| | Cardiovascular disease: Commonality with cancer
Ageing is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease caused by the rupture of inflamed cholesterol plaques in arteries. It emerges that this might be partly due to genetic mutations that cause cancerous changes in white blood cells. | Immunology: T-cell tweaks to target tumours
Immune cells known as T cells can destroy tumour cells, but their clinical use requires complex preparation and the cells can lose effectiveness over time. A new approach might improve the efficiency of T-cell therapy. | Biochemistry: Origin of a key player in methane biosynthesis
The biosynthesis of a coenzyme in the microbial production of methane has been determined — completing the biosynthetic pathways for the family of compounds that includes chlorophyll, haem and vitamin B12. | Immunology: The chronicles of T-cell exhaustion
T cells of the immune system often fail to target cancer cells because they enter a dysfunctional state known as exhaustion. Molecular analysis of T-cell exhaustion provides insights into the clinical use of these cells. | Intragenic DNA methylation prevents spurious transcription initiation
Intragenic DNA methylation, dependent on Dnmt3b, protects the gene body from spurious entry of RNA Polymerase II and aberrant transcription initiation events. | Elucidation of the biosynthesis of the methane catalyst coenzyme F430
The enzymes and pathway involved in the biosynthesis of coenzyme F430 are identified, completing our understanding of how members of the cyclic modified tetrapyrrole family are constructed. | Mechanical metamaterials at the theoretical limit of isotropic elastic stiffness
Finite-element models are used to identify a material geometry that achieves the theoretical bounds on isotropic elastic stiffness—a combination closed-cell cubic and octet foam. | Amplified stimulated emission in upconversion nanoparticles for super-resolution nanoscopy
Super-resolution optical microscopy based on stimulated emission depletion effects can now be performed at much lower light intensities than before by using bright upconversion emission from thulium-doped nanoparticles. | Crystallization of silicon dioxide and compositional evolution of the Earth’s core
Melting experiments with liquid Fe–Si–O alloy at the pressure of the Earth’s core reveal that the crystallization of silicon dioxide leads to core convection and a dynamo. | Complement drives glucosylceramide accumulation and tissue inflammation in Gaucher disease
Complement-activating glycosylceramide-specific autoantibodies drive a self-propagating cycle of glycosylceramide accumulation and inflammation in Gaucher disease. | Prefrontal cortex output circuits guide reward seeking through divergent cue encoding
Neurons that project from the prefrontal cortex to either the nucleus accumbens or paraventricular thalamus receive different inputs, differentially encode reward-predictive cues, and have opposing effects on reward seeking during cue presentation. | Survival of tissue-resident memory T cells requires exogenous lipid uptake and metabolism
FABP4 and FABP5 are important for the maintenance, longevity and function of CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells, which use oxidative metabolism of exogenous free fatty acids to persist in tissues and to mediate protective immunity. | Reconstitution of the tubular endoplasmic reticulum network with purified components
In the presence of GTP, a tubular endoplasmic reticulum network can be reconstituted with only two purified membrane proteins. | Light-induced structural changes and the site of O=O bond formation in PSII caught by XFEL
A new approach, time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography, is used to view the intermediate states of a photosystem complex following illumination, shedding light on proton transfer and O=O bond formation. | Targeting a CAR to the TRAC locus with CRISPR/Cas9 enhances tumour rejection
Introducing chimeric antigen receptors into the endogenous T-cell receptor locus reduces tonic signalling, averts accelerated T-cell differentiation and delays T-cell exhaustion, leading to enhanced function and anti-tumour efficacy compared to random integrations. | | A simple rule to determine which insolation cycles lead to interglacials
A simple model, based on only summer insolation energy and time since the previous deglaciation, correctly predicts the deglaciation history of the past 2.6 million years, including the change in frequency of glacial–interglacial cycles about one million years ago.
P. C. Tzedakis, M. Crucifix, T. Mitsui et al. | Adipose-derived circulating miRNAs regulate gene expression in other tissues
Adipose tissue is a major source of circulating exosomal miRNAs, which contribute to the regulation of gene expression in distant tissues and organs.
Thomas Thomou, Marcelo A. Mori, Jonathan M. Dreyfuss et al. | Prevalence and architecture of de novo mutations in developmental disorders
Whole-exome analysis of individuals with developmental disorders shows that de novo mutations can equally cause loss or altered protein function, but that most mutations causing altered protein function have not yet been described.
Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study | Inhibition decorrelates visual feature representations in the inner retina
The functional diversity of bipolar cells, which split visual inputs into different excitatory channels within the retina, arises from centre–surround interactions in their receptive fields that tune both spatial and temporal signalling.
Katrin Franke, Philipp Berens, Timm Schubert et al. | | Sterile protection against human malaria by chemoattenuated PfSPZ vaccine
Immunization with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites under chemoprophylaxis can protect against controlled human malaria infection with the same strain for at least 10 weeks, and protection correlates with polyfunctional T-cell memory.
Benjamin Mordmüller, Güzin Surat, Heimo Lagler et al. | Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1
Last year, three Earth-sized planets were discovered to be orbiting the nearby Jupiter-sized star TRAPPIST-1; now, follow-up photometric observations from the ground and from space show that there are at least seven Earth-sized planets in this star system, and that they might be the right temperature to harbour liquid water on their surfaces.
Michaël Gillon, Amaury H. M. J. Triaud, Brice-Olivier Demory et al. | Onset of the aerobic nitrogen cycle during the Great Oxidation Event
Nitrogen isotope data from sediments deposited during the earliest stage of the Great Oxidation Event show evidence for the emergence of a pervasive aerobic marine nitrogen cycle.
Aubrey L. Zerkle, Simon W. Poulton, Robert J. Newton et al. | Theory of chaotic orbital variations confirmed by Cretaceous geological evidence
Cretaceous astrochronologic evidence reveals a resonance transition associated with the orbits of Mars and the Earth, confirming predicted chaotic Solar System behaviour and enabling an improvement in the geological timescale.
Chao Ma, Stephen R. Meyers, Bradley B. Sageman | Synthetic essentiality of chromatin remodelling factor CHD1 in PTEN-deficient cancer
The gene CHD1 is synthetic essential in PTEN-deficient prostate and breast cancers.
Di Zhao, Xin Lu, Guocan Wang et al. | Static non-reciprocity in mechanical metamaterials
Suitably engineered mechanical metamaterials show static non-reciprocity—that is, the transmission of motion from one side to the other depends on the direction of that motion.
Corentin Coulais, Dimitrios Sounas, Andrea Alù | Ancestral morphology of crown-group molluscs revealed by a new Ordovician stem aculiferan
Presence of a radula in Calvapilosa kroegeri confirms the molluscan affinity of sachitids, and the single shell plate reveals the ancestral condition for all crown molluscs and early evolution of the multi-plated body plan characteristic of Aculifera.
Jakob Vinther, Luke Parry, Derek E. G. Briggs et al. | m6A-dependent maternal mRNA clearance facilitates zebrafish maternal-to-zygotic transition
The N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification facilitates maternally driven clearance of zebrafish maternal mRNAs through the m6A-binding protein Ythdf2, ensuring proper and timely embryonic development.
Boxuan Simen Zhao, Xiao Wang, Alana V. Beadell et al. | Metabolic gatekeeper function of B-lymphoid transcription factors
The B-lymphoid transcription factors PAX5 and IKZF1 restrict the supply of glucose and energy to B cells to levels that are not enough to fuel a driver-oncogene, thereby acting as tumour suppressors and sensitizing acute lymphoblastic leukaemia B cells to glucocorticoid therapy.
Lai N. Chan, Zhengshan Chen, Daniel Braas et al. | Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ blockade increases genomic instability in B cells
PI3Kδ controls the expression of the recombinogenic enzyme AID; excessive AID activity caused by PI3Kδ inhibition can induce genomic instability in leukaemia and lymphoma cells, as well as in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with PI3Kδ inhibitors.
Mara Compagno, Qi Wang, Chiara Pighi et al. | Editing and methylation at a single site by functionally interdependent activities
The C-to-U deamination at position 32 of tRNAThr in Trypanosoma brucei requires two enzymatic activities and proceeds via formation of a 3-methylcytosine intermediate, supporting the notion of a coupled modification system.
Mary Anne T. Rubio, Kirk W. Gaston, Katherine M. McKenney et al. | Basis of catalytic assembly of the mitotic checkpoint complex
The near-complete in vitro reconstitution of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint reveals how the assembly of its effector, the mitotic checkpoint complex, is catalysed.
Alex C. Faesen, Maria Thanasoula, Stefano Maffini et al. | | | | |
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