Nature Neuroscience Contents: January 2017 Volume 20 Number 1, pp 1 - 125

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TABLE OF CONTENTS January 2017 Volume 20, Issue 1 News and Views Brief Communications Articles Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   News and Views Top Grid cells' need for speed   pp1 - 2 Alfredo Gonzalez-Sulser and Matthew F Nolan doi:10.1038/nn.4460 Grid-firing fields of neurons in the entorhinal cortex are thought to require inputs encoding running speed. Glutamatergic projections from the medial septum may be one of the inputs that provide these speed signals. See also: Brief Communication by Justus et al. Fast-acting neurons that suppress appetite   pp2 - 4 Richard D Palmiter doi:10.1038/nn.4456 Recent studies reveal several groups of neurons that become activated upon anticipation or consumption of meals. These neurons constitute key components of the complex feedback system that prevents continuous feeding by mice. See also: Article by Fenselau et al. Brake and gas pedals in motor cortex   pp4 - 6 Jinho Kim and S Andrew Hires doi:10.1038/nn.4461 A new study finds that a major population of output cells in primary motor cortex suppresses movement and behavioral engagement. See also: Article by Ebbesen et al. Correlations demystified   pp6 - 8 Peter E Latham doi:10.1038/nn.4455 An elegant study answers a long-standing question: how do correlations arise in large, highly interconnected networks of neurons? The answer represents a major step forward in our understanding of spiking networks in the brain. See also: Article by Rosenbaum et al. Cracking the mnemonic code   pp8 - 9 Eva Zita Patai and Hugo J Spiers doi:10.1038/nn.4466 Evidence reveals that humans share remarkably similar patterns of event-specific neural activity during spontaneous spoken recall. Posterior medial cortex appears to play a key role in transforming experience into memory. See also: Article by Chen et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Tenured / Tenure Track Faculty Position in Pediatric Epilepsy Indiana University School of Medicine Clinical and Non-clinical Academic Appointments in Psychiatry Imperial College London PhD student (f / m) German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) PhD Student University Medical Center Gottingen - European Neuroscience Institute Postdoctoral fellow The University of Texas Medical School At Houston More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Neurostimulation Techniques in Neuroscience Research 07.12.17 Munich, Germany More science events from Brief Communications Top A neuronal PI(3,4,5)P3-dependent program of oligodendrocyte precursor recruitment and myelination   pp10 - 15 Sandra Goebbels, Georg L Wieser, Alexander Pieper, Sonia Spitzer, Bettina Weege et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4425 In the CNS, the primary signal initiating myelination and its cellular origin remain unclear. Goebbels et al. find that deleting PTEN from cerebellar granule cells drives radial axon growth, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation, oligodendrocyte differentiation and de novo myelination of parallel fibers. This suggests that myelination is downstream of a neuronal PI(3,4,5)P3-dependent signal. Glutamatergic synaptic integration of locomotion speed via septoentorhinal projections   pp16 - 19 Daniel Justus, Dennis Dalugge, Stefanie Bothe, Falko Fuhrmann, Christian Hannes et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4447 The authors describe a glutamatergic septoentorhinal pathway that provides running-speed-correlated input to MEC layer 2/3. The speed signal is integrated by several MEC cell classes and converted into speed-dependent output. This speed circuit may be important for the spatial computations of MEC neurons. See also: News and Views by Gonzalez-Sulser & Nolan Developmentally defined forebrain circuits regulate appetitive and aversive olfactory learning   pp20 - 23 Nagendran Muthusamy, Xuying Zhang, Caroline A Johnson, Prem N Yadav and H Troy Ghashghaei doi:10.1038/nn.4452 In this study, the authors reveal distinct developmental programs underlying innate and learned olfactory behaviors by demonstrating that chemogenetic inactivation of neurons generated in neonatal mice impairs the behavioral response to aversive odorants, whereas inactivation of adult-born neurons impairs learning of novel food-related odors. Articles Top Mechanosensory hair cells express two molecularly distinct mechanotransduction channels   pp24 - 33 Zizhen Wu, Nicolas Grillet, Bo Zhao, Christopher Cunningham, Sarah Harkins-Perry et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4449 Auditory hair cells contain mechanotransduction channels that are activated by sound. The authors show that Piezo2, a mechanotransduction channel important for touch perception, is expressed in auditory hair cells. Surprisingly, Piezo2 is not the mechanotransduction channel essential for auditory perception and is instead observed after damage to hair cells. TRPA1 mediates sensation of the rate of temperature change in Drosophila larvae   pp34 - 41 Junjie Luo, Wei L Shen and Craig Montell doi:10.1038/nn.4416 Animals are sensitive to the rate of temperature change, in addition to absolute temperature. Using Drosophila larvae as a model, Luo et al. decipher the cellular and