Nature Neuroscience Contents: October 2015 Volume 18 Number 10, pp 1343 - 1529

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Advertisement CALL FOR PAPERS:  Bioelectronic Medicine is an open access, biomedical journal published by the Feinstein Institute Press. Bioelectronic medicine combines molecular medicine, bioengineering, and neuroscience to discover and develop nerve stimulating and sensing technologies to regulate biological processes and treat disease. www.bioelecmed.org TABLE OF CONTENTS October 2015 Volume 18, Issue 10 Focus Editorial Commentary Perspective Reviews News and Views Articles Technical Report Advertisement   Nikon's A1R MP+ multiphoton system is now available with a New Dual IR beam option. With dual IR beams, users can now simultaneously excite two different fluorophores such as GFP and mCherry. This capability enables ultra-fast two-color multiphoton imaging, ideal for dynamic specimens. To learn more, please visit www.nikoninstruments.com/a1rmp Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement CHANGE THE WORLD We believe in your passion. We're dedicated to supporting your work in making a difference and discovering the possibilities.  Your Science Matters™ Diverse imaging solutions Optical excellence Proven application expertise JOIN THE CHANGE AT OLYMPUS' BOOTH #1312. Society for Neuroscience: October 17-21, 2015, Chicago   Advertisement Primers in your inbox Nature Reviews Disease Primers launched in April 2015 and publishes Primers — introductory review articles that provide overviews of diseases and disorders. Primer articles describe all aspects of a condition: epidemiology; disease mechanisms; diagnosis, screening and prevention; management; and quality of life.  Stay updated on the latest Primers published.     Focus Top Focus on stress Focus issue: October 2015 Volume 18, No 10 Contents Editorial Commentary Perspective Reviews Editorial Top Focus on stress   p1343 doi:10.1038/nn.4127 We present a special issue focusing on recent advances in the understanding of the effects of stress on the nervous system and behavior, as well as the role of the nervous system in regulating responses to stress. Commentary Top Stress and the brain: individual variability and the inverted-U   pp1344 - 1346 Robert M Sapolsky doi:10.1038/nn.4109 It is a truism that the brain influences the body and that peripheral physiology influences the brain. Never is this clearer than during stress, where the subtlest emotions or the most abstract thoughts can initiate stress responses, with consequences throughout the body, and the endocrine transducers of stress alter cognition, affect and behavior. For a fervent materialist, few things in life bring more pleasure than contemplating the neurobiology of stress. Perspective Top Finding translation in stress research   pp1347 - 1352 Ahmad R Hariri and Andrew Holmes doi:10.1038/nn.4111 In their Perspective, Hariri & Holmes consider unique features of translational research on stress-related disorders that have helped fuel a productive dialogue from bench to bedside and back, as well as sparked important advances in identifying novel risk biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. Reviews Top Mechanisms of stress in the brain   pp1353 - 1363 Bruce S McEwen, Nicole P Bowles, Jason D Gray, Matthew N Hill, Richard G Hunter et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4086 The brain perceives and adapts to stressors via multiple interacting molecular mechanisms involving the cell surface, cytoskeleton and epigenetic regulation resulting in structural remodeling, with continually changing gene expression. Understanding mechanisms of plasticity and vulnerability facilitate development of intervention for anxiety and depressive disorders as well as age-related cognitive decline. Neighborhood matters: divergent patterns of stress-induced plasticity across the brain   pp1364 - 1375 Sumantra Chattarji, Anupratap Tomar, Aparna Suvrathan, Supriya Ghosh and Mohammed Mostafizur Rahman doi:10.1038/nn.4115 Severe stress impairs cognitive function, but enhances emotionality. This Review describes how stress triggers contrasting patterns of plasticity in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdala, all brain areas that are involved in learning and memory. These features of stress-induced plasticity can have long-term consequences for the debilitating symptoms of stress-related disorders. Stress weakens prefrontal networks: molecular insults to higher cognition   pp1376 - 1385 Amy F T Arnsten doi:10.1038/nn.4087 Research has revealed the molecular events that weaken connectivity in prefrontal cortical circuits during stress exposure. These events rapidly flip the brain from a reflective to reflexive state and may also contribute to degenerative changes in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. This mechanistic understanding has translated to therapeutics for prefrontal disorders. Neuroimmune mechanisms of depression   pp1386 - 1393 Georgia E Hodes, Veronika Kana, Caroline Menard, Miriam Merad and Scott J Russo doi:10.1038/nn.4113 Hodes et al. discuss