Nature Neuroscience Contents: September 2014 Volume 17 Number 9, pp 1137 - 1287

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TABLE OF CONTENTS September 2014 Volume 17, Issue 9 Editorial News and Views Review Brief Communication Articles Resource Corrigenda Addendum Errata Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis, the journal is now open for submissions. Visit the website to explore the benefits of submitting your research.   Editorial Top The mythical brain   p1137 doi:10.1038/nn.3802 It is not enough to refute common myths about the brain: scientists need to highlight interesting real science as well. News and Views Top The epigenetic landscape of Alzheimer's disease   pp1138 - 1140 Jenny Lord and Carlos Cruchaga doi:10.1038/nn.3792 Two independent epigenome-wide association studies of Alzheimer's disease cohorts have identified overlapping methylation signals in four loci, ANK1, RPL13, RHBDF2 and CDH23, not previously associated with Alzheimer's disease. These studies also suggest that epigenetic changes contribute more to Alzheimer's disease than expected. See also: Article by Lunnon et al. | Article by De Jager et al. CLEARance wars: PolyQ strikes back   pp1140 - 1142 X William Yang and Ai Yamamoto doi:10.1038/nn.3793 Polyglutamine expansion in the androgen receptor, causing X-linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, impairs its function as a transcriptional coactivator regulating an extensive network of proteins involved in protein clearance. See also: Article by Cortes et al. All that glitters is not reward signal   pp1142 - 1144 Benjamin Y Hayden and Sarah R Heilbronner doi:10.1038/nn.3795 In this issue, Shenhav et al. critically evaluate the idea that neural correlates of value actually represent value. They describe how, in many situations, value correlates can reflect other cognitive factors, such as decisional difficulty. See also: Article by Shenhav et al. Scenting Waldo: analyzing olfactory scenes   pp1144 - 1145 Timothy E Holy doi:10.1038/nn.3796 Olfaction has often been described as a 'synthetic' sense. A study now reveals a surprising capacity to resolve individual odorants in complex mixtures, with implications for how the nervous system recognizes objects. See also: Article by Rokni et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral Position at Yale: Neural Circuit Function, Visual Neuroscience, Optogenetics Yale University School of Medicine Postdoctoral research position in neuroscience Lille University Postdoctoral Fellowship in Systems Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet (KI) Full Professor Director of the Department of Fundamental Neuroscience University of Lausanne (UNIL) Faculty Positions in Affective Science and Affective Neuroscience Texas A&M University More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Fraunhofer Chile Translational Neuroscience Symposium 7th – 8th November 2014 Santiago, Chile More science events from Review Top Reward processing by the lateral habenula in normal and depressive behaviors   pp1146 - 1152 Christophe D Proulx, Okihide Hikosaka and Roberto Malinow doi:10.1038/nn.3779 In this review, the authors discuss the role of the lateral habenula in processing reward, both in the healthy brain and in models of depression, drawing on work in non-human primates and rodents. Brief Communication Top Beyond genotype: serotonin transporter epigenetic modification predicts human brain function   pp1153 - 1155 Yuliya S Nikolova, Karestan C Koenen, Sandro Galea, Chiou-Miin Wang, Marianne L Seney et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3778 The authors report that increased promoter methylation of the serotonin transporter gene predicts increased threat-related amygdala reactivity and decreased mRNA expression in postmortem amygdala tissue. This provides converging evidence for epigenetic regulation of behaviorally and clinically relevant human brain function. Articles Top Alzheimer's disease: early alterations in brain DNA methylation at ANK1, BIN1, RHBDF2 and other loci   pp1156 - 1163 Philip L De Jager, Gyan Srivastava, Katie Lunnon, Jeremy Burgess, Leonard C Schalkwyk et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3786 Aging can lead to cognitive decline associated with neural pathology and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here the authors scan the methylation status of CpGs across the entire genome of brain samples from aged subjects in an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS). Several loci, including ANK1, were associated with AD pathology, gene expression and AD genetic risk networks. See also: Article by Lunnon et al. | News and Views by Lord & Cruchaga Methylomic profiling implicates cortical deregulation of ANK1 in Alzheimer's disease   pp1164 - 1170 Katie Lunnon, Rebecca Smith, Eilis Hannon, Philip L De Jager, Gyan Srivastava et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3782 Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neuropathology and cognitive decline. Here the authors describe an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of human post-mortem brain samples across multiple independent AD cohorts. They find consistent hypermethylation of the ANK1 gene associated with neuropathology. See also: Article by De Jager et al. | News and Views by Lord & Cruchaga Celsr3 