Nature Immunology Contents: May 2014 Volume 15 pp 403 - 481

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TABLE OF CONTENTS May 2014 Volume 15, Issue 5 Commentary News and Views Research Highlights Review Articles Advertisement   Powerful reasons to choose Reichert Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) systems for your lab SPR technology at a fraction of the cost of the leading competitor. Less expensive without compromising on performance. Low maintenance costs and no service contract necessary. Our SPR team delivers outstanding technical support. Compare for yourself. ReichertSPR.com/advantage Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Nature Immunology & Arkitek Scientific ANIMATION: IMMUNOLOGY IN THE SKIN Nature Immunology and Arkitek Scientific presents an exciting animated video that describes the environmental and cellular participants in the regulation of barrier function in the healthy and psoriatic skin. View the Animation for FREE at: www.nature.com/ni/multimedia/skin Produced with support from  Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson    Commentary Top Vaccines against tropical parasitic diseases: a persisting answer to a persisting problem   pp403 - 405 David L Sacks doi:10.1038/ni.2853 Live whole-organism vaccines against Plasmodium falciparum malaria and cutaneous leishmaniasis remain the most uniformly effective vaccines against human parasitic diseases. These vaccines are discussed in terms of the requirement for persisting antigen to generate and maintain a protective response. News and Views Top TACTILE becomes tangible: CD96 discloses its inhibitory peculiarities   pp406 - 408 Günter Bernhardt doi:10.1038/ni.2855 The receptor CD96 inhibits cytokine production by natural killer cells in mice and antagonizes activation mediated by the receptor CD226. See also: Article by Chan et al. New inhibitory signaling by CTLA-4   pp408 - 409 Christoph Wülfing, Helen M Tunbridge and David C Wraith doi:10.1038/ni.2870 CTLA-4 is a potent inhibitor of T cell population expansion. The PIX-GIT2-PAK2 complex is recruited to the cytoplasmic domain of CTLA-4 via the kinase PKC-η, which suggests a previously unrecognized aspect of signal transduction via CTLA-4 in immunoregulation. See also: Article by Kong et al. Countering inflammatory signals in obesity   pp410 - 411 Shannon M Reilly and Alan R Saltiel doi:10.1038/ni.2874 Although it is generally considered a proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin 6 (IL-6) has anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages by sensitizing them to IL-4 through upregulation of the IL-4 receptor. See also: Article by Mauer et al. SGK1: master and commander of the fate of helper T cells   pp411 - 413 Matthew Norton and Robert A Screaton doi:10.1038/ni.2875 Cytokines and other environmental cues influence polarization of CD4+ helper T cells, but the signaling pathways that are involved are less clear. Recent findings show that signaling via an mTORC2-SGK1 kinase axis regulates TH1-TH2 cell-fate polarization. See also: Article by Heikamp et al. Immunology JOBS of the week Immunology Post-doctoral Position The Wistar Institute Assistant or Associate Professor in Immunology University of California - San Francisco Postdoctoral fellow in mucosal immunology and microbiota University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Microbiology & Immunology Cancer Immunologist Wake Forest School of Medicine PostDoc in Immunology Duesseldorf University Hospital, Inst. of Med. Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene More Science jobs from Immunology EVENT Tumor Immunology 1st Dec 2014 Orlando, USA More science events from Research Highlights Top Inflammasome 'prionization' | Human skin Treg cells | DC division of labor | Transcription concepts | Gut crosstalk | Facilitating Nod detection Review Top The enemy within: endogenous retroelements and autoimmune disease   pp415 - 422 Hannah E Volkman and Daniel B Stetson doi:10.1038/ni.2872 Articles Top Signaling by IL-6 promotes alternative activation of macrophages to limit endotoxemia and obesity-associated resistance to insulin   pp423 - 430 Jan Mauer, Bhagirath Chaurasia, Julia Goldau, Merly C Vogt, Johan Ruud et al. doi:10.1038/ni.2865 The role of IL-6 in obesity-associated inflammation remains controversial. Bruening and colleagues identify signaling by IL-6 as an important determinant for the alternative activation of macrophages during inflammation. See also: News and Views by Reilly & Saltiel The receptors CD96 and CD226 oppose each other in the regulation of natural killer cell functions   pp431 - 438 Christopher J Chan, Ludovic Martinet, Susan Gilfillan, Fernando Souza-Fonseca-Guimaraes, Melvyn T Chow et al. doi:10.1038/ni.2850 The function of the lymphocyte-expressed receptor CD96 is almost entirely unknown. Smyth and colleagues demonstrate that it serves a key role in restraining activation of NK cells in part by competing with the activating receptor CD226 (DNAM-1). See also: News and Views by Bernhardt CD4+ T cell lineage integrity is controlled by the histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2   pp439 - 448 Nicole Boucheron, Roland Tschismarov, Lisa Goeschl, Mirjam A Moser, Sabine Lagger et al. doi:10.1038/ni.2864 Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are crucial regulators of cell identity. Ellmeier and colleagues show that HDAC1 and HDAC2 maintain CD4+ T cell lineage integrity by repressing Runx-CBFβ complexes in TH1 cells but not in TH2 cells. The adaptor TRAF5 limits the differentiation of inflammatory CD4+ T cells by antagonizing signaling via the receptor for IL-6   pp449 - 456 Hiroyuki Nagashima, Yuko Okuyama, Atsuko Asao, Takeshi Kawabe, Satoshi Yamaki et al. doi:10.1038/ni.2863 Adaptors of the TRAF family are tumor-necrosis factor receptor-associated factors. So and colleagues show that TRAF5 negative regulates the IL-6 receptor signaling pathway, which limits the induction of proinflammatory CD4+ T cells. The AGC kinase SGK1 regulates TH1 and TH2 differentiation downstream of the mTORC2 complex   pp457 - 464 Emily B Heikamp, Chirag H Patel, Sam Collins, Adam Waickman, Min-Hee Oh et al. doi:10.1038/ni.2867 The kinase SGK1 is a downstream target of mTORC2 signaling. Powell and colleagues show that SGK1 regulates TH2 polarization by increasing the stability of the transcription factor JunB and antagonizing IFN-γ expression. See also: News and Views by Norton & Screaton Protein kinase C-η controls CTLA-4-mediated regulatory T cell function   pp465 - 472 Kok-Fai Kong, Guo Fu, Yaoyang Zhang, Tadashi Yokosuka, Javier Casas et al. doi:10.1038/ni.2866 Signaling events at the Treg cell immune synapse remain unknown. Altman and colleagues show that a CTLA-4-PKC-η signaling axis is required for contact-dependent suppression by Treg cells. See also: News and Views by Wulfing et al. Costimulation via the tumor-necrosis factor receptor superfamily couples TCR signal strength to the thymic differentiation of regulatory T cells   pp473 - 481 Shawn A Mahmud, Luke S Manlove, Heather M Schmitz, Yan Xing, Yanyan Wang et al. doi:10.1038/ni.2849 The precise mechanisms of the thymic development Treg cells are still being determined. Farrar and colleagues demonstrate that signals from a triumvirate of members of the tumor-necrosis factor receptor superfamily are critical for Treg cell development in the thymus. Top Advertisement A new open access online-only multidisciplinary journal publishing high-quality research in all areas of primary care management of respiratory and respiratory-related allergic diseases. This title is part of the Nature Partner Journals portfolio - a new series of online open access journals published in collaboration with world-renowned international partners.      Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. 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