Nature Physics August Issue

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TABLE OF CONTENTS August 2015 Volume 11, Issue 8 Focus Editorial Commentaries Thesis Research Highlights News and Views Progress Article Letters Articles Futures Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Open for Submissions A new open access, online-only, multidisciplinary research journal dedicated to publishing the most important scientific advances in the life sciences, physical sciences, and engineering fields that are facilitated by spaceflight and analogue platforms. Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article.   Focus Top Focus on Space missions This Focus celebrates an exciting year in space science, marking the twenty-fifth anniversary of the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope. In addition, four new space missions are exploring the Earth's magnetosphere, the dwarf planets Ceres and Pluto and testing equipment for measuring gravitational waves. And we are now looking at quantum technologies for future space missions. Image: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/hubble002/ Focus Space missions Editorial Top Focus on Space missions More space   p605 doi:10.1038/nphys3443 As we celebrate the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Hubble Space Telescope, there is plenty to look back on and even more to look forward to. Commentaries Top Focus on Space missions Hubble's biggest fan   pp607 - 608 Luis C. Ho doi:10.1038/nphys3409 What is it about the Hubble Space Telescope that so captivates its users and the public at large? I offer my personal views on this iconic telescope. Focus on Space missions Exploring the dwarf planets   pp608 - 611 William B. McKinnon doi:10.1038/nphys3394 This year, NASA's Dawn and New Horizons rendezvoused with Ceres and Pluto, respectively. These worlds, despite their modest sizes, have much to teach us about the accretion of the Solar System and its dynamical evolution. Focus on Space missions Magnetic reconnection   pp611 - 613 Thomas Earle Moore, James L. Burch and Roy B. Torbert doi:10.1038/nphys3393 A new NASA mission will reveal the electron-scale physics of magnetic reconnection, a process that connects our planet to the rest of the Universe. Focus on Space missions LISA and its pathfinder   pp613 - 615 Karsten Danzmann for the LISA Pathfinder Team & the eLISA Consortium  doi:10.1038/nphys3420 On astronomical scales, gravity is the engine of the Universe. The launch of LISA Pathfinder this year to prepare the technology to detect gravitational waves will help us 'listen' to the whole Universe. Focus on Space missions Ψ in the sky   pp615 - 617 Kai Bongs, Michael Holynski and Yeshpal Singh doi:10.1038/nphys3427 Quantum technologies, including quantum sensors, quantum communication and quantum metrology, represent a growing industry. Out in space, such technologies can revolutionize the way we communicate and observe our planet. Thesis Top Almost action at a distance   p619 Mark Buchanan doi:10.1038/nphys3429 Research Highlights Top Complex networks: Bring the noise | Dwarf galaxies: Plane speaking | Spectrometry: Connect the dots | Valleytronics: Jump across | Random walks: Competitive advantage News and Views Top High-harmonic generation: Drive round the twist   pp621 - 622 Minhaeng Cho doi:10.1038/nphys3395 Light has long been used to detect the chirality of molecules but high-order harmonic generation now provides access to these chiral interactions on ultrafast timescales. See also: Letter by Cireasa et al. Multiple scattering: Unravelling the tangle   pp622 - 623 Jacopo Bertolotti doi:10.1038/nphys3389 The discovery of a new correlation between the incident field and the laser speckle created by multiple scattering takes us a step closer to imaging in turbid media. See also: Article by Judkewitz et al. Supernovae: Turning off the lights   pp623 - 624 Richard de Grijs doi:10.1038/nphys3431 Decades-long repeat observations of supernova 1987A offer us unique, real-time insights into the violent death of a massive star and its long-term environmental effects, until its eventual switch-off. Ten years of Nature Physics: The ABC of 2D materials   pp625 - 626 Alberto F. Morpurgo doi:10.1038/nphys3430 When do structures comprising a few crystalline sheets become truly two dimensional? The number of layers certainly plays a role, but in trilayer graphene, the way they're stacked matters too — as shown in a series of Nature Physics papers from 2011. Gravity: Wanna be quantum   pp626 - 627 Angelo Bassi doi:10.1038/nphys3390 Superpositions of massive objects would be hard to spot on Earth even in well-isolated environments because of the decoherence induced by gravitational time dilation. See also: Article by Pikovski et al. Physics JOBS of the week PhD Student Position in Magnetic Resonance Physics Helmholtz Association Postdoctoral / Ph.D. student in Quantum-Electronics, Laser and Particle-Beam Physics Tel-Aviv University, Dept. of Physical Electronics Faculty Position in Plasma Physics Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Professor of Experimental Physics University of Sussex More Science jobs from Physics EVENT International Symposium on Physics and Applications of Laser Dynamics (IS-PALD) 4th Nov - 6th Nov 2015 Metz, France More science events from Progress Article Top Structured quantum waves   pp629 - 634 Jérémie Harris, Vincenzo Grillo, Erfan Mafakheri, Gian Carlo Gazzadi, Stefano Frabboni et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3404 Similar to orbital angular momentum-carrying optical beams, it is now possible to engineer structured electron beams that could find