Science X Newsletter Tuesday, Oct 18

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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for October 18, 2016:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

Prototypical active galaxy Arakelian 120 observed by Swift

Researchers road-test powerful method for studying singlet fission

Neuroscientists identify two neuron populations that encode happy or fearful memories

Infants found to be more tuned into others who speak their language

Field study suggests human facial expressions are not universal

Cloudy nights, sunny days on distant hot Jupiters

Mother's BMI may affect the biological age of newborn babies

Scientists develop a semiconductor nanocomposite material that moves in response to light

'Radical' new approach to connecting carbon atoms: Novel pathway bypasses need for reactive functional groups

How your BMI might affect your brain function

Chemotherapy drives treatment resistance in bladder cancer

Team recovers 'most complete Michigan mastodon skeleton in many decades' from Thumb site

Devils' milk could fight superbugs: Australia scientists

Roman coins ID'd in Japanese ruins, but their origin baffles

First launch for Orbital's Antares rocket since 2014 explosion

Astronomy & Space news

	Prototypical active galaxy Arakelian 120 observed by Swift (Phys.org)—Astronomers using NASA's Swift space observatory, have conducted a long-term monitoring campaign of a prototypical active galaxy, designated Arakelian 120 (Ark 120 for short). These observations reveal crucial information about the galaxy's variability, giving a hint about its true nature. The findings are presented in a paper published Oct. 13 on the arXiv pre-print server.
	Cloudy nights, sunny days on distant hot Jupiters The weather forecast for faraway, blistering planets called "hot Jupiters" might go something like this: Cloudy nights and sunny days, with a high of 2,400 degrees Fahrenheit (about 1,300 degrees Celsius, or 1,600 Kelvin).
	First launch for Orbital's Antares rocket since 2014 explosion Orbital ATK launched its Antares rocket en route to the International Space Station for the first time since a massive explosion after liftoff two years ago.
	NASA's MAVEN mission gives unprecedented ultraviolet view of Mars New global images of Mars from the MAVEN mission show the ultraviolet glow from the Martian atmosphere in unprecedented detail, revealing dynamic, previously invisible behavior. They include the first images of "nightglow" that can be used to show how winds circulate at high altitudes. Additionally, dayside ultraviolet imagery from the spacecraft shows how ozone amounts change over the seasons and how afternoon clouds form over giant Martian volcanoes. The images were taken by the Imaging UltraViolet Spectrograph (IUVS) on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution mission (MAVEN).
	Robot explorers all set for Mars tryst: ESA Europe was poised Tuesday to place a paddling pool-sized lander on Mars and a gas-sniffing craft in its orbit as part of a mission with Russia to scour the Red Planet for signs of life.
	New Horizons: Possible clouds on Pluto, next target is reddish The next target for NASA's New Horizons mission – which made a historic flight past Pluto in July 2015 –– apparently bears a colorful resemblance to its famous, main destination.
	The Red Planet welcomes ExoMars Mars as seen by the webcam on ESA's Mars Express orbiter on 16 October 2016, as another mission, ExoMars, is about to reach the Red Planet.
	NASA space station cargo launches from Virginia on orbital ATK resupply mission The crew of the International Space Station soon will be equipped to perform dozens of new scientific investigations with cargo launched Monday aboard NASA's latest commercial resupply services mission from the agency's Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia.
	Satellite scheduling—solving equations to capture the world Roughly 1,400 satellites surround the word today, with 500 of those launched by the United States. While they all have various duties and capabilities, it is of utmost importance to correctly and efficiently identify the appropriate satellite for every job.
	Recently active lava flows on the eastern flank of Idunn Mons on Venus The European Space Agency's Venus Express mission has provided a great amount of data from the surface and atmosphere of Earth's inner twin planet. Among these observations was the mapping of the southern hemisphere of Venus in the near infrared spectral range using the VIRTIS (Visible and InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer) instrument. However the thick and permanent cloud cover of Venus limits the achievable resolution, similar to observing a scene through fog. Using a numerical model, planetary researchers at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR) pushed the limits of the data resolution. With this new technique the emissivity anomalies were analyzed on the top and eastern flank of Idunn Mons, a volcano with a diameter of 200 kilometers at its base situated in the southern hemisphere of Venus. These anomalies provide an indication of geologically recent volcanism in this area.
	Mars missions: Past, Present and Future Long before the space age, Earthlings were already in hot pursuit of life on Mars, using primitive telescopes and even psychic mediums to seek evidence of sentient beings.
	Astronaut describes career detour to US health director Kate Rubins applied to be an astronaut while she was procrastinating about writing a grant application to the National Institutes of Health.