molecular mechanism controlling this behavior, which depends in part on the TRPA1 channel. A rapidly acting glutamatergic ARC→PVH satiety circuit postsynaptically regulated by α-MSH   pp42 - 51 Henning Fenselau, John N Campbell, Anne M J Verstegen, Joseph C Madara, Jie Xu et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4442 Hunger-promoting AgRP neurons and satiety-promoting POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus mediate homeostatic regulation of hunger. Yet a rapidly acting satiety component analogous to rapidly hunger-promoting AgRP neurons has been missing. The authors identify this missing satiety signal and show that it is carried by a novel subset of arcuate glutamatergic neurons. See also: News and Views by Palmiter Direct dorsal hippocampal-prelimbic cortex connections strengthen fear memories   pp52 - 61 Xiaojing Ye, Dana Kapeller-Libermann, Alessio Travaglia, M Carmen Inda and Cristina M Alberini doi:10.1038/nn.4443 The authors show that a direct pathway from the dorsal hippocampus to the prelimbic cortex is necessary for contextual fear memory strengthening. Molecular analyses and functional targeting revealed that prelimbic excitatory and inhibitory synapses have a critical role in promoting memory strengthening, while inhibiting extinction. Parallel processing by cortical inhibition enables context-dependent behavior   pp62 - 71 Kishore V Kuchibhotla, Jonathan V Gill, Grace W Lindsay, Eleni S Papadoyannis, Rachel E Field et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4436 Animals have a remarkable ability to adjust their behavioral response to the same stimulus based on the immediate behavioral context. The authors show that the nucleus basalis broadcasts a contextual signal to the auditory cortex that is then translated by inhibitory networks to regulate excitatory neuronal output and behavior. A faithful internal representation of walking movements in the Drosophila visual system   pp72 - 81 Terufumi Fujiwara, Tomás L Cruz, James P Bohnslav and M Eugenia Chiappe doi:10.1038/nn.4435 Self-movement estimation is critical to motor control and navigation; however, the neural circuits that accurately track body motion are poorly understood. This study shows that Drosophila optic-flow-processing neurons receive three distinct locomotor-related signals that are used to encode a quantitative estimate of the fly's walking movements, even in the absence of visual stimuli. Vibrissa motor cortex activity suppresses contralateral whisking behavior   pp82 - 89 Christian Laut Ebbesen, Guy Doron, Constanze Lenschow and Michael Brecht doi:10.1038/nn.4437 Previous work on mammalian motor cortex has focused on the role of this region in movement generation. Here the authors demonstrate that activity of vibrissa motor cortex neurons decreases during various forms of vibrissal touch, suggesting that a primary function of vibrissa motor cortex is to suppress whisking behavior. See also: News and Views by Kim & Hires A feedback neural circuit for calibrating aversive memory strength   pp90 - 97 Takaaki Ozawa, Edgar A Ycu, Ashwani Kumar, Li-Feng Yeh, Touqeer Ahmed et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4439 The strength of aversive learning is proportional to the intensity of aversive experiences, but how brain circuits set memory strength during learning is not known. The authors show that an amygdala-to-midbrain feedback circuit conveying information about future unpleasant experiences inhibits aversive processing during learning to calibrate memory strength. A probabilistic approach to demixing odors   pp98 - 106 Agnieszka Grabska-Barwinska, Simon Barthelmé, Jeff Beck, Zachary F Mainen, Alexandre Pouget et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4444 The authors show that a normative approach to olfaction, Bayesian inference, reproduces much of the anatomy, physiology and behavior seen in real organisms. The model provides insight into how the olfactory system demixes odors, and, by extension, how other sensory systems extract relevant information from activity in peripheral organs. The spatial structure of correlated neuronal variability   pp107 - 114 Robert Rosenbaum, Matthew A Smith, Adam Kohn, Jonathan E Rubin and Brent Doiron doi:10.1038/nn.4433 The activity of cortical neurons is extremely noisy. This study builds a mathematical theory linking the spatial scales of cortical wiring to how noise is generated and distributed over a population of neurons. Predictions from the theory are validated using population recordings in primate visual area V1. See also: News and Views by Latham Shared memories reveal shared structure in neural activity across individuals   pp115 - 125 Janice Chen, Yuan Chang Leong, Christopher J Honey, Chung H Yong, Kenneth A Norman et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4450 The authors demonstrate that activity patterns in the default network during unguided spoken recollection of real-world events were similar between individuals recalling the same specific events. Patterns were altered between perception and recall in a systematic manner across brains. These results reveal a common spatial organization for memory representations. See also: News and Views by Patai & Spiers Top Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. 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