| | Volume 512 Number 7514 | | | nature | | The science that matters. Every week. | | | | | | | |  | | AIMResearch - Highlighting research from the Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR) in Japan, which promotes mathematics-materials science collaboration Latest highlights: Nanomaterials: Graphene grows up In the spotlight: World-leading WPI initiative showcases materials science innovation at E-MRS Spring Meeting Register today for monthly email alerts! | | | | | | | Jump to the content that matters to you | | | | | | | | | | A microbial ecosystem beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet | Whether there is microbial life in subglacial lakes in the Antarctic has been a matter of controversy as early results were compromised by contamination that may have occurred during drilling. Discovered less than a decade ago using satellite data, Lake Whillans lies beneath some 800 metres of ice on the lower portion of the Whillans Ice Stream (WIS) in West Antarctica. In the first study to sample Antarctic subglacial waters directly, Lake Whillans water has been found to contain more than 3,900 different types of bacterial and archaea, including one closely related to the nitrite oxidizing betaproteobacterium 'Candidatus Nitrotoga arctica'. | | | | | | | | | Magneto-optical trapping of a diatomic molecule | The use of lasers to cool atoms to close to absolute zero, and their subsequent confinement in magneto-optical traps, has enabled applications ranging from new atomic clocks to novel types of quantum matter. Molecules present a different challenge because their complexity renders current magneto-optical trapping techniques ineffective. This paper demonstrates the first realization of a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap for a diatomic molecule, strontium fluoride. The authors’ method is an extension of magneto-optical traps for atoms, but it uses transitions that are rarely exploited for atomic traps. A trapped molecule is an ideal starting point for high-precision measurement of fundamental constants and for the study of chemistry at ultracold temperatures. | | | | | | | | | Continuing megathrust earthquake potential in Chile after the 2014 Iquique earthquake | Gavin Hayes et al. analyse the seismic context of the Iquique earthquake that occurred off the coast of Northern Chile on 1 April 2014 in a seismic zone that had been quiescent since a significant event in 1877. They identify areas of weakness along the megathrust fault in the region and conclude that the 2014 earthquake was not the one that had been anticipated. Given that significant sections of the northern Chile subduction zone have not ruptured in almost 150 years, they suggest that its future megathrust earthquakes will occur south and potentially north of the 2014 Iquique sequence. | | | | | | | | |  | | It is undeniable: Biological research is increasingly multidisciplinary. And as more powerful and computationally complex imaging methods are integrated into life science research, the need for deeper understanding and increased dialogue among biologists, physicists, engineers, mathematicians and statisticians grows. Please visit The Living Image and join us in celebrating science and technology that pushes the limits of what is possible. And, above all, we invite you to do what comes naturally...Explore! | | | | | | | | | | | | In this week's podcast: how seals took tuberculosis to the Americas, a better map of Neanderthals in Europe, and microbial life lurking beneath the Antarctic ice. In our latest video feature Nature Video re-winds to 50,000 years ago and re-plays the Neanderthals survival game. Find out when the Neandethals disappeared and how our species came to dominate Europe. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | What goes up ▶ | | | Federal restrictions on the use of drones by US researchers threaten an increasingly productive tool. The scientific community must speak out while there is a chance to change matters. | | | | | | | | Finding the root ▶ | | | The NIH is right to investigate whether bias makes grant awards unfair. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Seven days: 15–21 August 2014 ▶ | | | The week in science: Africa’s Ebola problem continues to worsen, the true cost of scientific misconduct in the United States, and Maryam Mirzakhani is first woman to win a Fields Medal. