Dear Reader ,
Here is your customized Phys.org Newsletter for February 11, 2014:
Spotlight Stories Headlines
- Better RNA interference, inspired by nature: New nanoparticles offer best-ever gene silencing- Aspirin and resveratrol could prevent cancer by killing tetraploid cells, research shows
- Mystery of bottle gourd migration to Americas solved
- Fine-tuning a rainbow of colors at the nanoscale
- Researcher takes a muscular approach to robotics
- Brain implants may help the injured who suffer memory loss
- New way to measure electron pair interactions
- Linear accelerator mimics incredibly energetic particles hitting atmosphere
- NOvA experiment sees first long-distance neutrinos
- Hubble and Cassini get a 360-degree view of Saturn's auroras (w/ video)
- No clowning around: Juggling study may shed light on how our senses help us run
- Recent decades likely wettest in four millennia in Tibet
- Study finds crocodile tree-climbing and -basking behavior
- Males and females differ in specific brain structures
- The content of our cooperation, not the color of our skin
Astronomy & Space news
US, France sign deal for 2016 Mars lander
The United States and France unveiled plans to collaborate on a new Mars mission, two years after NASA withdrew from a European partnership to send a probe and lander to the Red Planet.
Image: Solar array panels on Russian segment of space station
Solar array panels on the Russian segment of the International Space Station and a blue and white part of Earth are photographed by an Expedition 38 crew member while the crew watches for the arrival of the ISS Progress 54 cargo spacecraft, loaded with 2.8 tons of food, fuel and supplies for the station crew.
In-orbit validation of Galileo achieved
(Phys.org) —The in-orbit validation of Galileo has been achieved: Europe now has the operational nucleus of its own satellite navigation constellation in place – the world's first civil-owned and operated satnav system.
Charger Rocket Works designing new rocket for NASA competition
A completely redesigned rocket will soar aloft when The University of Alabama in Huntsville's Charger Rocket Works team competes in the NASA Student Launch this spring at Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah.
Awaiting Yutu's phone home on lunar day 3
Will 'Yutu' phone home? Will Yutu live to see another Earthrise?
Image: Mars Express orbiter reveals overflowing craters
(Phys.org) —Large and small, hundreds of thousands of craters scar the surface of Mars, hollowed out by a multitude of asteroids and comets that impacted the Red Planet throughout its history.
Largest flock of Earth-imaging satellites launch into orbit from Space Station
It is often said that if everyone had the opportunity to see Earth from the perspective of astronauts in space, respect and admiration for our planet would grow and the environment would be better protected. A new fleet of 28 small satellites, called Flock 1, may help provide this perspective to people like never before. Considered the largest single constellation of Earth-imaging satellites ever to launch into space, the Flock 1 satellites began deploying on Feb. 11 from the International Space Station.
Hubble and Cassini get a 360-degree view of Saturn's auroras (w/ video)
(Phys.org) —NASA trained several pairs of eyes on Saturn as the planet put on a dancing light show at its poles. While NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, orbiting around Earth, was able to observe the northern auroras in ultraviolet wavelengths, NASA's Cassini spacecraft, orbiting around Saturn, got complementary close-up views in infrared, visible-light and ultraviolet wavelengths. Cassini could also see northern and southern parts of Saturn that don't face Earth.
Technology news
Energy savings in the kitchen
Because the kitchen contains many large and small appliances that are used daily, the kitchen is a good area to reduce energy.
Computer scientist looks for deeper meaning in webcam videos
Nathan Jacobs is looking for ways to understand images in new ways.
Palestinian women make strides in high-tech
Growing up in a traditional society, Abeer Abu Ghaith was often told a woman's future is in her husband's kitchen. Quietly, the 29-year-old proved everyone wrong.
Feds, pilots warn of lasers pointed into cockpits
Airline pilots and federal officials launched a campaign Monday to warn about the dangers of people pointing lasers into cockpits. They're promising prosecution for those who are caught, and a reward for those who turn them in.
Google subsidiary to run nearby federal airfield
A Google subsidiary has been picked to run and renovate a federal airfield that is frequently used for the personal flights of the company's top executives.
Amazon's digital reach enables a different publishing model
For more than a decade, Hugh Howey wrestled with writing about the horrors of Sept. 11, 2001.
Winds of change: Floating power turbines envisioned off Oregon coast
A Seattle energy company received initial regulatory approval Wednesday to build five massive wind turbines floating 16 miles off the Oregon coast.
Mechanical engineer investigates passive cooling system for microelectronics
On a cold February day, heat is a good thing, but not when it comes to electronics. Assistant professor Gregory Michna of the SDSU Mechanical Engineering Department is developing a means of cooling laptops and portable electronic devices more efficiently.
Novel solution to soil nutrient deficiency problems in Kenya
Leilah Krounbi is working on a novel solution to soil nutrient deficiency problems plaguing Kenyan farmers: pyrolyzed poop.
Video: Mind-controlled quadcopter demonstrates new possibilities for people who are paralyzed
With support from the National Science Foundation (NSF), biomedical engineer Bin He and his team at the University of Minnesota have created a brain-computer interface with the goal of helping people with disabilities, such as paralysis, regain the ability to do everyday tasks.