Technology news

	That pilot in the cockpit may someday be a robot From the outside, the single-engine Cessna Caravan that took off from a small airport here on Monday looked unremarkable. But inside the cockpit, in the right seat, a robot with spindly metal tubes and rods for arms and legs and a claw hand grasping the throttle, was doing the flying. In the left seat, a human pilot tapped commands to his mute colleague using an electronic tablet.
	Google's Pixel phone: Not much new, but still a standout Google's ambitious new smartphone, the Pixel, doesn't offer a lot that's new. Yet it's still one of the best out there.
	Study finds 'lurking malice' in cloud hosting services A study of 20 major cloud hosting services has found that as many as 10 percent of the repositories hosted by them had been compromised - with several hundred of the "buckets" actively providing malware. Such bad content could be challenging to find, however, because it can be rapidly assembled from stored components that individually may not appear to be malicious.
A window into battery life for next-gen lithium cells Dendrites, whiskers of lithium that grow inside batteries and can cause fires like those in the Samsung Galaxy Note 7, are the bane of next-generation lithium batteries.
	Netflix beats Street 3Q forecasts Netflix Inc. (NFLX) on Monday reported third-quarter profit of $51.5 million.
Instagram prepares for more growth When Pope Francis joined Instagram at age 79 in March, a thought crossed the mind of the tech firm's chief operating officer. For Marne Levine, the moment made the company's value to the world even clearer.
This $5,900 chair may be the tech world's new key to productivity Che Voigt believes his company has solved problems that have plagued the working world since the advent of typing.
Researcher develops technology to improve efficiency at construction sites A Purdue University graduate's ideas to utilize sensors and a software platform could lead to greater efficiency at future construction sites.
	Driverless taxi hits lorry in Singapore trial A car taking part in the world's first public trial of driverless taxis was slightly damaged on Tuesday when it collided with a lorry in Singapore, its operator said.
What the presidential candidates' data can tell us about Trump and Clinton It's election season, and the candidates' and campaigns' eyes are on you, the voter. Figuring out what you think about something a candidate said last night or tweeted this morning is very big business. All this gathering of data, from statewide and national polls and social media alike, can make it seem as if everything we do – or even think – is under scrutiny. In fact, it is.
	Truck emissions—survey gauges trucking industry attitudes As the U.S. trucking industry faces new federal limits on greenhouse gas emissions, a University of Michigan team surveyed fleet managers to gauge their views on fuel usage, fuel economy and fuel-saving technologies.
	Plotting Pokemon Go's success Since the popular game came out this past summer, the number of videos about it on YouTube has skyrocketed. In a demonstration of the incredible power of network modeling, Kirell Benzi, a PhD student at EPFL, catalogued them all and plotted them in a 3-D interactive table.
	Smart electrical systems pay off, research shows The economic viability of an energy system that saves money for utilities and consumers by reducing demand peaks on the electrical supply grid has been demonstrated by a prototype energy lab at The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), its creator says.
	If Google Assistant or Siri aren't smart enough for you, you can build your own AI Google CEO Sundar Pichai believes that we are moving to an "AI-first" world. In this world, we will be interacting with personal digital assistants on a range of platforms, including through Google's new intelligent speaker "Google Home" and other Google-powered devices.
	Steel from old tyres and ceramics from nutshells – how industry can use our rubbish If someone said "green manufacturing" to you, what comes to mind is probably environmentally friendly products – solar panels, bamboo garments and the like. But there's much more in this space. In fact, far greater environmental and economic impact can be achieved by looking further up the manufacturing chain.
Self-driving car hits truck in Singapore; no injuries A self-driving car with two engineers on board was switching lanes in Singapore when it hit a truck Tuesday, authorities said. No one was hurt.
First mass production of system-on-chip with 10-nanometer finFET technology Samsung Electronics today announced that it has commenced mass production of System-on-Chip (SoC) products with 10-nanometer (nm) FinFET technology for which would make it first in the industry.
	Researcher discusses likelihood of cyberattacks on the 2016 election It's clear that cybersecurity plays an increasingly important role in our daily lives. Need proof?
	Bright idea that's streets ahead: Australian LED street lighting trial More and more of us are switching to LED bulbs in our homes - now a Queensland research team led by QUT scientists wants Australia's street lights to be switched over to LEDs.
	Drake's 'One Dance' top song ever on Spotify "One Dance," Drake's omnipresent song of the summer in North America, has broken the record to become the most streamed song ever on Spotify.
	Research offers faster way to confirm safety of oil and gas pipelines A simple vibration test can help oil and gas companies prevent pipeline spills in a way that is faster and cheaper than conventional methods, a UBC study shows.
	Mystery swirls around Assange's status at Ecuadorean Embassy Midway through releasing a series of damaging disclosures about U.S. presidential contender Hillary Clinton, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange says his hosts at the Ecuadorean Embassy in London abruptly cut him off from the internet.
	Netflix, Amazon battle over German Cold War spy dramas Netflix and Amazon were facing off for a Cold War clash of two German spy series Tuesday after the phenomenal international success of espionage drama "Deutschland 83".
	Offshore wind turbine system that can be completely pre-assembled and pre-commissioned in controlled harbour conditions Although wind power is highly regarded as an important source of sustainable energy, the costs of installing the necessary turbines have always been an obstacle to its widespread adoption. This is particularly true for offshore windfarms, which require large, high-tech wind turbines to be constructed – and maintained – in the oceans themselves.
Software firm's glitch stops travelers from booking tickets A technology company says it's fixed a problem that had prevented travelers from booking trips with some U.S. airlines this week.
Lufthansa latest airline to ban Samsung Galaxy Note 7 phones German carrier Lufthansa is the latest airline to impose a total ban on passengers taking the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 smartphone on any of its flights.
	Trump v. Clinton: How to stream the last presidential debate You can still watch the final televised presidential debate Wednesday even if you don't have a TV.
	Yahoo quarterly profit more than doubles Yahoo beat expectations on Tuesday with quarterly earnings that showed profit more than doubled to $163 million despite only a slight rise in revenue.