is required in motor neurons to steer their axons in the hindlimb   pp1171 - 1179 Guoliang Chai, Libing Zhou, Mario Manto, Françoise Helmbacher, Frédéric Clotman et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3784 In this study, the authors show that Celsr3 and Fzd3 interact in motor neurons to cooperatively direct axon guidance to target muscles in the periphery. In addition, they find that loss of Celsr3 or Fzd3 function also impairs axonal responses to ephrinA reverse, attractive signaling, suggesting a functional interaction between these guidance pathways. Polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor interferes with TFEB to elicit autophagy defects in SBMA   pp1180 - 1189 Constanza J Cortes, Helen C Miranda, Harald Frankowski, Yakup Batlevi, Jessica E Young et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3787 Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from a polyglutamine repeat expansion in the androgen receptor (polyQ-AR). In this study, the authors show that autophagy is dysregulated in SBMA mice and in neural precursors obtained from iPSCs derived from human patients and that this results from an impaired interaction between AR and the transcription factor TFEB. See also: News and Views by Yang & Yamamoto LKB1 and AMPK regulate synaptic remodeling in old age   pp1190 - 1197 Melanie A Samuel, P Emanuela Voinescu, Brendan N Lilley, Rafa de Cabo, Marc Foretz et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3772 In this study, the authors show that age-related aberrant synaptic remodeling in the retinal outer plexiform layer is mediated by LBK1-AMPK signaling. They also show that treatments which elevate AMPK signaling, including caloric restriction or administration of metformin, can ameliorate these deficits. Cocaine exposure reorganizes cell type- and input-specific connectivity in the nucleus accumbens   pp1198 - 1207 Andrew F MacAskill, John M Cassel and Adam G Carter doi:10.1038/nn.3783 Repeated cocaine exposure enhances excitatory connections onto medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The authors show that cocaine selectively increases basolateral amygdala inputs onto direct pathway MSNs in the NAc medial shell. Inhibiting amygdala activity prevents this plasticity and blocks the increase in spine density on these neurons. Independent control of gamma and theta activity by distinct interneuron networks in the olfactory bulb   pp1208 - 1216 Izumi Fukunaga, Jan T Herb, Mihaly Kollo, Edward S Boyden and Andreas T Schaefer doi:10.1038/nn.3760 The authors recorded spontaneous and odor-evoked activity in the olfactory bulb of anesthetized and awake mice and found that distinct populations of interneurons independently orchestrated theta and gamma activity in this system. In particular, they found that silencing granule cells did not affect slow, odor-evoked inhibition. The GABAergic parafacial zone is a medullary slow wave sleep-promoting center   pp1217 - 1224 Christelle Anaclet, Loris Ferrari, Elda Arrigoni, Caroline E Bass, Clifford B Saper et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3789 Using a combination of targeted activation and optogenetic-based mapping in mice, this study demonstrates that sleep-active GABAergic neurons in the medullary parafacial zone promote slow wave sleep and cortical slow wave activity and uncovers functional circuit connections linking these neurons with the cortex. An olfactory cocktail party: figure-ground segregation of odorants in rodents   pp1225 - 1232 Dan Rokni, Vivian Hemmelder, Vikrant Kapoor and Venkatesh N Murthy doi:10.1038/nn.3775 Being able to perceive an individual odor in a continually changing and rich olfactory environment is a challenging task. Here, Rokni and colleagues find that this olfactory cocktail party problem can be studied in mice and reveal that the ability to identify a specific odor in a complex odorous scene is constrained by the amount of overlap in the representations of target and background odors at the level of olfactory receptors. See also: News and Views by Holy Cerebellum involvement in cortical sensorimotor circuits for the control of voluntary movements   pp1233 - 1239 Rémi D Proville, Maria Spolidoro, Nicolas Guyon, Guillaume P Dugué, Fekrije Selimi et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3773 The authors identify a region in the cerebellar cortex where sensory and motor information from the neocortex converge. Activation of this region modifies activity in the motor cortex along with ongoing whisker movement parameters, demonstrating that such sensorimotor cortico-cerebellar loops are important for the fine control of movement. Central amygdala PKC-δ+ neurons mediate the influence of multiple anorexigenic signals   pp1240 - 1248 Haijiang Cai, Wulf Haubensak, Todd E Anthony and David J Anderson doi:10.1038/nn.3767 The amygdala central nucleus (CEA) has been implicated in feeding control, but its role is controversial. The lateral subdivision of CEA (CEl) contains a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons, marked by protein kinase C-δ. In this paper the authors provide data suggesting that CEl PKC-δ+ neurons constitute an important node that mediates the influence of multiple anorexigenic signals. Anterior cingulate engagement in a foraging context reflects choice difficulty, not