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hallucigenia’s onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda ▶ | | | Martin R. Smith, Javier Ortega-Hernández | | | The claws of the Cambrian lobopodian Hallucigenia resemble the claws and jaws of extant onychophorans, establishing a close relationship between hallucigeniid lobopodians and onychophorans, resolving tardigrades as the closest extant relatives of true arthropods, and showing that the earliest ancestor of the arthropods and their kin would have looked like a lobopodian. | | | | | | | | | | | Contrasting roles of histone 3 lysine 27 demethylases in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ▶ | | | Panagiotis Ntziachristos, Aristotelis Tsirigos, G. Grant Welstead et al. | | | T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is a haematological malignancy with a poor prognosis and no available targeted therapies; now two histone H3 lysine 27 demethylases, JMJD3 and UTX, are shown to have contrasting roles in human T-ALL cells and a mouse model of the disease, and a small molecule demethylase inhibitor is found to inhibit the growth of T-ALL cell lines, introducing a potential therapeutic avenue for acute leukaemia. | | | | | | | | | | | Structure and mechanism of Zn2+-transporting P-type ATPases ▶ | | | Kaituo Wang, Oleg Sitsel, Gabriele Meloni et al. | | | The X-ray crystal structures of a zinc-ion-transporting P-type ATPase are solved in a zinc-free, phosphoenzyme ‘ground’ state and in a transition state of dephosphorylation, characterizing these transporters of an essential micronutrient that is needed for many biological processes but is cytotoxic when free. | | | | | | | | Diabetes recovery by age-dependent conversion of pancreatic δ-cells into insulin producers ▶ | | | Simona Chera, Delphine Baronnier, Luiza Ghila et al. | | | An investigation of the influence of age on the generation of insulin-producing cells after β-cell loss in mice reveals that, whereas α-cells can reprogram to produce insulin from puberty to adulthood, efficient reconstitution in the very young is through δ-cell reprogramming, leading to complete diabetes recovery. | | | | | | | | Transcriptional interference by antisense RNA is required for circadian clock function ▶ | | | Zhihong Xue, Qiaohong Ye, Simon R. Anson et al. | | | The transcriptions of frq sense and antisense RNAs are mutually inhibitory and form a double negative feedback loop required for robust and sustained circadian rhythmicity: antisense transcription inhibits sense expression by causing chromatin modifications and premature transcription termination. | | | | | | | | | | | Saturation editing of genomic regions by multiplex homology-directed repair ▶ | | | Gregory M. Findlay, Evan A. Boyle, Ronald J. Hause et al. | | | The authors perform saturation mutagenesis of genomic regions in their native endogenous chromosomal context by using CRISPR/Cas9 RNA-guided cleavage and multiplex homology-directed repair; its utility is demonstrated by measuring the effects of hundreds to thousands of genomic edits to BRCA1 and DBR1 on splicing and cellular fitness, respectively. | | | | | | | | Structure of malaria invasion protein RH5 with erythrocyte basigin and blocking antibodies ▶ | | | Katherine E. Wright, Kathryn A. Hjerrild, Jonathan Bartlett et al. | | | Reticulocyte-binding protein homologue 5 (PfRH5) of Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria parasite, is known to be necessary for red blood cell invasion, making PfRH5 a promising vaccine candidate; here the X-ray crystallographic structure of PfRH5 in complex with basigin and with inhibitory antibodies is determined. | | | | | | | | Synaptic dysregulation in a human iPS cell model of mental disorders ▶ | | | Zhexing Wen, Ha Nam Nguyen, Ziyuan Guo et al. | | | Generation and neural differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) from patients enables new ways to investigate the cellular pathophysiology of mental disorders; this approach was used with samples from a family with a schizophrenia pedigree and a DISC1 mutation, revealing synaptic abnormalities and large-scale transcriptional dysregulation. | | | | | | | | | | | Ribosomal frameshifting in the CCR5 mRNA is regulated by miRNAs and the NMD pathway ▶ | | | Ashton Trey Belew, Arturas Meskauskas, Sharmishtha Musalgaonkar et al. | | | Programmed −1 ribosomal frameshifting (−1 PRF) is a process by which a signal in a messenger RNA causes a translating ribosome to shift by one nucleotide, thus changing the reading frame; here −1 PRF in the mRNA for the co-receptor for HIV-1, CCR5, is stimulated by two microRNAs and leads to degradation of the transcript by nonsense-mediated decay and at least one other decay pathway. | | | | | | | | Crystal structure of a human GABAA receptor ▶ | | | Paul S. Miller, A. Radu Aricescu | | | GABAA receptors are the principal mediators of rapid inhibitor synaptic transmission in the