mounting evidence in humans and rodent models of depression that causally links increased inflammation to depression. They take the perspective that heightened inflammation is a risk factor for depression and suggest targeted therapeutics to reduce inflammation as a novel approach to antidepressant treatment. Resolving the neural circuits of anxiety   pp1394 - 1404 Gwendolyn G Calhoon and Kay M Tye doi:10.1038/nn.4101 A mechanistic understanding of anxiety is required to advance the development of next-generation therapies for anxiety disorders. In this Review, Calhoon and Tye discuss recent insights into the circuit physiology driving anxiety-like behavior gained through the application of modern approaches in neuroscience. Stress effects on the neural substrates of motivated behavior   pp1405 - 1412 Nick G Hollon, Lauren M Burgeno and Paul E M Phillips doi:10.1038/nn.4114 In this Review, Hollon, Burgeno and Phillips discuss recent studies providing mechanistic insight into how stress alters circuitry involved in reward-related learning and motivation, as well as work examining how acute and chronic stress affect action selection in both rodents and humans. Sex differences and stress across the lifespan   pp1413 - 1420 Tracy L Bale and C Neill Epperson doi:10.1038/nn.4112 In this review, Bale and Epperson discuss the importance of sex differences in stress found at all stages of life. As stress dysregulation is the most common feature across neuropsychiatric diseases, understanding sex differences in stress pathway development and maturation may predict disease risk and resilience factors across the lifespan. Environmental influence in the brain, human welfare and mental health   pp1421 - 1431 Heike Tost, Frances A Champagne and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg doi:10.1038/nn.4108 Environmental influences affect the brain and mental health and often are social or have social components, even the more complex societal or area-level exposures. This Review discusses the neural correlates of adverse and protective social influences and argues that innovative methods may provide ecologically more valid insights in social neuroscience. News and Views Top Decoding and deorphanizing an olfactory map   pp1432 - 1433 Hirofumi Nishizumi and Hitoshi Sakano doi:10.1038/nn.4121 As conversion of odor signals to a two-dimensional map of activated glomeruli in the olfactory bulb is the key to odor recognition, decoding and deorphanizing of odorant receptors in the olfactory map is of great interest. Two genome-wide techniques now offer the ability to pair any odorant with its receptors. See also: Article by von der Weid et al. | Article by Jiang et al. A tonic for anxiety   pp1434 - 1435 Tamas Fuzesi and Jaideep S Bains doi:10.1038/nn.4118 How do fundamental synaptic processes in specific neuron populations drive behavior? A new study links a reduction of tonic inhibitory GABA current in a subset of central amygdala neurons to anxiety after fear conditioning. See also: Article by Botta et al. Explaining the especially pink elephant   pp1435 - 1436 Jonathan W Pillow doi:10.1038/nn.4122 A new study shows that an efficient allocation of sensory resources can lead to Bayesian estimates that are biased away from the prior, accounting for effects such as the bias toward oblique angles in orientation perception. See also: Article by Wei & Stocker Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral position in Neuroscience: retinal circuit function Aalto University 2 Postdoctoral Research Fellows in Neuroscience McGill University Call for Assistant Professors (Tenure-track) and Professors (Neuroscience) IST Austria Behavioral Neuroscience Faculty Position Johns Hopkins University Tenure Track Faculty Positions in Neuroscience Washington University School of Medicine More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Neuroscience R&D Technologies Conference 03.12.15 Barcelona, Spain More science events from Advertisement Principles of Neurobiology Liqun Luo Stanford University, USA A sample chapter and detailed table of contents are available at garlandscience.com/neurobiology. Visit us at Booth 153 at the Society for Neuroscience meeting in Chicago.   Articles Top Centrosomin represses dendrite branching by orienting microtubule nucleation   pp1437 - 1445 Cagri Yalgin, Saman Ebrahimi, Caroline Delandre, Li Foong Yoong, Saori Akimoto et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4099 Dendrite arbor morphology is critical for neuron function. Yalgin and colleagues find that the activity of Centrosomin, used to build the mitotic spindle, is recycled after mitosis in dendrites. Centrosomin shapes the arbor by engaging microtubule nucleation at dendritic Golgi outposts to orient microtubule polarization in nascent branches. Watch an audio-visual summary of the paper here Molecular profiling of activated olfactory neurons identifies odorant receptors for odors in vivo   pp1446 - 1454 Yue Jiang, Naihua Natalie Gong, Xiaoyang Serene Hu, Mengjue Jessica Ni, Radhika Pasi et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4104 Using