foraging value   pp1249 - 1254 Amitai Shenhav, Mark A Straccia, Jonathan D Cohen and Matthew M Botvinick doi:10.1038/nn.3771 While changes in dACC activity have traditionally been associated with variability in decision difficulty, a recent high-profile study has suggested that dACC instead encodes the value of foraging. In this study, the authors challenge this previous finding by showing that, when foraging value and decision difficulty are effectively dissociated, dACC activity corresponds to changes in choice difficulty. See also: News and Views by Hayden & Heilbronner Sharp emergence of feature-selective sustained activity along the dorsal visual pathway   pp1255 - 1262 Diego Mendoza-Halliday, Santiago Torres and Julio C Martinez-Trujillo doi:10.1038/nn.3785 It has been suggested that working memory representations of visual features are encoded by neurons in the areas of the early visual cortex. In this study, the authors show that sustained spiking activity in the macaque during a delayed match-to-sample task is actually absent from the middle temporal area but is instead observed in the medial superior temporal region and the lateral prefrontal cortex. Hippocampal-neocortical functional reorganization underlies children's cognitive development   pp1263 - 1269 Shaozheng Qin, Soohyun Cho, Tianwen Chen, Miriam Rosenberg-Lee, David C Geary et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3788 By integrating longitudinal and cross-sectional data from children, adolescents and adults, this functional magnetic resonance imaging study finds that a developmental transition to more efficient, memory-based problem-solving skills is accompanied by significant changes in hippocampal activation, functional connectivity with prefrontal-parietal circuits and interproblem representational stability. Corticolimbic gating of emotion-driven punishment   pp1270 - 1275 Michael T Treadway, Joshua W Buckholtz, Justin W Martin, Katharine Jan, Christopher L Asplund et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3781 In determining punishment, an actor's mental state often trumps the impact of emotions, as unintended harms may go unpunished, regardless of their magnitude. Using fMRI, the authors reveal a temporoparietal-medial-prefrontal circuit that regulates amygdala activity and by which evaluation of a transgressor's mental state gates our emotional urges to punish. Resource Top A comprehensive thalamocortical projection map at the mesoscopic level   pp1276 - 1285 Barbara J Hunnicutt, Brian R Long, Deniz Kusefoglu, Katrina J Gertz, Haining Zhong et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3780 In this resource, the authors provide a comprehensive map of the thalamocortical projections in the mouse brain. To do this, they employed 254 highly overlapping injections of viral vectors to label and characterize long-range projections. Using this map as a framework, the authors determine the functionality of a subset of these connections via expression and activation of channelrhodopsin. Addendum Top Addendum: Deep brain stimulation restores frontostriatal network activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder   p1286 Martijn Figee, Judy Luigjes, Ruud Smolders, Carlos-Eduardo Valencia-Alfonso, Guido van Wingen et al. doi:10.1038/nn0914-1286b Corrigenda Top Corrigendum: Immune surveillance in the central nervous system   p1286 Shalina S Ousman and Paul Kubes doi:10.1038/nn0914-1286a Corrigendum: EZH2-mediated H3K27 trimethylation mediates neurodegeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia   p1286 Jiali Li, Ronald P Hart, Elyse M Mallimo, Mavis R Swerdel, Alexander W Kusnecov et al. doi:10.1038/nn0914-1286c Corrigendum: Identification of a unique TGF-β-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia   p1286 Oleg Butovsky, Mark P Jedrychowski, Craig S Moore, Ron Cialic, Amanda J Lanser et al. doi:10.1038/nn0914-1286d Corrigendum: Post-study caffeine administration enhances memory consolidation in humans   p1287 Daniel Borota, Elizabeth Murray, Gizem Keceli, Allen Chang, Joseph M Watabe et al. doi:10.1038/nn0914-1287a Corrigendum: LRRK2 regulates synaptogenesis and dopamine receptor activation through modulation of PKA activity   p1287 Loukia Parisiadou, Jia Yu, Carmelo Sgobio, Chengsong Xie, Guoxiang Liu et al. doi:10.1038/nn0914-1287b Corrigendum: LRRK2 regulates synaptogenesis and dopamine receptor activation through modulation of PKA activity   p1287 Loukia Parisiadou, Jia Yu, Carmelo Sgobio, Chengsong Xie, Guoxiang Liu et al. doi:10.1038/nn0914-1287c Errata Top Erratum: Peripheral gating of pain signals by endogenous lipid mediators   p1287 Daniele Piomelli and Oscar Sasso doi:10.1038/nn0914-1287d Erratum: Orbitofrontal activation restores insight lost after cocaine use   p1287 Federica Lucantonio, Yuji K Takahashi, Alexander F Hoffman, Chun Chang, Sheena Bali-Chaudhary et al. doi:10.1038/nn0914-1287e Top Advertisement nature.com webcasts Macmillan Science Communication presents a custom webcast on: Accelerating therapeutic development through PET and optical preclinical imaging Thursday September 4, 2014 9AM PDT, 12PM EDT, 5PM BST/ 6PM CEST Register for the webcast and live Q and A session Sponsored by: www.perkinelmer.com   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. 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