Washington State University researchers are undertaking an industrious investigation into the effects of global warming on plants. Making the effort possible is a fully automated "plant hotel" that can analyze up to 6,000 seedlings in a single experiment.
	Taiwan bans euthanasia of stray animals Taiwan has banned euthanising animals in shelters, which follows the tragic suicide last year of a vet burdened with the task of putting down animals.
Cincinnati Zoo's prematurely born hippo takes first steps The Cincinnati Zoo says a baby hippo born prematurely has taken her first steps.
	Too many vessels, too little management for tuna fishing in the Eastern Pacific As the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) meets for an extraordinary session this week, WWF is calling on member countries to urgently reach consensus on conservation measures for ecologically- and commercially-important tropical tuna species. Management controls on fishing several species expired last month, leaving the stocks open to exploitation without essential safeguards.
	Working with wolves – sheepdog puppies join new flock Carpathian shepherd dogs have been reintroduced to the Zarand Landscape Corridor to guard livestock and help mitigate human-wildlife conflict in Romania.
Researchers seek to improve welfare in captive birds of prey through olfactory enrichment For the first time, researchers are exploring ways to improve welfare in captive birds of prey through olfactory enrichment- or using scent cues to alleviate boredom and encourage species-appropriate behavior. A new study appearing in Zoo Biology found that birds of prey, which had learned to associate the presence of food with the scent of peppermint oil, interacted more with peppermint-scented "sham" packages (i.e. without food) than unscented "sham" packages.

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