Medicine & Health news

	Neuroscientists identify two neuron populations that encode happy or fearful memories Our emotional state is governed partly by a tiny brain structure known as the amygdala, which is responsible for processing positive emotions such as happiness, and negative ones such as fear and anxiety.
	Infants found to be more tuned into others who speak their language (Medical Xpress)—A trio of researchers with the University of London has found that infants focus more strongly on the people around them who speak the language they are used to hearing. In their paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Katarina Begus, Teodora Gliga and Victoria Southgate describe a study they carried out with infants wired to an EEG machine and what they found.
	Field study suggests human facial expressions are not universal (Medical Xpress)—A small team of researchers with members from Spain and the U.S. has found evidence that suggests human facial expressions are not as universal as has been thought. In their paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the group describes how they carried out facial recognition studies on native people living in New Guinea and the difference they found in one facial expression from most other people in the world.
	Mother's BMI may affect the biological age of newborn babies Higher BMI in mothers before pregnancy is associated with shorter telomere length - a biomarker for biological age - in newborns, according to a study published in the open access journal BMC Medicine that involved 743 mothers and their babies. The study by researchers at Hasselt University, Belgium is the first to report a strong association between mothers' BMI and telomere length in newborns.
	How your BMI might affect your brain function There are plenty of reasons it's important to maintain a healthy weight, and now you can add one more to the list: It may be good for your brain.
	Chemotherapy drives treatment resistance in bladder cancer Chemotherapy is indicated as the first line of treatment for advanced bladder cancer. New research by Weill Cornell Medicine and University of Trento scientists shows that while chemotherapy kills the most common type of bladder cancer, urothelial cancer, chemotherapy also shapes the genetic evolution of remaining urothelial cancer cell clones to become drug-resistant.
	Devils' milk could fight superbugs: Australia scientists Mother's milk from the marsupials known as Tasmanian devils could help the global fight against increasingly deadly "superbugs" which resist antibiotics, Australian researchers said Tuesday.
	Anti-inflammatory drugs could help treat symptoms of depression, study suggests Anti-inflammatory drugs similar to those used to treat conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis could in future be used to treat some cases of depression, concludes a review led by the University of Cambridge, which further implicates our immune system in mental health disorders.
	Gene links risk of psychiatric disease to reduced synapse numbers New research led by UC San Francisco scientists has revealed that mutations in a gene linked with brain development may dispose people to multiple forms of psychiatric disease by changing the way brain cells communicate.
	Hard-wiring memories Many people remember exactly what they were doing on September 11, 2001, and some even easily remember exactly what they ate for lunch yesterday. Memories are formed when the neural networks that are active during an event become hard-wired into the cellular machinery of our brain. A group of scientists at Caltech, led by Allen and Lenabelle Davis Professor of Biology Mary Kennedy and postdoctoral fellow Ward Walkup have now discovered how one protein helps to create memories in the brain. A paper describing the findings appears in the September 29 issue of the journal eLife.
	Brain cells that provide structural support also influence feeding behavior, study shows MIT neuroscientists have discovered that brain cells called glial cells play a critical role in controlling appetite and feeding behavior. In a study of mice, the researchers found that activating these cells stimulates overeating, and that when the cells are suppressed, appetite is also suppressed.
	Depression's physical source discovered; potential for new treatments Understanding of the physical root of depression has been advanced, thanks to research by the University of Warwick, UK, and Fudan University, China.
	Impaired recycling of mitochondria in autism? Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic disorder that causes autism in about half of those affected, could stem from a defect in a basic system cells use to recycle their mitochondria, report scientists at Boston Children's Hospital. The scientists believe their findings, published online October 18 by Cell Reports, open new treatment possibilities not just for TSC, but possibly for other forms of autism and some neurologic disorders.
	Vulnerabilities of leukemia cells revealed using genome editing technique Researchers from the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and their collaborators have adapted a CRISPR gene editing technique and used it to find new therapeutic targets for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). In research published today in Cell Reports, the team identify a large number of genes that could serve as potential targets for anti-AML treatments and describe how inhibition of one of these genes, KAT2A, destroys AML cells without harming non-leukaemic blood cells.
	Protein network linked to cancer is critical to male fertility Researchers studying reproductive science identified a network of proteins often linked to cancer as also important to male fertility and the birth of healthy offspring, according to a study in the Oct. 18 online issue of Cell Reports.
	Migraine sufferers have more nitrate-reducing microbes in their mouths Researchers at University of California San Diego School of Medicine have found that the mouths of migraine sufferers harbor significantly more microbes with the ability to modify nitrates than people who do not get migraine headaches. The study is published October 18 by mSystems.
	Older adults' brain processing contributes to diminished speech comprehension, even with normal hearing "Could you repeat that?" The reason you may have to say something twice when talking to older family members at Thanksgiving dinner may not be because of their hearing. Researchers at the University of Maryland have determined that something is going on in the brains of typical older adults that causes them to struggle to follow speech amidst background noise, even when their hearing would be considered normal on a clinical assessment.
	Strain-level profiling yields new insights into mother-infant microbiomes Direct microbial sequencing of environmental samples, such as from ocean water, hospital surfaces, and the human gut, have illuminated the vast number of microbes present in our world. However, a microbial species can be genetically diverse, and this variability is often not captured during metagenomic analysis. In a study published online today in Genome Research, scientists developed a new tool to examine genetic differences within bacterial species and uncover novel transmission patterns in mother-infant microbiomes and marine metagenomes not previously appreciated by species-level analyses.
Leading organizations train 100,000 people in CPR on Restart a Heart Day Thousands of people die every year because people are not carrying out life saving CPR on cardiac arrest victims before emergency services arrive, according to new research from the British Heart Foundation (BHF).
Findings on sphingolipid biosynthesis may lead to new treatments for metabolic diseases Almost all cell types exhibit some sort of polarity, which enables them to carry out specialized functions. Adherens junctions, which consist of the transmembrane protein cadherin and the intracellular components beta-catenin, alpha-catenin, and actin filaments, initiate cell-cell contacts and maintenance of cell polarity. Because all cell membranes that define cell boundaries and polarity contain lipid bi-layer structures, the lipid, including sphingolipid, environment could influence polarity, yet the mechanism underlying this remission is unknown.
Single home visit significantly improves adherence, reduces exacerbations in patients with severe asthma or COPD A single home visit to patients with severe asthma or COPD may significantly improve patient adherence with office visits and inhaler use and may reduce severe exacerbations requiring emergency department visits.
