Nature contents: 09 October 2014

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Volume 514 Number 7521      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.               What is your Protein Personality? Do you like to party like a Kinase or keep it calm and cool as a Chaperone? Find out your protein personality by taking our short quiz. Show off your results with a free* magnet to stick on your fridge or incubator! *While supplies last Take the Quiz >        Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Health Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia   New findings challenge the traditional view that western Europe was the centre of a crucial stage in the evolution of modern human intelligence and culture — based largely on the emergence of figurative or representational art in cave paintings and sculptures around 40,000 years ago. Dating data from a series of hand stencils and paintings of wild animals from caves in the Maros karst in Sulawesi, Indonesia, suggest that figurative art appeared at about the same time at opposite ends of the Late Pleistocene world. Or was cave painting practised by the first Homo sapiens to leave Africa tens of thousands of years earlier?       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Vibrational spectroscopy in the electron microscope   Large numbers of very low energy loss electrons are produced every time a sample is illuminated by an electron beam. Until now the energy resolution needed to study the resulting signal has not been available in electron microscopy. In this paper Ondrej Krivanek and colleagues demonstrate that recent advances mean that vibrational spectroscopy can be undertaken at high spatial resolution in the scanning transmission electron microscope. The technique could soon be used to analyse systems as diverse as hydrogen storage materials and biological tissues.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China   Air pollution is a major problem in China, but the factors contributing to the accumulation of particulate matter during haze pollution events remain poorly understood. Data from urban locations in four Chinese cities during the severe haze of January 2013 suggest that the event was driven to a large extent by secondary aerosol formation. This means that mitigation strategies focused on primary particulate emissions alone may not work. Additional measures such as controlling emissions of volatile organic compounds from fossil fuel combustion (mostly coal and traffic) and biomass burning may be required if China's particulate pollution is to be reduced.           Speed. Resolution. Clarity. Accuracy. The Hamamatsu NanoZoomer Series delivers all of this and more. The ultimate digital whole-slide scanner and virtual microscopy tool, the NanoZoomer delivers reliable, robust scanning 24/7/365. Features include high sensitivity, fast scanning, flexible fluorescence capabilities, and a Z-stack feature to accommodate thicker tissue samples.           Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: Ancient artistry in a cave in Indonesia, science in the Simpsons, and the identity of some of the brightest objects in the Universe. In our latest video feature: Hand stencils and paintings of animals found in caves in Indonesia are among the oldest in the world - at least as old as similar artwork in Europe.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top               THIS WEEK           Editorials                   Out of Africa ▶     The Ebola outbreak in West Africa must be shut down now, or the disease will continue to spread.             A little knowledge ▶     The significance of expertise passed on by direct contact— tacit knowledge — is moot.             Holy cows ▶     A mass beaching of walruses in Alaska is a sign of things to come.             World View                   A call to those who care about Europe’s science ▶     Better collaboration is a laudable goal, but that alone will not be enough to fix the damage caused by Europe’s falling investment, says Amaya Moro-Martin.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 3–9 October 2014 ▶     The week in sceince: Ebola exported to US and Spain; Italy's health minister rejects controversial stem-cell trial; and tens of thousands of walruses crowd ashore in Alaska.             NEWS IN FOCUS           US plans upgrade for ageing Greenland research station ▶     But proposals spur concern that development will pollute the nearly pristine site.             Australian cuts rile researchers ▶     Political scorn on top of shrinking funds creates hostility between scientists and Tony Abbott’s government.             Gravity rivals join forces to nail down Big G ▶     Metrologists meet to design the ultimate gravitational-constant experiment.             Marmosets are stars of Japan’s ambitious brain project ▶     Ten-year brain-mapping effort will use monkeys to study human neural and mental disorders.             Nobel for blue LED that revolutionized lighting ▶     Physics prize recognizes potential of invention with power to reduce global electricity consumption.             