Nature Neuroscience Contents: April 2015 Volume 18 Number 4, pp 477 - 610

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TABLE OF CONTENTS April 2015 Volume 18, Issue 4 News and Views Perspective Brief Communications Articles Resource Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Animation: Depression and its treatment In this animation from Nature Neuroscience, we explore the circuits affected in depression, and illustrate the molecular and cellular changes thought to underlie the effects of chronic stress and its remediation by antidepressant drugs.  Access the Animation free online.  Produced with support from: Janssen   News and Views Top Sugar and Alzheimer's disease: a bittersweet truth   pp477 - 478 Costantino Iadecola doi:10.1038/nn.3986 Reductions in brain glucose metabolism have long been associated with Alzheimer's disease. A study now demonstrates that the endothelial glucose transporter GLUT1 is vital for maintaining brain energy metabolism and vascular clearance of amyloid-β. See also: Article by Winkler et al. Cocaine shapes chromatin landscapes via Tet1   pp478 - 480 Anne E West doi:10.1038/nn.3985 Chronic cocaine exposure induces long-lasting, transcription-dependent changes in neuronal function. A genome-wide sequencing study shows how cocaine changes the epigenome to exert specific, long-lasting effects on neuronal transcription. See also: Article by Feng et al. Carrot or stick in motor learning   pp480 - 481 Dagmar Sternad and Konrad Paul Kording doi:10.1038/nn.3978 A study shows that reward and punishment have distinct influences on motor adaptation. Punishing mistakes accelerates adaptation, whereas rewarding good behavior improves retention. See also: Article by Galea et al. The compass within   pp482 - 483 Nathan W Schultheiss and A David Redish doi:10.1038/nn.3977 Head direction cells have been hypothesized to form representations of an animal's spatial orientation through internal network interactions. New data from mice show the predicted signatures of these internal dynamics. See also: Article by Peyrache et al. Forming artificial memories during sleep   p483 Brigitta Gundersen doi:10.1038/nn1504-483 Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral Positions in Primate Systems Neuroscience and Optogenetics German Primate Center GmbH � Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research Post-Doctoral Position-Neuroscience (drug discovery) The Scripps Research Institute - Florida John P. Long Endowed Chair in Pharmacology - Neuroscience University of Iowa Department of Pharmacology Postdoctoral fellow in neuroscience (gene expression and regulation) The University of Texas Medical School At Houston Professor of Systems Neuroscience / Assistant Professor (Tenure Track) of Systems Neuroscience ETH Swiss Federal Institute of Technology More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Champalimaud Neuroscience Symposium � Perspectives on Social Behaviour 16.09.15 Lisbon, Portugal More science events from Perspective Top What does gamma coherence tell us about inter-regional neural communication?   pp484 - 489 György Buzsáki and Erik W Schomburg doi:10.1038/nn.3952 Temporally coordinated signals at gamma frequencies and higher are often used to study inter-regional communication in brain networks, but interpreting mechanisms from population measures can be troublesome. The authors discuss the physiological origins of gamma coherence and suggest ways to decipher its roles in neural function. Brief Communications Top Fast clonal expansion and limited neural stem cell self-renewal in the adult subependymal zone   pp490 - 492 Filippo Calzolari, Julia Michel, Emily Violette Baumgart, Fabian Theis, Magdalena Götz et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3963 This study utilizes in vivo clonal lineage tracing of adult subependymal zone neural stem cells in mice to reveal frequent stem cells divisions and significant progeny expansion, thus allowing rapid clonal growth. The authors also show that neural stem cells lacked significant long-term self-renewal abilities which led to clonal exhaustion. Olfactory bulb neuronal diversity emerges at the population level, as single stem cells show restricted diversity in neuronal subtype production. Explicit memory creation during sleep demonstrates a causal role of place cells in navigation   pp493 - 495 Gaetan de Lavilléon, Marie Masako Lacroix, Laure Rondi-Reig and Karim Benchenane doi:10.1038/nn.3970 The authors used rewarding stimulations triggered by place cell activity during sleep to create a place preference for the related place field in mice once they woke up. This shows that an explicit memory trace can be created during sleep and demonstrates a causal role of place cells in spatial navigation. See also: News and Views by Gundersen Attention alters orientation processing in the human lateral geniculate nucleus   pp496 - 498 Sam Ling, Michael S Pratte