Map the gap: The geography of critical care medicine training programs and sepsis mortality A study from Advocate Christ Medical Center in Oak Lawn, Illinois, studied the relation of death from sepsis by geographic region with the location of critical care fellowship training programs. The results give a visual illustration of the need for increased critical care training programs in underserved areas where sepsis mortality rates are high.
Minimal exercise can prevent disease, weight gain in menopausal women Past research has indicated that metabolic function is critical for women to prevent cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes after they reach menopause. Now, according to new research from the University of Missouri, minimal exercise may be all it takes for postmenopausal women to better regulate insulin, maintain metabolic function and help prevent significant weight gain. These findings suggest that women can take a proactive approach and may not need to increase their physical activity dramatically to see significant benefits from exercise.
Poll shows gap between parent views and expert assessments of US child care quality A new NPR/Robert Wood Johnson Foundation/Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health poll suggests a major gap between parents' views and research experts' assessments of the quality of child care in the U.S. Most parents (59%) believe their child receives "excellent" quality child care. By contrast, the most recent major study on the state of U.S. child care suggests a majority of child care is not high quality.
Oncoproteins interact to promote cancer cell growth in retinoblastoma Researchers at The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles have identified an unsuspected and critical role of the MDM2 oncogene in promoting expression of the MYCN oncogene that is required for growth and survival of retinoblastoma cells. Their results are published in the October 17 online edition of the Nature journal Oncogene.
Patients unsuitable for LASIK could benefit from vision surgery using intraocular lenses People who are unsuitable for LASIK because of moderate or extreme nearsightedness or severe astigmatism may benefit from a surgical procedure using intraocular lenses. Phakic intraocular collamer lenses, also called Phakic IOLs or ICLs, have been found safe and effective after five years, according to research presented today at AAO 2016, the 120th annual meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Wearable artificial vision device shows promise in helping legally blind people 'read' A unique wearable artificial vision device may help people who are legally blind "read" and recognize faces. It may also help these individuals accomplish everyday tasks with significantly greater ease than using traditional assistive reading devices, suggests a study presented today at AAO 2016, the 120th annual meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology.
Study finds mixed results for use of mesh for hernia repair Among patients undergoing incisional hernia repair, the use of mesh to reinforce the repair was associated with a lower risk of hernia recurrence over 5 years compared with when mesh was not used, although with long-term follow-up, the benefits attributable to mesh were offset in part by mesh-related complications, according to a study published online by JAMA. The study is being released to coincide with its presentation at the American College of Surgeons Clinical Congress 2016.
Women who undergo weight-loss operations have a lower risk for cesarean section later on Obesity during pregnancy puts women at higher risk for complications and can compromise the newborn's health. But obese women who undergo weight-loss (bariatric) operations before getting pregnant significantly lower their risk of cesarean delivery and increase the likelihood of healthy fetal and infant outcomes, according to research findings presented at the 2016 Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons.
	Drug-resistant staph bacteria prevalence higher in young children living with hog workers Young children who reside with adults who work on large industrial hog operations in rural North Carolina had a higher prevalence of antibiotic-resistant in their nasal passages than children who live with adults who live in the same community but do not work on such operations, a new study suggests.
	Other people are less attention-grabbing to the wealthy The degree to which other people divert your attention may depend on your social class, according to new findings published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. The research shows that people who categorize themselves as being in a relatively high social class spend less time looking at passersby compared with those who aren't as well off, a difference that seems to stem from spontaneous processes related to perception and attention.
	Pfizer to launch cheaper version of J&J immune drug Remicade Drugmaker Pfizer said Monday that it will launch a less-expensive version of rival Johnson & Johnson's blockbuster immune disorder drug, Remicade.
Frontline strategies to reduce misdiagnosis in hospitalized patients While recent studies show diagnostic errors are common, researchers find diagnostic error to be a very complex topic where few practical and proven solutions exist for frontline clinicians. In an effort to advance knowledge in this area, researchers from Baylor College of Medicine, the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and the Institute of Medical Education Research Rotterdam, Erasmus MC propose a pragmatic framework of strategies to reduce errors of diagnosis in hospitalized patients in a paper published today in Annals of Internal Medicine.
	Study finds baby bottle measurements wrong, potentially harmful A study by Western Sydney University has found more than half of infant feeding bottles have inaccurate or missing markings, sparking calls for Australia and other countries to introduce and enforce industry standards for bottles to prevent formula fed babies from becoming ill.
	Digital health devices are great, but their prices are widening the health gap Chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases account for more than 85 percent of all deaths in the United States. Obesity and asthma in particular are among the leading causes of preventable deaths in the United States and constitute a large portion of health care expenditures. Type 2 diabetes costs alone exceeded US$245 billion in 2012.
Understanding the role of genes in smoking addiction, nicotine withdrawal Thomas Gould hopes to better understand how genes influence nicotine-withdrawal symptoms in order to develop more effective smoking cessation programs.
	Research links fatty liver disease to type 2 diabetes Insulin resistance in the liver is a major factor in the development of type 2 diabetes, and it is almost always associated with too much fat in the liver—a condition called non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The question of whether there's a causal link between NAFLD and type 2 diabetes has been unclear. In recent studies, Yale professor of medicine and investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Gerald Shulman has identified factors that cause the normal function of insulin in the liver to go awry in NAFLD.
	Study finds pesticide levels in Australian breast milk lowest in world Researchers at The University of Western Australia and Murdoch University have found that levels of pesticides in breast milk have dropped significantly during the past 40 years.
	Change sex education to combat the effects of porn, say researchers A Parliamentary Group focusing on family and child protection is to hear how changes are needed to sex education in the classroom to protect young people from the damaging effects of pornography.
	Opinion: The revelation that Big Sugar manipulated heart disease research is not an outlier In the 1950s, heart disease ravaged America. When the then-President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, himself suffered a heart attack while in office, desperation grew among the ranks of government and scientific establishment to get to the bottom of this seemingly indiscriminate disease.
	Drug study first effort to prevent onset of epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex Researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham have launched the first drug study aimed at preventing or delaying the onset of epilepsy in children with a genetic condition known as tuberous sclerosis complex. UAB is the lead institution and data center for the PREVeNT study, a national, multisite study funded by a $7 million grant from the National Institutes of Health.
Nurse studies delirium in older patients One of the most distressing things that can happen after an older family member enters the hospital is that they return … different. Before, maybe they were calm and happy, but now they act agitated and angry, or withdrawn when they were earlier outgoing. Nina Flanagan, assistant professor of nursing at Binghamton University, has made a career of studying these behavioral changes—usually caused by delirium—in post-acute care, so that long-term health issues might be avoided.