Nobel prize for decoding brain’s sense of place ▶     Discoverers of brain’s navigation system get physiology Nobel.             Features                   Neuroscience: Brains of Norway ▶     Nobel prizewinners May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser have spent a career together near the Arctic Circle exploring how our brains know where we are.             Large Hadron Collider: The big reboot ▶     As the Large Hadron Collider prepares to come back to life after a two-year hiatus, physicists are gearing up to go beyond the standard model of particle physics.             COMMENT           Does evolutionary theory need a rethink? ▶     Researchers are divided over what processes should be considered fundamental.             Books and Arts                   Public health: The malaria wars ▶     Robert Seder applauds the chronicle of a secret US wartime project to vanquish the disease.             Gerontology: Ageing more gracefully ▶     Linda Geddes is moved by an insider's take on how doctors and geriatric-care systems are failing old people and the dying.             Correspondence                   Satellite data: Beyond sharing Earth observations Linda See, Steffen Fritz, Ian McCallum | Renewables: Costly long-distance power Shuwei Zhang | Renewables: Can harm environment Xin Miao | Renewables: The sky is the limit Don Gunasekera | History: Photosynthesis and the Nobel physicist Min-Liang Wong | Awards: Maths medal boosts Brazilian morale Tiago Campos Pereira             Correction                   Correction ▶                 A picture of health In a series of four films reporter Lorna Stewart travels to the German island of Lindau to meet 600 of science’s brightest young minds and 37 rock stars – Nobel laureates. Watch the full series of films including this week’s release May cause drowsiness with Oliver Smithies and Martin Evans. nature.com/lindau/2014 Supported by Mars, Incorporated and published weekly from Sep 24th - Oct 15th         Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Neuroscience: Towards unified vesicle endocytosis ▶     Vladan Lučić             HIV: A stamp on the envelope ▶     Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore             Structure and immune recognition of trimeric pre-fusion HIV-1 Env ▶     Marie Pancera, Tongqing Zhou, Aliaksandr Druz et al.     A crystal structure of the human immunodeficiency virus Env trimer, used by the virus to infect cells, is determined here; the new structure, which shows the pre-fusion form of Env, increases our understanding of the fusion mechanism and of how the conformation of Env allows the virus to evade the immune response.             Clonal dynamics of native haematopoiesis ▶     Jianlong Sun, Azucena Ramos, Brad Chapman et al.     On the basis of transplantation experiments it is generally believed that a very small number of haematopoietic stem cells maintain multi-lineage haematopoiesis by stably producing a hierarchy of short-lived progenitor cells; here a new transposon-based labelling technique shows that this might not be the case during non-transplant haematopoiesis, but rather that a large number of long-lived progenitors are the main drivers of steady-state haematopoiesis during most of adulthood.             Clathrin regenerates synaptic vesicles from endosomes ▶     Shigeki Watanabe, Thorsten Trimbuch, Marcial Camacho-Pérez et al.     Ultrastructural analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling reveals that clathrin is not required for the initial rapid step of vesicle recycling by ultrafast endocytosis at the plasma membrane and instead clathrin acts later at an endosome to regenerate synaptic vesicles; however, when ultrafast endocytosis does not occur (for example, in experiments at room temperature rather than physiological temperature), clathrin-mediated endocytosis does happen at the plasma membrane.             Rapid development of broadly influenza neutralizing antibodies through redundant mutations ▶     Leontios Pappas, Mathilde Foglierini, Luca Piccoli et al.     The main pathway of somatic mutations leading to the generation of high affinity broadly neutralizing antibodies against the influenza haemagglutinin stem is defined.             R-loops induce repressive chromatin marks over mammalian gene terminators ▶     Konstantina Skourti-Stathaki, Kinga Kamieniarz-Gdula, Nicholas J. Proudfoot     R-loops, which have been considered to be rare and potentially harmful transcriptional by-products, are now shown to be needed for antisense transcription and to induce repressive chromatin marks that reinforce pausing of transcription and thereby enhance its termination.             Articles and Letters                   Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota ▶     Jotham Suez, Tal Korem, David Zeevi et al.     