Nature Neuroscience Contents: October 2014 Volume 17 Number 10, pp 1289 - 1428

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TABLE OF CONTENTS October 2014 Volume 17, Issue 10 Editorial News and Views Perspective Review Brief Communications Articles Resource Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis, the journal is now open for submissions. Visit the website to explore the benefits of submitting your research.   Editorial Top Consorting with big science   p1289 doi:10.1038/nn.3830 Large-scale consortia have benefited many fields chasing big data. In the face of new projects, neuroscientists should consider banding together. News and Views Top A touching tale: point sensor or pattern detector?   pp1290 - 1291 David T Blake doi:10.1038/nn.3820 The tactile sensors in our fingers have variable sensitivity across the skin. Does this variability harm or help the CNS in touch perception? Work now shows that this variability may provide the CNS with more information about micropositioning and stimulus orientation. See also: Article by Pruszynski & Johansson Promoting FOS to an enhanced position   pp1291 - 1293 Sietse Jonkman and Paul J Kenny doi:10.1038/nn.3819 How do enhancers facilitate transcription of plasticity-related genes in response to synaptic stimulation? A study implicates a specific histone modification and suggests that FOS regulates enhancer function. See also: Article by Malik et al. Axons hooked to Schwann cell metabolism   pp1293 - 1295 Iva D Tzvetanova and Klaus-Armin Nave doi:10.1038/nn.3825 Long axonal projections seem to be metabolically coupled to ensheathing glial cells. Targeting LKB1, a regulator of energy homeostasis, specifically in Schwann cells causes a loss of predominantly small unmyelinated fibers. See also: Article by Beirowski et al. Practice makes perfect   pp1295 - 1297 Aniruddha Das doi:10.1038/nn.3817 As we learn through visual experience, where does that memory form? A study now shows that neural responses at even the earliest stage of visual cortex get reshaped in a way that faithfully reflects ongoing learning. See also: Article by Yan et al. A two-way street   p1297 Sebastien Thuault doi:10.1038/nn1014-1297 See also: Article by Jackson et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral Fellow at Columbia University / RFMH Columbia University Tenure-Stream Appointment in Behavioural Neuroscience University of Toronto PhD Studentship in Neural Engineering / Neuroscience City University of Hong Kong Cognitive Neuroscience, Brown University Brown University Postdoctoral Position in Neuroscience Rutgers University, Newark More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT 17th International Neuroscience Winter Conference 2015 07.04.15 Soelden, Austria More science events from Perspective Top Motivational activation: a unifying hypothesis of orexin/hypocretin function   pp1298 - 1303 Stephen V Mahler, David E Moorman, Rachel J Smith, Morgan H James and Gary Aston-Jones doi:10.1038/nn.3810 Orexins (hypocretins) are involved in a large variety of behaviors and physiological processes including feeding, sleep/wake regulation, and reward. In this perspective, the authors propose a unifying function for orexins in translating motivational activation into sets of processes that support adaptive behaviors. Review Top Reward and motivation in pain and pain relief   pp1304 - 1312 Edita Navratilova and Frank Porreca doi:10.1038/nn.3811 Navratilova and Porreca discuss recent advances in our understanding of brain mechanisms of pain in animal models and humans, focusing on the role of the meso-corticolimbic system in processing pain and pain relief. The authors also present their views on how such knowledge can be leveraged to generate new therapies. Brief Communications Top 'Silent' mitral cells dominate odor responses in the olfactory bulb of awake mice   pp1313 - 1315 Mihaly Kollo, Anja Schmaltz, Mostafa Abdelhamid, Izumi Fukunaga and Andreas T Schaefer doi:10.1038/nn.3768 Olfactory bulb mitral and tufted cells are thought to be particularly active at rest and to respond weakly to odors during wakefulness. By using blind, whole cell recordings in awake mice, Kollo and colleagues now reveal the existence of a previously overlooked subpopulation of mitral/tufted cells that are silent at rest but respond greatly to odors. Neural compensation in older people with brain amyloid-β deposition   pp1316 - 1318 Jeremy A Elman, Hwamee Oh, Cindee M Madison, Suzanne L Baker, Jacob W Vogel et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3806 This study uses fMRI to find that the previously reported amyloid-β-associated hyperactivation is likely to represent a compensatory mechanism, rather than pathological overexcitation. The authors found that older adults with amyloid-β depositions had more activation during a memory task, and the degree of detailed memory formation varied with this activity. Damage to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex affects tradeoffs between honesty and self-interest   pp1319 - 1321 Lusha Zhu, Adrianna C Jenkins, Eric Set, Donatella Scabini, Robert T Knight et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3798 This study uses data from patients with damage to specific parts of the frontal cortex to provide causal evidence for the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in enabling honest behavior. Damage to this area was associated with decisions that prioritized the decision-maker's own self-interest, at the cost of honesty. Articles Top Mutual antagonism between Sox10 and NFIA regulates diversification of glial lineages and glioma subtypes   pp1322 - 1329 Stacey M Glasgow, Wenyi Zhu, C Claus Stolt, Teng-Wei Huang, Fuyi Chen et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3790 Sox10 and Nuclear Factor I-A (NFIA) are transcriptional regulators of oligodendrocyte and astrocyte generation in the mammalian brain, respectively. This study describes reciprocal antagonism between these transcription factors whereby NFIA directly antagonizes Sox10 regulation of myelin gene expression in oligodendrocytes, and Sox10 negatively regulates NFIA during astrocyte differentiation. The work also demonstrates this mutual antagonism being involved in tumorigenesis, particularly during oligodendroglioma to astrocytoma conversion. Genome-wide identification and