Study documents the adverse effects of casual, temporary and on-call labor Precarious labour has severe health impacts on racialized immigrant women, according to a new Ryerson University study.
New evidence that hormone levels measured in hair can affect IVF success by almost one-third Levels of a hormone when measured in hair can significantly predict the likelihood of pregnancy in women undergoing in vitro fertilisation (IVF) treatment, scientists at The University of Nottingham have revealed.
Study shows why prostate cancer cells develop resistance to treatment A new study at the University of York has shown that a standard hormone supplement, used to boost energy levels in prostate cancer patients following radiotherapy, could potentially increase the chances of the cancer returning.
Study reveals high levels of vitamin D inadequacy in UK adolescents A study, published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, has shown high levels of vitamin D inadequacy in UK adolescents, and – for the first time – identified the intake needed by adolescents in order to maintain adequate serum vitamin D levels during the winter time. The research was undertaken by academics from the University of Surrey's Department of Nutritional Sciences in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Copenhagen and University College Cork.
	Java gene study links caffeine metabolism to coffee consumption behavior Depending on a person's genetic make-up, he or she might be able to guzzle coffee right before bed or feel wired after just one cup, based on continuing research at Northwestern Medicine.
Scientists develop MRI-guided neural stem cell delivery method A national science publication has featured the work of San Antonio scientists aiming to develop a more effective method for delivering neural stem cells to the brain in an effort to move forward stem cell therapies to treat neurological disorders.
Eureka! Gender affects how we judge competence, genius Think of the word "genius," and a few images undoubtedly come to mind - perhaps a picture of Albert Einstein, of a scientist in a lab shouting "Eureka!" or of present-day theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking.
	Folinic acid could help children with autism communicate better Prescription doses of folinic acid, which is a reduced form of a B vitamin known as folate, could help improve the language and communication skills of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These are the preliminary findings from a placebo-controlled trial in which children were randomized to receive either high-dose folinic acid or a placebo, says lead author Richard Frye of Arkansas Children's Research Institute in the US. The study, which is published in Springer Nature's journal Molecular Psychiatry, also identified a specific blood marker that can be used to predict which patients have the best chance to respond to the treatment.
Army and Tufts study how people think, respond under stress The U.S. Army and Tufts University are working together to learn more about how people think and respond under stress.
Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy is a popular treatment among breast cancer patients Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM), a procedure in which women with early-stage breast cancer in one breast opt to undergo a more aggressive operation to remove both breasts, is performed at more than double the rate now than it was 10 years ago. However, the reasons why this may be happening are not always well understood. To learn why many patients were choosing to undergo this invasive procedure, and to see what kind of information patients were sharing with each other about it, a research team from the University of California, San Diego, looked at postings in an online health community.
Study examines work status, productivity after bariatric surgery In a study appearing in the October 18 issue of JAMA, David R. Flum, M.D., M.P.H., of the University of Washington, Seattle, and colleagues assessed working status and change in productivity in the first 3 years following bariatric surgery for severe obesity.
Cell softness predicts corneal transplant success Stem cell transplantation is a promising strategy for restoring eyesight resulting from corneal damage, but tissue grafts must contain a high percentage of stem cells for clinical success. A study published October 18 in Biophysical Journal reveals that the softness of corneal cells indicates their potential for stem-like activity, including the ability to self-multiply and turn into different types of mature cells. This biomechanical marker could be used as a rapid and cost-effective approach to enrich for stem-like cells in corneal transplant tissue.
Researchers report high burden of infections acquired in hospitals in Europe More than 2.5 million cases of healthcare-associated infections are estimated to occur in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) each year, according to a study published by Alessandro Cassini, Diamantis Plachouras and colleagues from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), The Robert Koch Institute (Berlin, Germany) and the Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Bilthoven, The Netherlands), in PLOS Medicine.
	Tuberculosis and HIV co-infection The HIV virus increases the potency of the tuberculosis bacterium (Mtb) by affecting a central function of the immune system. This is the conclusion of a study carried out by researchers at Linköping University in Sweden. The discovery helps to explain why infection with HIV greatly increases the risk that infection by Mtb will progress to active tuberculosis.
	Researchers discover new path to stop the spread of cancer Investigators from the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC), and the Institute of Cancer Research, London (UK), have discovered that some cancer cells can draw blood from existing mature blood vessels allowing them to continue to spread. These findings, published in the journal Nature Medicine, will immediately improve the lives and prognosis of patients with colon cancer, which has metastasized to the liver. The team of researchers is continuing its efforts to better understand the mechanisms behind this discovery in order to develop new targeted therapies aimed at stopping the cancer from spreading.
	After privatization, link found between new liquor establishments, violence A team of researchers examining the effect alcohol availability has on violence found a significant increase in violent assaults for each additional establishment with a liquor license added to the area.
Many cancers with largest impact on years of life lost linked to tobacco and alcohol A new study finds eleven of the 15 cancers with the most impact on healthy years of life lost in the United States are closely-associated with two preventable risk factors: smoking and alcohol. The study, appearing early online in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, also finds the cancer burden is 20% to 30% higher in African Americans than in all races/ethnicities combined.
	Infants in Northern Canada face the highest rates of respiratory infection in the world Infants in Canada's north are facing alarming rates of respiratory infection, but providing an antibody to all infants will prevent hundreds of hospitalizations of babies in the Arctic and save hundreds of thousands of dollars a year.
A protein makes the difference When tumours develop they absorb oxygen and nutrients from the surrounding tissue. Once the tumour reaches a certain size, this is no longer enough to allow it to continue growing. It needs new blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients. A common form of cancer therapy involves inhibiting angiogenesis, or the development of new blood vessels. However, this therapy does not work for all patients and the reasons were not known for a long time.
Elder abuse under-identified in US emergency departments Elder abuse affects approximately 1 in 10 older adults in the United States and has far-reaching negative effects on physical and mental health. Victims of elder abuse, like other vulnerable populations, tend not to receive routine care from a primary care physician and often depend on the emergency department. With over 23 million emergency department visits by older adults annually, the emergency department is an important setting to identify elder abuse and initiate interventions to ensure patient safety and address unmet care needs.