and Frank Tong doi:10.1038/nn.3967 Ling and colleagues report evidence for orientation selective responses in the human lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). Moreover, they found that the nature of these orientation representations depend on attentional feedback, suggesting that the LGN serves as an early filter for sensory information, altering contour signals before they reach cortex. The dorsal posterior insula subserves a fundamental role in human pain   pp499 - 500 Andrew R Segerdahl, Melvin Mezue, Thomas W Okell, John T Farrar and Irene Tracey doi:10.1038/nn.3969 Using a quantitative perfusion imaging technique, the authors investigated in healthy humans what brain regions encode a slowly varying tonic pain state. Only a small region in the contralateral dorsal posterior insula tracked the full pain experience, suggesting it is the homolog of a nociception-specific region found in animals. Advertisement Automated Cell Sorting - Now Available at a Bench near You   Take control of the how, when, and where of cell sorting with the S3e™, a benchtop instrument that makes cell sorting accessible to all. Automated setup and real-time sort monitoring eliminate the need for flow cytometry expertise, while a small footprint ensures that the S3e fits in almost any lab. Learn more.   Articles Top Mitochondrial control by DRP1 in brain tumor initiating cells   pp501 - 510 Qi Xie, Qiulian Wu, Craig M Horbinski, William A Flavahan, Kailin Yang et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3960 Glioblastomas contains stem-like tumor cells that display differential metabolic profiles. Here the authors show that brain tumor initiating cells contain fragmented mitochondria owing to activation of the key mediator of mitochondrial fission, DRP1, controlled by a competitive CDK5-CAMK2 axis. Targeting DRP1 activity attenuates growth of stem-like tumor cells, and activated DRP1 informs poor patient prognosis. Nuclear export inhibitors avert progression in preclinical models of inflammatory demyelination   pp511 - 520 Jeffery D Haines, Olivier Herbin, Belen de la Hera, Oscar G Vidaurre, Gregory A Moy et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3953 In this study, the authors report the molecular characterization of orally bioavailable and blood-brain-barrier permeable inhibitors of the nuclear export molecule Xpo1/CRM1 and define the immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in preclinical models of inflammatory demyelination and excitatory neurotoxicity. GLUT1 reductions exacerbate Alzheimer's disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration   pp521 - 530 Ethan A Winkler, Yoichiro Nishida, Abhay P Sagare, Sanket V Rege, Robert D Bell et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3966 Winkler et al. show that the glucose transporter GLUT1 in brain endothelium is necessary for the maintenance of proper brain capillary networks and blood-brain barrier integrity. The study also shows that loss of GLUT1 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease accelerates BBB breakdown, perfusion and metabolic stress resulting in behavioral deficits, elevated amyloid beta levels and neurodegeneration. See also: News and Views by Iadecola Somatostatin cells regulate sensory response fidelity via subtractive inhibition in olfactory cortex   pp531 - 535 James F Sturgill and Jeffry S Isaacson doi:10.1038/nn.3971 This study shows how somatostatin (SOM)-expressing interneurons contribute to odor coding in mouse olfactory cortex. Odor-tuned SOM cells regulate neuronal output through a purely subtractive operation that is independent of odor identity or intensity. This operation enhances the salience of odor-evoked activity without changing cortical odor tuning. Role of Tet1 and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cocaine action   pp536 - 544 Jian Feng, Ningyi Shao, Keith E Szulwach, Vincent Vialou, Jimmy Huynh et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3976 Expression of TET1 dioxygenase, which catalyzes the conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, is downregulated by repeated cocaine administration in mouse nucleus accumbens, where it controls cocaine reward. Genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in this brain region reveals novel modes of epigenetic regulation by cocaine. See also: News and Views by West NPY signaling inhibits extended amygdala CRF neurons to suppress binge alcohol drinking   pp545 - 552 Kristen E Pleil, Jennifer A Rinker, Emily G Lowery-Gionta, Christopher M Mazzone, Nora M McCall et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3972 The authors demonstrate that the anti-stress peptide neuropeptide Y reduces binge drinking in monkeys and mice by inhibiting neurons in the amygdala that contain the stress peptide corticotropin-releasing factor. Further, the authors find that chronic drinking leads to changes in anti-stress peptide systems