characterization of functional neuronal activity-dependent enhancers   pp1330 - 1339 Athar N Malik, Thomas Vierbuchen, Martin Hemberg, Alex A Rubin, Emi Ling et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3808 In this study, the authors describe the subset of activity-regulated enhancers that modulate transcription in cultured neurons and that participate in the regulation of synaptic maturation. In addition, they demonstrate Fos binding to these enhancers is essential for this activity-dependent regulation of transcription. See also: News and Views by Jonkman & Kenny Activity-dependent regulation of astrocyte GAT levels during synaptogenesis   pp1340 - 1350 Allie K Muthukumar, Tobias Stork and Marc R Freeman doi:10.1038/nn.3791 Uptake of the neurotransmitter GABA by transporters called GATs is known to influence neuronal GABAergic tone. Here Muthukumar et al. show that the wave of synaptogenesis in Drosophila brains occurs during the second half of pupal development in an astrocyte-dependent manner. The study also shows that the upregulation of GAT during this process requires astrocytic metabotropic GABA receptors, and this pathway mediates mechanosensory-induced seizure activity in GABAergic mutants with hyperexcitable neurons. Metabolic regulator LKB1 is crucial for Schwann cell-mediated axon maintenance   pp1351 - 1361 Bogdan Beirowski, Elisabetta Babetto, Judith P Golden, Ying-Jr Chen, Kui Yang et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3809 Axonal maintenance is known to rely, in part, on non-cell-autonomous support from myelinating glia, but the mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, the authors show that loss of the serine/threonine kinase LKB1 in Schwann cells leads to changes in nerve metabolism and axonal degeneration, even in the absence of demyelination. See also: News and Views by Tzvetanova & Nave Reversal of theta rhythm flow through intact hippocampal circuits   pp1362 - 1370 Jesse Jackson, Bénédicte Amilhon, Romain Goutagny, Jean-Bastien Bott, Frédéric Manseau et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3803 Theta oscillations are thought to propagate unidirectionally along the hippocampal circuitry, from CA3 to CA1 and the subiculum. In this paper, Jackson and colleagues demonstrate that, in the intact rat hippocampus, theta activity can also flow in reverse from subiculum to CA3, and find that this phenomenon depends on long-range GABAergic inhibition. See also: News and Views by Thuault Gamma-range synchronization of fast-spiking interneurons can enhance detection of tactile stimuli   pp1371 - 1379 Joshua H Siegle, Dominique L Pritchett and Christopher I Moore doi:10.1038/nn.3797 The synchronization of fast-spiking cortical interneurons (FS) produces gamma-like oscillations or 'FS-gamma'. In this study, Siegle and colleagues found that the induction of FS gamma in the primary sensory cortex of mice performing a tactile task could enhance their detection of less salient stimuli. Perceptual training continuously refines neuronal population codes in primary visual cortex   pp1380 - 1387 Yin Yan, Malte J Rasch, Minggui Chen, Xiaoping Xiang, Min Huang et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3805 Using chronic microelectrode arrays in monkeys, this study finds that progressive learning on a visual task is largely explained by changes in the response of primary visual cortex neurons. The decoding accuracy of a linear classifier trained on V1 aggregate responses suggests that as learning proceeds, the primary visual cortex codes more task-relevant information. See also: News and Views by Das Image familiarization sharpens response dynamics of neurons in inferotemporal cortex   pp1388 - 1394 Travis Meyer, Christopher Walker, Raymond Y Cho and Carl R Olson doi:10.1038/nn.3794 In the visual system, familiarization to an image results in reduced neural responses to it. Here the AUs find that with dynamic visual displays, neurons in the inferotemporal cortex respond more strongly to familiar than novel images. This indicates that familiarization sharpens the response dynamics of neurons in extrastriate visual cortex. Encoding and decoding in parietal cortex during sensorimotor decision-making   pp1395 - 1403 Il Memming Park, Miriam L R Meister, Alexander C Huk and Jonathan W Pillow doi:10.1038/nn.3800 The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in monkeys plays an important role in decision-making. Here the authors use a statistical approach to decode the activity of LIP spikes and find multiplexed and temporally heterogeneous signals. This provides a framework for studying complex coding in higher brain areas. Edge-orientation processing in first-order tactile neurons   pp1404 - 1409 J Andrew Pruszynski and Roland S Johansson doi:10.1038/nn.3804 It is known that the primary sensory neurons that mediate tactile sensation exhibit elaborate receptive fields because of dendritic branching in the skin. In this study, the authors show that such branching allows neurons that innervate the human fingertips to extract geometric features of touched objects and signal them via both temporal and intensity codes. See also: News and Views by Blake Information-limiting correlations   pp1410 - 1417 Rubén Moreno-Bote, Jeffrey Beck, Ingmar Kanitscheider, Xaq Pitkow, Peter Latham et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3807 Correlations of noise in neural population activity are thought to limit the amount of information contained in such population activity, whereas decorrelation is suggested to increase information content. Here the authors show that decorrelation does not imply an increase in information, and only certain types of correlations limit information content. Resource Top Genetic variability in the regulation of gene expression in ten regions of the human brain   pp1418 - 1428 Adaikalavan Ramasamy, Daniah Trabzuni, Sebastian Guelfi, Vibin Varghese, Colin Smith et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3801 Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) are genomic regions that regulate gene expression. Here the authors provide a publicly available data set of exon-level eQTLs across the human brain. This includes many genome-wide association study (GWAS) hits for neurological and psychiatric disorders. 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