	Resveratrol can help correct hormone imbalance in women with PCOS Resveratrol—a natural compound found in red wine and grapes—can help address a hormone imbalance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a leading cause of infertility in women, according to a new study published in the Endocrine Society's Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
	Treatments may help people with aging eyes see up close without reading glasses Researchers are testing cutting-edge treatments for people who want to see up close without reading glasses and finding promising results, according to studies presented this week at AAO 2016, the 120th annual meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. A new method that uses lasers to reshape a small part of the cornea, and a separate technique using painless electrostimulation, may be effective in treating presbyopia, the blurry near vision people develop around age 40.
Corneal transplantation may improve outcomes in people with a degenerative eye disease An innovative procedure may improve outcomes in people with a degenerative eye disease, suggest five-year results from a study presented at AAO 2016, the 120th annual meeting of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Transplantation of one layer of the cornea may help people with keratoconus avoid or delay full corneal transplantation and other potentially risky procedures, according to the researchers. They say the technique may enable those with advanced keratoconus to tolerate extended contact lenses wear, which is traditionally a challenge for people with the condition.
	'Ghost pepper' burns hole in man's esophagus (HealthDay)—A San Francisco man who joined an eating contest involving super-hot "ghost peppers" ended up with a hole in his esophagus, doctors report.
	Are vegetarian diets heart-healthier? (HealthDay)—Vegetarians are assumed to be healthier than carnivores, but a new study questions that assumption. It found meat eaters had no significantly greater risk of heart disease over 10 years compared to those who favored no-meat diets.
	Expecting twins or triplets? What you should know before they arrive (HealthDay)—The number of U.S. couples expecting twins or even triplets is on the rise, and these parents will have their hands full. Fortunately, there are many ways to prepare ahead of time, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
	SHBG, total estradiol linked to type 2 diabetes in women (HealthDay)—For women, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and total estradiol (TE) are associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), according to research published online Oct. 10 in Diabetes.
	Spironolactone benefits exercise tolerance in HFpEF (HealthDay)—For patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) with an exercise-induced increase in the ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/e'), spironolactone is associated with improved exercise capacity, according to a study published in the Oct. 25 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
	Regulatory T cells decreased with farm exposure at age 6 (HealthDay)—At age 6 years, regulatory T cells (Tregs) are decreased with farm exposure and increased among those with asthma, according to a study published online Oct. 12 in Allergy.
	ER visits, wait times up for US psychiatric patients (HealthDay)—One in five emergency physicians polled said they've had psychiatric patients who needed hospitalization who had to wait two to five days before being assigned an inpatient bed. The findings from the survey were presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), held from Oct. 16 to 19 in Las Vegas.
	CHEST: odds of certain post-op issues up with sleep apnea (HealthDay)—Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may increase risk of developing postoperative atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism, according to two new studies scheduled for presentation at the annual meeting of the American College of Chest Physicians, held from Oct. 22 to 26 in Los Angeles.
	Herbal, dietary supplements cause one-fifth of hepatotoxicity (HealthDay)—Herbal and dietary supplement (HDS)-induced liver injury accounts for 20 percent of cases of hepatotoxicity in the United States, according to research published online Sept. 27 in Hepatology.
	Preschoolers correct speaking mistakes even when talking to themselves One of the differences between adults and preschoolers when it comes to private speech is that adults typically talk to themselves in their heads, while preschoolers talk to themselves aloud, particularly while playing or working on a task. Private speech is a good thing for a child's cognitive development; however, it may be important that children monitor and repair errors in their speech, even when talking to themselves. Louis Manfra, assistant professor in the College of Human Environmental Sciences at the University of Missouri, found that children do, in fact, monitor their speech for errors, even without a listener. Manfra says parents and caregivers might encourage preschool-aged children to monitor their private speech by demonstrating such behavior in their own aloud private speech.
New testing of Ebola vaccine to start next month in Canada An Ebola vaccine developed by Canadian researchers and considered by the WHO to be the first effective treatment against the virus will soon start a new phase of clinical trials, Ottawa announced Tuesday.
	Are you and your home ready for winter? (HealthDay)—Winter storms can pack a wallop. But, people who prepare before temperatures plummet are more likely to stay safe and healthy during winter months, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Study shows major omission in evidence of 'weekend effect' on mortality rates in hospitals According to new research in the BMJ Quality & Safety journal, previous studies showing an increased risk of mortality following admission to hospital at weekends have failed to take account of the higher severity of patients' conditions.
Keeping it simple: Can resting heart rate and hand grip strength predict future pulmonary health problems? Two studies will be presented during the CHEST Annual Meeting 2016 in Los Angeles that illustrate how something as simple as a patient's resting heart rate or handgrip strength can predict future pulmonary health problems.
Divided perception of e-cigarettes among chest medicine clinicians At the CHEST Annual Meeting 2016 in Los Angeles, results from an online questionnaire sent to members of the American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST) earlier this year revealed that perceptions of e-cigarette harms and benefits among lung health professionals vary.
COPD diagnosis study finds spirometry underused, misdiagnosis common According to the recommendations of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), spirometry should be performed to establish the diagnosis of COPD in any patient who has a history of chronic cough, sputum production, difficulty breathing, or exposure to risk factors. A study conducted at the Corpus Christi Medical Center in South Texas assessed the accuracy of diagnoses and utilization of spirometry in multiple primary care clinics.
Conflicting perception of family presence during resuscitation A study from St. Barnabas Hospital (SBH Health System Bronx) analyzed the perceptions and attitudes of the health care team about family presence during resuscitation (FPDR). These attitudes varied among the staff roles and locations in the hospital.
Bluetooth-enabled technology pilot study shows promise for cystic fibrosis adherence According to the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry, more than 70,000 people worldwide are suffering from the disease, with approximately 1,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States alone. Adherence to inhaled and oral therapies for cystic fibrosis patients is discouragingly low, ranging 31-35 percent for inhaled antibiotics. Programs to enhance adherence have had mixed success; a new pilot study from Ventura County Medical Center in Ventura, California, shows remarkable improvement in adherence using Bluetooth technology.
Blood tests at the time of diagnoses of lung cancer may speed up treatment decisions A study from Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin, reveals to the value of blood-based genomic and proteomic testing in patients with lung cancer at the time of initial diagnoses. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) refers to a group of cancers that share common characteristics but have different genetic features that make them more or less responsive to specific treatments. In this study, genomic and proteomic testing of blood specimens rapidly identified genetic mutations that determined optimal, personalized treatment. Compared with testing of biopsy specimens, the blood tests yielded both important diagnostic information much faster (within 72 hours) regardless of disease stage, and significantly decreasing the wait period between diagnoses and the start of treatment.