Non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS), widely used food additives considered to be safe and beneficial alternatives to sugars, are shown here to lead to the development of glucose intolerance through compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota of mice, and the deleterious metabolic effects are transferred to germ-free mice by faecal transplant; NAS-induced dysbiosis and glucose intolerance are also demonstrated in healthy human subjects.             Inflammatory caspases are innate immune receptors for intracellular LPS ▶     Jianjin Shi, Yue Zhao, Yupeng Wang et al.     Caspase-4 and caspase-11 are shown to be the direct sensors for cytoplasmic lipopolysaccharide in humans and mice, respectively, mediating inflammatory cell death in intracellular bacterial infection.             Crystal structure of a eukaryotic group II intron lariat ▶     Aaron R. Robart, Russell T. Chan, Jessica K. Peters et al.     This study determines the structure of a branched lariat RNA, providing insights into rearrangement of the intron between the two steps of RNA splicing.             Pleistocene cave art from Sulawesi, Indonesia ▶     M. Aubert, A. Brumm, M. Ramli et al.     Cave art from the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia, consisting of human hand stencils and animal paintings, is at least 40,000 years old, raising the question of why rock art traditions appeared at more or less the same time at opposite ends of the Late Pleistocene human world.             Inappropriate p53 activation during development induces features of CHARGE syndrome ▶     Jeanine L. Van Nostrand, Colleen A. Brady, Heiyoun Jung et al.     Inappropriate activation of the tumour-suppressor protein p53 during development can promote phenotypes similar to those of CHARGE syndrome, suggesting that p53 activation not only has a beneficial function in suppressing cancer but also a deleterious function in promoting developmental syndromes.             Protein competition switches the function of COP9 from self-renewal to differentiation ▶     Lei Pan, Su Wang, Tinglin Lu et al.     Using biochemical and genetic approaches, a protein-competition-based mechanism that controls the balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation of germline stem cells in the Drosophila melanogaster ovary has been uncovered.             Interleukin-22 alleviates metabolic disorders and restores mucosal immunity in diabetes ▶     Xiaoting Wang, Naruhisa Ota, Paolo Manzanillo et al.     In pre-clinical mouse models, the interleukin-22 pathway is identified as a novel target for therapeutic intervention in metabolic diseases.             HSP70 sequestration by free α-globin promotes ineffective erythropoiesis in β-thalassaemia ▶     Jean-Benoît Arlet, Jean-Antoine Ribeil, Flavia Guillem et al.     In human β-thalassaemiaerythroblasts, HSP70 is sequestered in the cytoplasm by the excess of free α-globin chains and can no longer protect the master transcriptional factor of erythropoiesis GATA-1 from caspase-3 cleavage; transduction of a nuclear-targeted HSP70 or a caspase-3 uncleavable GATA-1 mutant restored maturation of erythropoiesis.             PRC2 loss amplifies Ras-driven transcription and confers sensitivity to BRD4-based therapies ▶     Thomas De Raedt, Eline Beert, Eric Pasmant et al.     SUZ12, a component of the PRC2 complex, can also function as a tumour suppressor in certain tumours of the nervous system and melanomas.             Mechanism of Dis3l2 substrate recognition in the Lin28–let-7 pathway ▶     Christopher R. Faehnle, Jack Walleshauser, Leemor Joshua-Tor     The structure of mouse Dis3l2 bound to an oligoU substrate shows a funnel-like substrate-binding site with the RNA being fed into the active site along a path that is distinct from that seen in the related catalytic subunit of the exosome — 12 uracils of the oligoU-tailed RNA are recognized in a complex network of interactions, suggesting the basis for target specificity.             Required enhancer–matrin-3 network interactions for a homeodomain transcription program ▶     Dorota Skowronska-Krawczyk, Qi Ma, Michal Schwartz et al.     The POU homeodomain transcription factor Pit1 is required for pituitary development; here Pit1-occupied enhancers are shown to interact with the nuclear architecture components matrin-3 and Satb1, and this association is required for activation of Pit1-regulated enhancers and coding target genes.             News & Views                   Structural biology: Lariat lessons ▶     Robert T. Batey             Health: The weighty costs of non-caloric sweeteners ▶     Taylor Feehley, Cathryn R. Nagler             Animal behaviour: Incipient tradition in wild chimpanzees ▶     Andrew Whiten             Neuroscience: Towards unified vesicle endocytosis ▶     Vladan Lučić             HIV: A stamp on the envelope ▶     Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore             Archaeology: Art on the move ▶     Wil Roebroeks             Brief Communications Arising                   POLRMT does not transcribe nuclear genes ▶     Inge Kühl, Christian Kukat, Benedetta Ruzzenente et al.             