Nature Neuroscience Contents: May 2014 Volume 17 Number 5, pp 639 - 743

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TABLE OF CONTENTS May 2014 Volume 17, Issue 5 News and Views Perspective Review Brief Communications Articles Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Did You Know $500,000 is available for SfN Awards and Prizes in 2014? Award nominations are open! Every year the Society for Neuroscience (SfN) acknowledges some of the best research and achievements by neuroscientists globally with 16 awards in four different categories. From awards that recognize outstanding careers to awards for young scientists just starting out, SfN honors and supports the many accomplishments of its members. Contact awards@sfn.org with questions. Make a nomination today.   Advertisement Nature Outlook Schizophrenia Putting the pieces together.  Access the Outlook free online for six months. Produced with support from Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development and Commercialization, Inc.   News and Views Top Grid cells in an inhibitory network   pp639 - 641 Yasser Roudi and Edvard I Moser doi:10.1038/nn.3704 Grid cells have been proposed to reflect competitive interactions in inhibitory neural networks. Experimental results obtained using optogenetics to identify spikes emitted specifically by parvalbumin interneurons now constrain the mechanisms by which such networks could give rise to grid cells. See also: Article by Buetfering et al. Astrocytes go awry in Huntington's disease   pp641 - 642 C Savio Chan and D James Surmeier doi:10.1038/nn.3705 It is widely believed that Huntington's disease is driven exclusively by neuronal dysfunction. Work now challenges this view, showing that mutant huntingtin in astrocytes leads to dysregulation of extracellular K+. See also: Article by Tong et al. Turning heads to remember places   pp643 - 644 David Dupret and Jozsef Csicsvari doi:10.1038/nn.3700 By eliciting a natural exploratory behavior in rats, head scanning, a study reveals that hippocampal place cells form new, stable firing fields in those locations where the behavior has just occurred. See also: Article by Monaco et al. Loss of phasic dopamine: a new addiction marker?   pp644 - 646 Daniele Caprioli, Donna Calu and Yavin Shaham doi:10.1038/nn.3699 A study finds that the loss of phasic dopamine signal in ventral, but not dorsal, striatum predicts escalation of cocaine self-administration. We discuss the study's implications for addiction theory and treatment. See also: Article by Willuhn et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral Position in Neuroscience at Yale Yale University School of Medicine Postdoctoral Position In Neuroscience ( Postdoc / Post Doctoral ) University of Kansas Medical Center (KUMC) The Thomas M. Ryan Professor of Neuroscience & Director of The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience Cardiff University Postdoctoral Associate in Neuroscience University of Minnesota - Twin Cities Post-Doctoral Position in Neuroscience Thomas Jeffersin University More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Computational Neuroscience: Vision 11th – 24th July 2014 Cold Spring Harbor, USA More science events from Perspective Top More than a rhythm of life: breathing as a binder of orofacial sensation   pp647 - 651 David Kleinfeld, Martin Deschênes, Fan Wang and Jeffrey D Moore doi:10.1038/nn.3693 The authors review the recently observed relationships between breathing and the sensations of smell and vibrissa-based touch. These data and other experimental evidence are used to support the hypothesis that the breathing rhythm serves not only as a motor drive signal, but also as a common clock that binds these two senses into a common percept. Review Top Contributions and challenges for network models in cognitive neuroscience   pp652 - 660 Olaf Sporns doi:10.1038/nn.3690 The author reviews network models of the brain, including models of both structural and functional connectivity. He discusses contributions of network models to cognitive neuroscience, as well as limitations and challenges associated with constructing and interpreting these models. Brief Communications Top Single App knock-in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease   pp661 - 663 Takashi Saito, Yukio Matsuba, Naomi Mihira, Jiro Takano, Per Nilsson et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3697 Many mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rely on overexpression of amyloid precursor (APP) transgenes, which makes it difficult to tease out which effects are truly disease-relevant and which are induced by the overexpression. In this study, the authors describe several new knock-in AD model mice that express mutant APP at near physiological levels. Mutations in the Matrin 3 gene cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis   pp664 - 666 Janel O Johnson, Erik P Pioro, Ashley Boehringer, Ruth Chia, Howard Feit et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3688 The authors identify mutations in the MATR3 gene as a cause of ALS and dementia in several families. MATR3 is known to bind the ALS-associated protein TDP-43, and at least one of these mutations alters the efficiency of this binding. Implication of sperm RNAs in transgenerational inheritance of the effects of early trauma in mice   pp667 - 669 Katharina Gapp, Ali Jawaid, Peter Sarkies, Johannes Bohacek, Pawel Pelczar et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3695 In this study, the authors show that the heritable behavioral and metabolic changes that are observed in rodents exposed to early life stress are mediated by changes in miRNA levels in the sperm of affected males. Injection of isolated RNA from the sperm of stressed males into donor fertilized oocytes is able to induce these phenotypic changes in the resulting offspring. Articles Top Linker mutations reveal the complexity of synaptotagmin 1 action during synaptic transmission   pp670 - 677 Huisheng Liu, Hua Bai, Renhao Xue, Hirohide Takahashi, J Michael Edwardson et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3681 Rapid vesicle exocytosis requires the Ca2+ sensor synaptotagmin I (syt). Here the AUs