Medicaid expansion may improve financial status of trauma safety net hospitals Trauma centers that care for the greatest proportion of uninsured patients stand to gain the most financially from state expansion of the Medicaid program. Findings from the first nationwide examination of the anticipated effect of Medicaid expansion on the financial status of trauma safety net hospitals were reported at the 2016 Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons.
Minimally invasive surgery for liver cases compares favorably with open operations For patients who may benefit from a major liver operation to treat cancer, an open abdominal procedure is often the only option. However, a minimally invasive approach that avoids the large open incision may soon be a viable alternative, according to results from a multicenter study presented at the 2016 Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons (ACS).
Washington University stops intubation training using cats Washington University in St. Louis said Monday that it has stopped using sedated cats to train medical students how to insert breathing tubes down babies' throats, effectively ending the practice in the U.S., according to a medical ethics group.
Migrants push Germany's fertility rate to 33-year high Migrant mothers helped boost Germany's fertility rate to a 33-year high last year.
	Three candidate Zika vaccines protect rhesus monkeys against the disease The September 9 issue of Science features a cover article by Brazilian and U.S. researchers with the results of trials showing that three different candidate Zika vaccines protected rhesus monkeys against the disease. The same issue of the journal includes an editorial about the vaccine study by renowned U.S. public health expert Michael T. Osterholm, a professor at the University of Minnesota and director of the Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy at the same university (CIDRAP).
Right-to-die bill to be considered by full DC Council The full D.C. Council will get its first chance to consider a bill that would allow terminally ill patients to end their lives with the help of a doctor.
New research seeks to discover how vaping can help smokers quit The rapid emergence of vaping (e-cigarette use) has led a University of Queensland researcher to seek Australian participants for a large-scale international study.
	Urgency demanded for Indigenous maternity services The federal, state and territory governments need to show "greater urgency" in regard to improving maternity services for Indigenous women in Australia, according to a new report.
How can health officials help contain the panic over outbreaks and epidemics? In the spring of 2014, Vietnam's state-controlled news media reported that dozens of children had died after turning up at hospitals in the capital, Hanoi, with rashes and high fevers. Doctors said the cause was a measles outbreak – the worst in Vietnamese history.
	Gearing up for flu season—prevention is key Colder temps during the first months of fall are a stark reminder that people should start thinking about how to prevent the influenza virus, or the flu.
	Integrated program to deliver improved health outcomes An integrated approach to tackling cancer and heart disease may fast-track medical breakthroughs according to Western Australian researchers.
	Virtual experience gets the elderly to exercise Virtual Reality can get the elderly in nursing homes to be happier about exercising. A new research project from Aalborg University shows that the technology motivates older people in nursing homes to get moving.
Giving patients a voice in drug development The patient perspective is important in all medical research, and particularly in drug development. This month, a public private research initiative called PREFER, is launched to assess when and how patient preferences on benefits and risks should be incorporated in decisions on medicinal products.
Young people aging out of foster care may be leaving behind critical healthcare coverage States are required to provide health insurance to young people who have aged out of the foster care system until their 26th birthday. Although the intent of the provision is to mirror the extended coverage available to young adults whose parents have private health insurance, research at the National Center for Children in Poverty (NCCP), Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, shows that varying interpretations of the provision by states have effectively blocked many youth formerly in foster care from accessing their federally mandated coverage. The new report is titled: Fostering Health: The Affordable Care Act, Medicaid, and Youth Transitioning from Foster Care.
Placebo reduces back pain—even when patients know they're taking placebo For patients with chronic back pain, "open" treatment with placebo—informing patients that they are taking an inactive pill, and why it might be helpful—leads to reductions in pain and disability, reports a study in Pain, the official publication of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP).
Some websites may not be effective in helping cancer patients make treatment decisions Cancer patients often turn to the Internet to find information about treatment options, but not all websites are created equal. Websites featuring pancreatic treatment modalities differ significantly in the way they present information based on therapy type, according to new findings presented at the 2016 Annual Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons. Websites from non-profit organizations focusing on surgery or radiotherapy are easier to understand and potentially increase patient knowledge the most, compared to websites discussing other therapies such as clinical trials and chemotherapy, researchers report.
Study shows significant cost savings with a home-based palliative care program A home-based palliative care (HBPC) program for individuals with advanced illnesses was associated with a $12,000 reduction in the mean total cost of care per person, fewer hospital admissions and emergency room visits, and greater use of hospice during the final three months of life, as reported in a study published in Journal of Palliative Medicine.
Dapivirine ring did not confer drug resistance among women who acquired HIV in ASPIRE Among women who acquired HIV during ASPIRE, researchers found no differences in the frequency and patterns of HIV drug resistance between those assigned to use the ring containing an anti-retroviral (ARV) drug called dapivirine and those assigned to use a placebo ring with no active drug, say researchers who reported their findings at the biennial HIV Research for Prevention conference (HIVR4P 2016) taking place at the Sheraton Grand Hotel in Chicago.
Women facing intimate partner violence were less likely to use vaginal ring Of the 2,629 women enrolled in the ASPIRE study, a large HIV prevention trial of a monthly vaginal ring, only 85 participants (fewer than 5 percent) reported that they were subject to or feared intimate partner violence. However, as a group, they were overall 1.5 times less likely to use the ring and were up to 2.5 times less likely to use the ring if they had recently experienced such events, researchers reported today at the biennial HIV Research for Prevention conference (HIVR4P 2016) taking place at the Sheraton Grand Hotel in Chicago.
Women report vaginal ring for preventing HIV had little effect on sexual intercourse Most women who used an experimental vaginal ring for HIV prevention report that the physical act of sex was largely unaffected by using the product, which is inserted monthly for continuous wear. This finding is among several insights gleaned about experiences of women who used the ring during the ASPIRE study, also known as MTN-020, announced today at the HIV Research for Prevention (HIVR4P) meeting in Chicago.
Researchers find prolonged detection of Zika virus in vaginal secretions and whole blood In a new study that followed a previously healthy, nonpregnant 26-year-old woman who returned to the United States from Honduras with signs and symptoms consistent with Zika virus infection, researchers at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital found the virus in vaginal secretions up to day 14 after onset of illness as well as in the whole blood up to 81 days after onset. Their findings appeared this week in Emerging Infectious Diseases, a journal of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
	CDC updates spending plans to combat Zika (HealthDay)—The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is earmarking millions of dollars to prepare states and cities for future Zika virus outbreaks, and to track the effects of the virus on the unborn.