applications in imaging, nanofabrication and the study of fundamental phenomena. Letters Top Resolving the vacuum fluctuations of an optomechanical system using an artificial atom   pp635 - 639 F. Lecocq, J. D. Teufel, J. Aumentado and R. W. Simmonds doi:10.1038/nphys3365 Vacuum fluctuations in a ground-state mechanical oscillator are hard to distinguish from noise, but by using the coupling with a superconducting qubit in a microwave cavity one can amplify and convert them to directly measurable real photons. Gating a single-molecule transistor with individual atoms   pp640 - 644 Jesús Martínez-Blanco, Christophe Nacci, Steven C. Erwin, Kiyoshi Kanisawa, Elina Locane et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3385 Transistors rely on electrical gates to control conductance but this is challenging on the atomic-scale. It is now shown that individual charged atoms can be used to electrostatically gate a single-molecule transistor with sub-ångström precision. Extremely large magnetoresistance and ultrahigh mobility in the topological Weyl semimetal candidate NbP   pp645 - 649 Chandra Shekhar, Ajaya K. Nayak, Yan Sun, Marcus Schmidt, Michael Nicklas et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3372 Weyl semimetals are predicted to exhibit a host of unusual transport properties. NbP, a system predicted to share characteristics of both normal and Weyl semimetals, is now shown to have a very large, non-saturating magnetoresistance. Linear magnetoresistance in mosaic-like bilayer graphene   pp650 - 653 Ferdinand Kisslinger, Christian Ott, Christian Heide, Erik Kampert, Benjamin Butz et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3368 Contrary to common belief, bilayer graphene is not defect-free: the abundance of partial dislocations leads to a mosaic-like network structure. As a result, as now shown, the magnetoresistance of bilayer graphene depends linearly, rather than quadratically, on the external magnetic field. Probing molecular chirality on a sub-femtosecond timescale   pp654 - 658 R. Cireasa, A. E. Boguslavskiy, B. Pons, M. C. H. Wong, D. Descamps et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3369 Molecules that are mirror images of each other usually behave identically, unless they are interacting with other chiral objects. High-harmonic generation can provide access to the dynamics of chiral interactions on ultrafast timescales. See also: News and Views by Cho Adaptation to sensory input tunes visual cortex to criticality   pp659 - 663 Woodrow L. Shew, Wesley P. Clawson, Jeff Pobst, Yahya Karimipanah, Nathaniel C. Wright et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3370 Sensory nervous systems adapt to their environment—a mechanism thought to ensure network dynamics remain critical. Visual cortex experiments show that adaptation maintains criticality even as sensory input drives the system away from this regime. Central engine of a gamma-ray blazar resolved through the magnifying glass of gravitational microlensing   pp664 - 667 Andrii Neronov, Ievgen Vovk and Denys Malyshev doi:10.1038/nphys3376 A foreground galaxy cluster is magnifying a more distant blazar by gravitationally bending the emitted radiation. Using such a lens, it is possible to resolve a jet close to the central supermassive black hole as being the source of the gamma rays. Articles Top Universal decoherence due to gravitational time dilation   pp668 - 672 Igor Pikovski, Magdalena Zych, Fabio Costa and Časlav Brukner doi:10.1038/nphys3366 Gravity and quantum mechanics are expected to meet at extreme energy scales, but time dilation could induce decoherence even at low energies affecting microscopic objects—a prospect that could be tested in future matter-wave experiments. See also: News and Views by Bassi Pressure is not a state function for generic active fluids   pp673 - 678 A. P. Solon, Y. Fily, A. Baskaran, M. E. Cates, Y. Kafri et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3377 The pressure that a fluid of self-propelled particles exerts on its container is shown to depend on microscopic interactions between fluid and container, suggesting that there is no equation of state for mechanical pressure in generic active systems. Spin-disordered quantum phases in a quasi-one-dimensional triangular lattice   pp679 - 683 Yukihiro Yoshida, Hiroshi Ito, Mitsuhiko Maesato, Yasuhiro Shimizu, Hiromi Hayama et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3359 Materials expected to support a quantum-spin-liquid phase are typically characterized by geometrical frustration. A new candidate has a distorted lattice that compensates for diminished frustration with reduced dimensionality. Translation correlations in anisotropically scattering media   pp684 - 689 Benjamin Judkewitz, Roarke Horstmeyer, Ivo M. Vellekoop, Ioannis N. Papadopoulos and Changhuei Yang doi:10.1038/nphys3373 Light propagating through a scattering medium exhibits correlations in the transmission matrix. A theoretical and experimental study uncovers intensity correlations that survive multiple scattering, which could be exploited for imaging. See also: News and Views by Bertolotti Secondary reconnection sites in reconnection-generated flux ropes and reconnection fronts   pp690 - 695 Giovanni Lapenta, Stefano Markidis, Martin V. Goldman and David L. Newman doi:10.1038/nphys3406 New three-dimensional simulations of magnetic reconnection suggest the existence of secondary reconnection sites that could be observed by the new NASA Magnetospheric MultiScale Mission. Futures Top Overseer   p696 Aldous Mercer doi:10.1038/nphys3444 Two's company. 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