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma ▶             Erratum                   Erratum: Haematopoietic stem cells and early lymphoid progenitors occupy distinct bone marrow niches ▶     Lei Ding, Sean J. Morrison             Research Highlights                   Evolution: Oldest ant lover found entombed | Genomics: Hundreds of genes for height | Neuroscience: How curiosity enhances learning | Microbial genetics: Gene switch helps bacteria invade         NEWS & COMMENT           Does evolutionary theory need a rethink? | Marmosets are stars of Japan’s ambitious brain project | Public health: The malaria wars | Gerontology: Ageing more gracefully | History: Photosynthesis and the Nobel physicist | Correction | Out of Africa | Holy cows | Nobel prize for decoding brain’s sense of place | Neuroscience: Brains of Norway             More Biological Sciences ▶                     Health Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   HIV: A stamp on the envelope ▶     Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore             Structure and immune recognition of trimeric pre-fusion HIV-1 Env ▶     Marie Pancera, Tongqing Zhou, Aliaksandr Druz et al.     A crystal structure of the human immunodeficiency virus Env trimer, used by the virus to infect cells, is determined here; the new structure, which shows the pre-fusion form of Env, increases our understanding of the fusion mechanism and of how the conformation of Env allows the virus to evade the immune response.             Articles and Letters                   Artificial sweeteners induce glucose intolerance by altering the gut microbiota ▶     Jotham Suez, Tal Korem, David Zeevi et al.     Non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS), widely used food additives considered to be safe and beneficial alternatives to sugars, are shown here to lead to the development of glucose intolerance through compositional and functional changes in the gut microbiota of mice, and the deleterious metabolic effects are transferred to germ-free mice by faecal transplant; NAS-induced dysbiosis and glucose intolerance are also demonstrated in healthy human subjects.             Inflammatory caspases are innate immune receptors for intracellular LPS ▶     Jianjin Shi, Yue Zhao, Yupeng Wang et al.     Caspase-4 and caspase-11 are shown to be the direct sensors for cytoplasmic lipopolysaccharide in humans and mice, respectively, mediating inflammatory cell death in intracellular bacterial infection.             Inappropriate p53 activation during development induces features of CHARGE syndrome ▶     Jeanine L. Van Nostrand, Colleen A. Brady, Heiyoun Jung et al.     Inappropriate activation of the tumour-suppressor protein p53 during development can promote phenotypes similar to those of CHARGE syndrome, suggesting that p53 activation not only has a beneficial function in suppressing cancer but also a deleterious function in promoting developmental syndromes.             HSP70 sequestration by free α-globin promotes ineffective erythropoiesis in β-thalassaemia ▶     Jean-Benoît Arlet, Jean-Antoine Ribeil, Flavia Guillem et al.     In human β-thalassaemiaerythroblasts, HSP70 is sequestered in the cytoplasm by the excess of free α-globin chains and can no longer protect the master transcriptional factor of erythropoiesis GATA-1 from caspase-3 cleavage; transduction of a nuclear-targeted HSP70 or a caspase-3 uncleavable GATA-1 mutant restored maturation of erythropoiesis.             PRC2 loss amplifies Ras-driven transcription and confers sensitivity to BRD4-based therapies ▶     Thomas De Raedt, Eline Beert, Eric Pasmant et al.     SUZ12, a component of the PRC2 complex, can also function as a tumour suppressor in certain tumours of the nervous system and melanomas.             News & Views                   HIV: A stamp on the envelope ▶     Rogier W. Sanders, John P. Moore             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Comprehensive molecular profiling of lung adenocarcinoma ▶           NEWS & COMMENT           Public health: The malaria wars | Gerontology: Ageing more gracefully | Correction | Out of Africa             More Health Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Binary orbits as the driver of γ-ray emission and mass ejection in classical novae ▶     Laura Chomiuk, Justin D. Linford, Jun Yang et al.     High-resolution radio imaging of the γ-ray-emitting nova V959 Mon, hosted by a white dwarf and its binary companion, shows that gaseous ejecta are expelled along the poles as a wind from the white dwarf, that denser material drifts out along the equatorial plane, propelled by orbital motion, and that γ-ray production occurs at the interface between these polar and equatorial regions.             Articles and Letters                   A mass of less than 15 solar masses for the black hole in an ultraluminous X-ray source ▶     C. Motch, M. W. Pakull, R. Soria et al.     Ground-based and satellite observations show that the black hole in the ultraluminous X-ray source P13 has a mass of less than 15 times that of the Sun and displays the properties that typically distinguish ultraluminous X-ray sources from other stellar-mass black holes.             