Biology news

	Why tomatoes lose flavor in fridge: their genes chill out If you buy tomatoes from John Banscher at his farmstand in New Jersey, he'll recommend keeping them out of the fridge or they'll lose some of their taste.
	Blackbirds switch abruptly to fly-by-night behaviour at migration time Each year, billions of songbirds set out on autumn evenings to fly to their wintering grounds, necessitating a change of daily rhythm for the usually diurnal animals. Scientists had always assumed that the birds gradually adjusted their rhythm, but new technology has now enabled researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Radolfzell, with international partners, to observe free-living blackbirds at the onset of migration. They discovered that the birds change abruptly from diurnal to nocturnal activity immediately before departure.
	Fish can be fooled – just like humans Humans might have more in common with fish than previously thought, a new University of Queensland visual illusion study indicates.
	Scientists model outer membrane of 12 bacterial species to speed new drugs for 'bad bugs' Information could be the key to winning the race against antibiotic resistance. If we lose, a UK-funded analysis predicts a frightening future where drug resistant bacterial infections kill more people worldwide than cancer.
	Unraveling the science behind biomass breakdown Lignocellulosic biomass—plant matter such as cornstalks, straw, and woody plants—is a sustainable source for production of bio-based fuels and chemicals. However, the deconstruction of biomass is one of the most complex processes in bioenergy technologies. Although researchers at the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) had already uncovered information about how woody plants and waste biomass can be converted into biofuel more easily, they have now discovered the chemical details behind that process.
	Bacterial genes boost current in human cells Duke University biomedical engineers have harvested genes for ion channels from bacteria that, with a few tweaks, can create and enhance electrical signaling in human cells, making the cells more electrically excitable.
	David Attenborough calls for peepholes in zoos Veteran British naturalist David Attenborough called Monday for gorillas in zoos to be kept behind walls with peepholes rather than glass panels, to respect their privacy.
	Out of the countryside, wildlife returning to Amsterdam Seals peep from Amsterdam's famous canals, while rare bats huddle in the eaves of houses, next to nesting birds. Wildlife—of the animal kind—is on the rise in the teeming Dutch capital.
	Ocean warning for Pacific's Melanesia Marine ecosystems in one of the Pacific's most vulnerable regions face decline unless they are better managed, a WWF report warned Tuesday.
	Sharks are beautiful, diver says despite narrow escape A diver whose near miss with a great white shark became a viral video sensation, viewed more than 15 million times on Youtube, says the ocean's apex predator is "beautiful".
	10,000 endangered frogs die in Peru Peru is investigating what killed some 10,000 Titicaca water frogs, a critically endangered species affectionately known as the "scrotum frog," in a river that is feared to be polluted, authorities said Monday.
	Rakali study fills in knowledge gaps Scientists are filling in the gaps about Western Australia's only freshwater aquatic mammal—the rakali, or native water rat, that colonised Australia over three million years.
	Modelling suggests destructive plant pathogen spreading globally Murdoch University researchers have developed a model which shows the devastating plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi could be distributed more widely in Australia and around the globe than previously thought.
	New receptors discovered for Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylori is a spiral bacterium that can colonize the human stomach - sometimes with fatal consequences. A research group led by Prof. Markus Gerhard of the Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Assistant Professor Dr. Bernhard B. Singer of the Institute for Anatomy at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Duisburg-Essen at Essen University Medical Centre has discovered a completely new approach to preventing or treating infections with this bacterium as well as secondary complications. This research was done in collaboration with the group of Prof. Han Remaut (VIB - VUBrussels, Belgium). "Nature Microbiology" reports on this in its current edition.
	New termite species condemned to 100 years of solitude with a second chance While the last species of the termite genus Proneotermes has been discovered more than a hundred years ago, now scientists have discovered a new and a third one. Part of the fauna living in the dry forests in Colombia, its name was inspired by the magic realism of the fictional town of "Macondo" from the novel 'One hundred years of solitude' by Nobel Prize laureate Gabriel García Marquez.
Two new studies confirm the 'endogenosymbiosis' hypothesis Endogenosymbiosis, such as the capacity of "gene carriers" (viruses, retrovirus and bacteriophages) to share parts of their genomes in an endogenous symbiotic relationship with their hosts, was proposed in 2015 by Roberto Cazzolla Gatti, Ph.D., associate professor in ecology and biodiversity at the Tomsk State University (Russia), in a paper uploaded to bioRXiv and published in March of this year in the journal Biologia.
	Rio takes dive into South America's biggest aquarium The great skeleton of a humpback whale will greet visitors to the opening next month in Rio de Janeiro of South America's biggest aquarium—with sharks waiting for them inside.

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