that may underlie the pathology stemming from binge drinking. Neuronal ensembles sufficient for recovery sleep and the sedative actions of α2 adrenergic agonists   pp553 - 561 Zhe Zhang, Valentina Ferretti, Ilke Guntan, Alessandro Moro, Eleonora A Steinberg et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3957 The authors use TetTag pharmacogenetics to mark neuronal ensembles activated in the preoptic hypothalamus during dexmedeotomidine-induced sedation or recovery sleep. When these ensembles were selectively reactivated, NREM sleep and the accompanying drop in body temperature were recapitulated. Thus α2 adrenergic receptor-induced sedation and recovery sleep share circuitry sufficient for producing these states. A subcortical inhibitory signal for behavioral arrest in the thalamus   pp562 - 568 Kristóf Giber, Marco A Diana, Viktor M Plattner, Guillaume P Dugué, Hajnalka Bokor et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3951 The authors show that inhibitory neurons of the pontine reticular formation (PRF) exert powerful control over the intralaminar thalamic nuclei, a major gate of forebrain motor centers. Optogenetic activation of inhibitory PRF terminals antagonizes voluntary movements and promotes slow cortical oscillations, highlighting the contribution of brainstem ascending projections to large-scale motor circuits. Internally organized mechanisms of the head direction sense   pp569 - 575 Adrien Peyrache, Marie M Lacroix, Peter C Petersen and György Buzsáki doi:10.1038/nn.3968 Recording from population of head-direction cells across brain states, the authors provide experimental demonstration of the existence of internally organized attractor: the sequential activity of head direction neurons observed in the waking mouse persists during sleep, and this 'neuronal compass' always points toward well-defined directions. See also: News and Views by Schultheiss & Redish Frequency-specific hippocampal-prefrontal interactions during associative learning   pp576 - 581 Scott L Brincat and Earl K Miller doi:10.1038/nn.3954 Learning of arbitrary associations depends on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. This learning is reflected in prefrontal cortex. The hippocampus instead provides feedback about whether trial-and-error guesses are correct or incorrect. The two areas synchronize in different frequency bands following correct vs. incorrect guesses, which may guide learning. Retrieval induces adaptive forgetting of competing memories via cortical pattern suppression   pp582 - 589 Maria Wimber, Arjen Alink, Ian Charest, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte and Michael C Anderson doi:10.1038/nn.3973 Forgetting can at times serve an adaptive purpose. Here the authors develop a method for dynamically tracking neocortical activity patterns related to the retrieval of individual episodic memories. They show that remembering gradually enhances relevant memories but also suppresses the cortical traces of interfering memories, causing adaptive forgetting. Anxious individuals have difficulty learning the causal statistics of aversive environments   pp590 - 596 Michael Browning, Timothy E Behrens, Gerhard Jocham, Jill X O'Reilly and Sonia J Bishop doi:10.1038/nn.3961 The authors use computational modeling of participants' performance on an aversive learning task to examine how decision-making is altered in anxiety. Results indicate that anxious individuals struggle to use information regarding the stability of action-outcome relationships to guide their choices. Pupillometry data link this deficit to altered norepinephrinergic function. The dissociable effects of punishment and reward on motor learning   pp597 - 602 Joseph M Galea, Elizabeth Mallia, John Rothwell and Jörn Diedrichsen doi:10.1038/nn.3956 Human motor adaptation is often described as an automatic process insensitive to reward- or punishment-based feedback. Contrary to this hypothesis, Galea et al. show through a double dissociation that negative and positive feedback have independent effects on the learning and retention components of motor adaptation, respectively. These results promise to have significant implications for the understanding and optimization of motor adaptation. See also: News and Views by Sternad & Kording Resource Top Neural circular RNAs are derived from synaptic genes and regulated by development and plasticity   pp603 - 610 Xintian You, Irena Vlatkovic, Ana Babic, Tristan Will, Irina Epstein et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3975 The authors discovered that circular RNAs are significantly enriched in the mouse brain and can be visualized in situ, near synapses. They observed that many circRNAs change their abundance during synaptogenesis and also following neuronal homeostatic plasticity, suggesting a function for circRNA in regulating synaptic development and plasticity. 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