brain, and a decline in GABAA signalling leads to diseases including epilepsy, insomnia, anxiety and autism; here, the first X-ray crystal structure of a human GABAA receptor, the human β3 homopentamer, reveals structural features unique for this receptor class and uncovers the locations of key disease-causing mutations. | | | | | | | | X-ray structure of the mouse serotonin 5-HT3 receptor ▶ | | | Ghérici Hassaine, Cédric Deluz, Luigino Grasso et al. | | | The first X-ray crystal structure of the mouse serotonin 5-HT3 receptor, a pentameric ligand-gated ion channel, is similar to those of other Cys-loop receptors — though here electron density for part of the cytoplasmic domain, which is important for trafficking, synaptic localization, and modulation by cytoplasmic proteins, but not visible in previous structures, is also described. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A microbial ecosystem beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet ▶ | | | Brent C. Christner, John C. Priscu, Amanda M. Achberger et al. | | | There has been active debate over microbial life in Antarctic subglacial lakes owing to a paucity of direct observations from beneath the ice sheet and concerns about contamination in the samples that do exist; here the authors present the first geomicrobiological description of pristine water and surficial sediments from Subglacial Lake Whillans, and show that the lake water contains a diverse microbial community, many members of which are closely related to chemolithoautotrophic bacteria and archaea. | | | | | | | | Haematopoietic stem cell induction by somite-derived endothelial cells controlled by meox1 ▶ | | | Phong Dang Nguyen, Georgina Elizabeth Hollway, Carmen Sonntag et al. | | | A new somite compartment, called the endotome, that contributes to the formation of the embryonic dorsal aorta by providing endothelial progenitors is identified here; endotome-derived endothelial progenitors, whose formation is regulated by the activity of the meox1 gene, induce haematopoietic stem cell formation upon colonization of the nascent dorsal aorta. | | | | | | | | Jam1a–Jam2a interactions regulate haematopoietic stem cell fate through Notch signalling ▶ | | | Isao Kobayashi, Jingjing Kobayashi-Sun, Albert D. Kim et al. | | | Notch signalling has a key role in the generation of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during vertebrate development; here two adhesion molecules, Jam1a and Jam2a, are shown to be essential for the contact between precursors of HSCs and the somite during embryonic migration, and the Jam1a–Jam2a interaction is shown to be needed to transmit the Notch signal and produce HSCs. | | | | | | | | A vaccine targeting mutant IDH1 induces antitumour immunity ▶ | | | Theresa Schumacher, Lukas Bunse, Stefan Pusch et al. | | | The mutant IDH1 protein, which is expressed in a large fraction of human gliomas, is shown to be immunogenic; mutant-specific immune responses can be detected in patients with IDH1 mutated gliomas and generated in mice and are shown to treat established IDH1 mutant tumours in a syngeneic MHC humanized mouse model in a CD4 T-cell-dependent manner. | | | | | | | | Dynamic pathways of −1 translational frameshifting ▶ | | | Jin Chen, Alexey Petrov, Magnus Johansson et al. | | | To investigate the mechanism of frameshifting during messenger RNA translation, a technique was developed to monitor translation of single molecules in real time using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET); ribosomes were revealed to pause tenfold longer than usual during elongation at the frameshifting sites. | | | | | | | | X-ray structures of GluCl in apo states reveal a gating mechanism of Cys-loop receptors ▶ | | | Thorsten Althoff, Ryan E. Hibbs, Surajit Banerjee et al. | | | This study solved structures of the glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl), a Cys-loop receptor from C. elegans, in an apo, closed state and in a lipid-bound state — comparison of these structures with a previously published structure of GluCl in an ivermectin-bound state reveals what conformational changes probably occur as this membrane protein transitions from the closed/resting state towards an open/activated state. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | New podcast with Eppendorf Award 2014 winner, Madeline Lancaster Nature is the partner for the Eppendorf Award for Young European Investigators. This year the prize was awarded to Madeline Lancaster for her work showing that complex neuronal tissues resembling early states of fetal human brain can be created in vitro from pluripotent stem cells. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Contrasting roles of histone 3 lysine 27 demethylases in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ▶ | | | Panagiotis Ntziachristos, Aristotelis Tsirigos, G. Grant Welstead et al. | | | T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is a haematological malignancy with a poor prognosis and no available targeted therapies; now two histone H3 lysine 27 demethylases, JMJD3 and UTX, are shown to have contrasting roles in human T-ALL cells and a mouse model of the disease, and a small molecule demethylase inhibitor is found to inhibit the growth of T-ALL cell lines, introducing a potential therapeutic avenue for acute leukaemia. | | | | | | | | Diabetes recovery by age-dependent conversion of pancreatic δ-cells into insulin producers ▶ | | | Simona Chera, Delphine Baronnier, Luiza Ghila et al. | | | An investigation of the influence of age on the generation of insulin-producing cells after β-cell loss in mice reveals that, whereas α-cells can reprogram to produce insulin from puberty to adulthood, efficient reconstitution in the very young is through δ-cell reprogramming, leading to complete diabetes recovery. | | | | | | | | Synaptic dysregulation in a human iPS cell model of mental disorders ▶ | | | Zhexing Wen, Ha Nam Nguyen, Ziyuan Guo et al. | | | Generation and neural differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) from patients enables new ways to investigate the cellular pathophysiology of mental disorders; this approach was used with samples from a family with a schizophrenia pedigree and a DISC1 mutation, revealing synaptic abnormalities and large-scale transcriptional dysregulation. | | | | | | | | | | | A vaccine targeting mutant IDH1 induces antitumour immunity ▶ | | | Theresa Schumacher, Lukas Bunse, Stefan Pusch et al. | | | The mutant IDH1 protein, which is expressed in a large fraction of human gliomas, is shown to be immunogenic; mutant-specific immune responses can be detected in patients with IDH1 mutated gliomas and generated in mice and are shown to treat established IDH1 mutant tumours in a syngeneic MHC humanized mouse model in a CD4 T-cell-dependent manner. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A 400-solar-mass black hole in the galaxy M82 ▶ | | | Dheeraj R. Pasham, Tod E. Strohmayer, Richard F. Mushotzky | | | The discovery of two stable peaks at frequencies with a ratio of 3:2 in the power spectrum of X-ray emission from the brightest X-ray source in galaxy M82 suggests that, if the relationship between frequency and mass that holds for stellar-mass black holes can be extended to intermediate masses, the black hole believed to be the source of the emission has a mass approximately 400 times that of the Sun. | | | | | | | | | | | Interacting supernovae from photoionization-confined shells around red supergiant stars ▶ | | | Jonathan Mackey, Shazrene Mohamed, Vasilii V. Gvaramadze et al. | | | A model in which the stellar wind of the fast-moving red supergiant Betelgeuse is photoionized by radiation from external sources can explain the dense, almost static shell recently discovered around the star, and predicts both that debris from Betelgeuse’s eventual supernova explosion will violently collide with the shell and that other red supergiants should have similar, but much more massive, shells. | | | | | | | | Magneto-optical trapping of a diatomic molecule ▶ | | | J. F. Barry, D. J. McCarron, E. B. Norrgard et al. | | | Magneto-optical trapping is the standard method for laser cooling and confinement of atomic gases but now this technique has been demonstrated for the diatomic molecule strontium monofluoride, leading to the lowest temperature yet achieved by cooling a molecular gas. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Continuing megathrust earthquake potential in Chile after the 2014 Iquique earthquake ▶ | | | Gavin P. Hayes, Matthew W. Herman, William D. Barnhart et al. | | | The 2014 Iquique event was not the earthquake that had been expected to fill the regional seismic gap; given that significant sections of the northern Chile subduction zone have not ruptured in almost 150 years, it is likely that future megathrust earthquakes will occur south and potentially north of the 2014 Iquique sequence. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nature Collections: Stem Cells - Breaking Barriers: The most versatile of stem cells can be made from an embryo or by reprogramming mature cells. A selection of general articles from Nature highlights the practical, political and ethical considerations of using these cells in research and potential therapies. 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