An ultraluminous X-ray source powered by an accreting neutron star ▶     M. Bachetti, F. A. Harrison, D. J. Walton et al.     X-ray pulsations with an average period of 1.37 seconds have been detected from a known ultraluminous X-ray source hitherto thought to be a black hole; the pulsations instead unequivocally identify the source as an accreting magnetized neutron star ten times brighter than any previously known.             Large, non-saturating magnetoresistance in WTe2 ▶     Mazhar N. Ali, Jun Xiong, Steven Flynn et al.     The magnetoresistance effect in WTe2, a layered semimetal, is extremely large: the electrical resistance can be changed by more than 13 million per cent at very high magnetic fields and low temperatures.             Vibrational spectroscopy in the electron microscope ▶     Ondrej L. Krivanek, Tracy C. Lovejoy, Niklas Dellby et al.     Recent advances in electron microscopy are shown to allow vibrational spectroscopy at high spatial resolution in a scanning transmission electron microscope, and also to enable the direct detection of hydrogen.             News & Views                   Ultraluminous X-ray sources: Small field with a large impact ▶     Jeanette C. Gladstone             Particle physics: The mass of a top ▶     Peter Skands             Materials analysis: Good vibrations ▶     Rik Brydson             Research Highlights                   Electronics: Fluid-based sensor bends and twists         NEWS & COMMENT           Large Hadron Collider: The big reboot | Gravity rivals join forces to nail down Big G | Renewables: Costly long-distance power | Renewables: Can harm environment | Renewables: The sky is the limit | History: Photosynthesis and the Nobel physicist | Awards: Maths medal boosts Brazilian morale | US plans upgrade for ageing Greenland research station | Nobel for blue LED that revolutionized lighting             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Global covariation of carbon turnover times with climate in terrestrial ecosystems ▶     Nuno Carvalhais, Matthias Forkel, Myroslava Khomik et al.     A global, observation-based assessment of whole-ecosystem carbon turnover times shows that the overall mean global carbon turnover time is about 23 years and that locally its spatial variability depends on precipitation at least as strongly as on temperature.             High secondary aerosol contribution to particulate pollution during haze events in China ▶     Ru-Jin Huang, Yanlin Zhang, Carlo Bozzetti et al.     Investigation of the chemical nature and sources of particulate matter at urban locations in four Chinese cities during a severe haze pollution event finds that the event was driven to a large extent by secondary aerosol formation.             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: A global strategy for road building ▶     William F. Laurance, Gopalasamy Reuben Clements, Sean Sloan et al.             Research Highlights                   Climate change: Ocean warming underestimated | Geophysics: Mid-depth quakes are risky too | Climate science: Plant growth leads to Arctic warming         NEWS & COMMENT           Satellite data: Beyond sharing Earth observations | Renewables: Can harm environment | Holy cows | US plans upgrade for ageing Greenland research station             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                 Nature Communications soon to be fully open access: From 20th October Nature Communications, will become fully open access for all new submissions. If an author has a manuscript they wish to submit to the journal via the subscription route, they must submit before 20th October. After this date all new submissions, if accepted, will be published open access and an article processing charge (APC) will apply. For any questions on the switch, open access or advice on policies and funding, visit our website, read the press release or contact our dedicated support team at openaccess@nature.com         Careers & Jobs ▲top               Family: Community care ▶     Help is available for researchers who want to provide care for elderly relatives.                   Correction ▶                   Careers related news & comment                   A call to those who care about Europe’s science Amaya Moro-Martin | Seven days: 3–9 October 2014 | A little knowledge | Australian cuts rile researchers Daniel Cressey | Gravity rivals join forces to nail down Big G Elizabeth Gibney | Awards: Maths medal boosts Brazilian morale Tiago Campos Pereira               naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       postdoctoral fellow     Massachusetts General Hospital            Postdoctoral Scientist     Medical Research Council            Multiple 4-year PhD studentships     The University of Manchester            PhD Position     University of Fribourg          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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