awake and freely behaving mice, this study employs a high-throughput in vivo RNA-seq approach to identify odorant receptor repertoires. The authors find sets of odorant receptors for two odorants encompassing 69 odorant receptor-odor pairs and develop models to predict receptor activation. See also: News and Views by Nishizumi & Sakano | Article by Jiang et al. Large-scale transcriptional profiling of chemosensory neurons identifies receptor-ligand pairs in vivo   pp1455 - 1463 Benoît von der Weid, Daniel Rossier, Matti Lindup, Joël Tuberosa, Alexandre Widmer et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4100 Based on the finding that the concentration of mRNA encoding olfactory chemoreceptors decreases after odorant stimulation, the authors developed a large-scale transcriptomic approach that allows the identification of ligand-chemoreceptor pairs in various species in vivo. This represents a critical step in our understanding of combinatorial coding of odors. See also: Article by von der Weid et al. | News and Views by Nishizumi & Sakano BET protein Brd4 activates transcription in neurons and BET inhibitor Jq1 blocks memory in mice   pp1464 - 1473 Erica Korb, Margo Herre, Ilana Zucker-Scharff, Robert B Darnell and C David Allis doi:10.1038/nn.4095 Memory formation requires gene transcription, but the link between synaptic activity and transcription is not fully understood. Brd4 regulates transcription in other cell types and Brd4 family inhibitors are in clinical trials for cancer. The authors show that Brd4 is important for activity-dependent gene transcription in neurons and memory consolidation. Neuronal pattern separation in the olfactory bulb improves odor discrimination learning   pp1474 - 1482 Olivier Gschwend, Nixon M Abraham, Samuel Lagier, Frédéric Begnaud, Ivan Rodriguez et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4089 The optimal disambiguation of similar sensory stimuli by neuronal networks is essential to adapt animal behavior. Gschwend and colleagues show that the olfactory bulb network acts as a pattern separator, increasing slight differences between highly related odors. Inhibitory interneuron activation causally improves pattern separation and facilitates odor discrimination learning. Coordinated forms of noradrenergic plasticity in the locus coeruleus and primary auditory cortex   pp1483 - 1492 Ana Raquel O Martins and Robert C Froemke doi:10.1038/nn.4090 The locus coeruleus is a major neuromodulatory center for the mammalian brain. Here, the authors show that presenting sounds when locus coeruleus is active leads to enduring modifications of responses in auditory cortex and locus coeruleus. These synaptic and spiking changes have a profound effect on auditory perception for weeks. Regulating anxiety with extrasynaptic inhibition   pp1493 - 1500 Paolo Botta, Lynda Demmou, Yu Kasugai, Milica Markovic, Chun Xu et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4102 Less is known about the role of amygdala circuits in anxiety than in acute fear responses. In this study, the authors demonstrate that aversive experience induces anxiety in mice by regulating the excitability of a defined subset of central amygdala neurons via extrasynaptic α5 GABAA receptors. See also: News and Views by Fuzesi & Bains Basal forebrain neuronal inhibition enables rapid behavioral stopping   pp1501 - 1508 Jeffrey D Mayse, Geoffrey M Nelson, Irene Avila, Michela Gallagher and Shih-Chieh Lin doi:10.1038/nn.4110 How does the brain stop a planned action that has suddenly become inappropriate? Here, Mayse et al. identify a novel subcortical mechanism of inhibitory control in the basal forebrain outside the canonical fronto-basal-ganglia circuit. Basal forebrain neuronal inhibition enables rapid behavioral stopping and also determines its speed. A Bayesian observer model constrained by efficient coding can explain 'anti-Bayesian' percepts   pp1509 - 1517 Xue-Xin Wei and Alan A Stocker doi:10.1038/nn.4105 The authors present a new observer model that combines efficient (en)coding and Bayesian decoding. The model makes the seemingly 'anti-Bayesian' prediction that perception can be biased away from an observer's prior expectations. Psychophysical data that previously were difficult to explain are well-matched by the model's prediction. Watch an audio-visual summary of the paper here See also: News and Views by Pillow Technical Report Top ScaleS: an optical clearing palette for biological imaging   pp1518 - 1529 Hiroshi Hama, Hiroyuki Hioki, Kana Namiki, Tetsushi Hoshida, Hiroshi Kurokawa et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4107 ScaleS is a tissue clearing method for light and electron microscopy featuring stable tissue preservation for immunochemical and genetic labeling of tissue for 3D signal rendering. The technique enables quantitative and reproducible reconstructions of aged and diseased tissue in animal models and patients for high resolution optical pathology. Top Advertisement Open for Submissions An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. 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