manipulate the length and rigidity of the linker connecting the two Ca2+ sensing domains of syt. This revealed a set of intra-molecular interactions that determined the ability of the domains to penetrate membranes and drive evoked transmitter release in response to Ca2+. Spine neck plasticity regulates compartmentalization of synapses   pp678 - 685 Jan Tønnesen, Gergely Katona, Balázs Rózsa and U Valentin Nägerl doi:10.1038/nn.3682 Using time-lapse super-resolution STED imaging of dendritic spines of CA1 pyramidal neurons in mouse, the authors show dynamic structural changes to the spine neck under conditions of synaptic plasticity. The study also shows that such morphological changes can differentially regulate biochemical and electrical compartmentalization of spines and that previous characterizations of dendritic spine subtypes based on static ultrastructural morphologies may not reflect the diversity and plasticity seen in living neurons. A supercritical density of Na+ channels ensures fast signaling in GABAergic interneuron axons   pp686 - 693 Hua Hu and Peter Jonas doi:10.1038/nn.3678 Using subcellular patch-clamp axonal recordings in rat hippocampal slices, this study describes the physiological properties of action potential (AP) initiation and propagation in parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic interneurons/basket cells (BCs). Hu and Jonas also show a gradual increase in Na+ conductance along the BC axon away from the soma, and that this differential distribution of sodium conductance along the small-diameter axons can ensure fast and reliable AP propagation to account for the unique functions of these interneurons. Astrocyte Kir4.1 ion channel deficits contribute to neuronal dysfunction in Huntington's disease model mice   pp694 - 703 Xiaoping Tong, Yan Ao, Guido C Faas, Sinifunanya E Nwaobi, Ji Xu et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3691 In this study, the authors show that altered medium spiny neuron excitability and symptom onset in Huntington's disease model mice is associated with decreased expression of Kir4.1 and impaired K+ handling by astrocytes. Exogenous expression of Kir4.1 could partially rescue motor function and prolong survival in HD mice. See also: News and Views by Chan & Surmeier Excessive cocaine use results from decreased phasic dopamine signaling in the striatum   pp704 - 709 Ingo Willuhn, Lauren M Burgeno, Peter A Groblewski and Paul E M Phillips doi:10.1038/nn.3694 The authors measured striatal dopamine (DA) release in vivo using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in a model involving escalating self-administration of cocaine in rats. Phasic DA release in ventromedial striatum was negatively correlated with escalation of cocaine intake. The DA precursor L-DOPA restored phasic DA release and reversed escalation of cocaine intake. See also: News and Views by Caprioli et al. Parvalbumin interneurons provide grid cell-driven recurrent inhibition in the medial entorhinal cortex   pp710 - 718 Christina Buetfering, Kevin Allen and Hannah Monyer doi:10.1038/nn.3696 Does the spatial tuning of grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) require spatially tuned inhibition? Buetfering and colleagues recorded optogenetically identified parvalbumin (PV) interneurons in the mouse MEC during foraging and found that they were broadly tuned. Moreover, the authors found that stimulating PV cells suppressed firing in grid and head-direction cells but did not alter the spatial tuning of these cells. See also: News and Views by Roudi & Moser Reversed theta sequences of hippocampal cell assemblies during backward travel   pp719 - 724 Anne Cei, Gabrielle Girardeau, Celine Drieu, Karim El Kanbi and Michael Zugaro doi:10.1038/nn.3698 Cei and colleagues used a model train to transport rats forward or backward on a circular track while the animals walked on a miniature treadmill. The authors found that the firing fields of hippocampal place cells remained stable across travel directions and that, when the train transported the rat backward, theta sequences of hippocampal cell assemblies and theta phase precession still represented the trajectory and the distance traveled through place fields. Attentive scanning behavior drives one-trial potentiation of hippocampal place fields   pp725 - 731 Joseph D Monaco, Geeta Rao, Eric D Roth and James J Knierim doi:10.1038/nn.3687 Here the authors find that increased place cell activity during exploratory head-scanning behaviors predicted the formation and potentiation of place fields on the next pass through that location, regardless of environmental familiarity and across multiple days. This place cell activity is a strong candidate mechanism to mediate the one-trial encoding of ongoing experiences necessary for memory. See also: News and Views by Dupret & Csicsvari Learned spatiotemporal sequence recognition and prediction in primary visual cortex   pp732 - 737 Jeffrey P Gavornik and Mark F Bear doi:10.1038/nn.3683 Here the authors report that repeated presentations of a visual sequence over a course of days causes evoked response potentiation in mouse V1 that is highly specific for stimulus order and timing. After V1 is trained to recognize a sequence, cortical activity regenerates the full sequence even when individual stimulus elements are omitted. Serial dependence in visual perception   pp738 - 743 Jason Fischer and David Whitney doi:10.1038/nn.3689 Visual input is often noisy and discontinuous, even though the physical environment is generally stable. The authors show that the visual system trades off change sensitivity to capitalize on physical continuity via serial dependence: present perception is biased toward past visual input. This bias is modulated by attention and governed by a spatiotemporally-tuned operator, a continuity field. Top Advertisement Scientific Data: Credit where credit's due  Get credit for sharing your data! Scientific Data is now accepting Data Descriptor submissions. The Data Descriptor is designed to provide detailed descriptions of datasets: focusing on how these have been produced, by whom, and how they could be reused. 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