Google still controls your information, despite EU ruling
After a long investigation, Google has finally reached a settlement with the European Commission about how it presents search results.
Mobile foundations the key to unlocking offshore reserves
The offshore energy industry is a market sector that must remain innovative to stay competitive to secure Australia's energy future.
Real- life RoboCop to be tested (w/ Video)
Researchers and students in FIU's Discovery Lab have developed the initial prototype of a TeleBot—which combines telepresence and robotics—to allow disabled police and military personnel to serve as patrol officers.
German court to rule on Apple lawsuit end-February
A German court said Tuesday it will issue its verdict on a copyright violation lawsuit against US tech giant Apple by a German firm at the end of the month.
Tech makes couples closer despite tensions
Technology helps bring married couples closer together even though the use of electronic devices can be a source of tension, a US survey showed Tuesday.
Technology firms urge changes to US spying (Update)
A coalition of leading U.S. technology firms joined an international protest Tuesday against the U.S. government's spying programs, urging more limits on collections of Americans' electronic data and greater oversight and transparency about the secret operations.
Yahoo buys smartphone diary-app maker Wander
Yahoo on Tuesday added the startup behind smartphone visual diary-app Days to its list of acquisitions as CEO Marissa Mayer tries to pump new life into the aging Internet pioneer.
Court backs Apple e-book monitor, within limits (Update)
A US appeals court on Monday shot down Apple's bid to derail a court-ordered monitor in its e-book price-fixing case.
Cards with microchips could become more common
The "chip" is coming. Amid relentless revelations of cyberthieves stealing our credit card and other personal data, there's a renewed push to fortify the plastic cards sitting in millions of Americans' wallets.
Teaching robots linguistic hedges and discourse markers
(Phys.org) —Before long, robots will be giving us helpful advice, but we don't want them to be snippy about it. Research at Cornell and Carnegie Mellon universities suggests that if they sound a little less sure of themselves and throw in a few of the meaningless words humans are fond of, listeners will have a more positive response.
Climate risk from wind farms is minimal, study says
Concerns that giant wind farms aimed at easing climate change in fact aggravate the problem are misplaced, a scientific study said on Tuesday.
House takes step toward ban on in-flight calls (Update)
Allowing airline passengers to make cellphone calls in-flight is asking for trouble, lawmakers said Tuesday as a House panel approved a bill to ban such calls.
Researcher takes a muscular approach to robotics
During his childhood in Korea, Yong-Lae Park developed a love for robotics, using the nuts, bolts and metal bars from science kits to build mechanical versions of his favorite cartoon characters.
Medicine & Health news
New blow for Obama health law
President Barack Obama's health care law suffered a new blow Monday, as his administration delayed a key component requiring small businesses to provide insurance to employees or face a fine.
Residents concerned about lack of time with patients
(HealthDay)—Many U.S. medical residents are concerned about reduced face-time with patients and report that engaging patients in their own care is more challenging than anticipated, according to a report from the American Resident Project, sponsored by ThinkWellPoint.
Polio returns to Afghan capital after 13 years
Afghanistan has launched an emergency polio vaccination campaign in Kabul after a girl contracted the disease, the city's first case since the Taliban were ousted in 2001.
Scientists launch advanced disaster planning and flu forecasting apps
Johns Hopkins scientists have developed three new Web-based software tools designed to help hospital emergency departments, first responder organizations and others model and prepare for major disasters, including flu outbreaks.
UPS closes on purchase of Polar Speed
UPS said Tuesday that it has completed its acquisition of Polar Speed, a company that helps deliver temperature-sensitive pharmaceutical supplies in the United Kingdom. Financial terms were not disclosed.
Book documents extraordinary success of people with dyslexia
A new book co-authored by a Virginia Commonwealth University professor offers the first in-depth look at how people with dyslexia and other learning disabilities (LD) achieve high levels of success.
Integrin cell adhesion receptors are risky cancer drug targets
A possible cancer treatment strategy might in fact lead to increased metastasis in some cases. This finding from a team of LACDR researchers led by Erik Danen made the cover of the February 11 edition of Science Signaling.
The challenge of accurately diagnosing rare cancers
Inaccurate diagnosis is a major obstacle for the proper treatment of patients with rare cancers. A Consensus on Improving the Pathologic Diagnosis of Rare Cancers was presented today by Rare Cancers Europe, together with the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the European Society of Pathology (ESP) in Brussels. The recommendations aim to help rare cancer patients get a timely and accurate diagnosis.
What is the safest way to stop postmenopausal hormone therapy?
When the time comes for postmenopausal women to discontinue hormone therapy (HT), little is known about the best way to do so with minimal symptoms. A new study that explores optimal approaches to manage symptoms such as trouble sleeping, mood swings, and depression on discontinuation of HT is published in Journal of Women's Health.
Exon skipping prevents formation of toxic protein fragments in Huntington's disease
An innovative therapeutic strategy for reducing the levels of toxic protein fragments associated with Huntington's disease uses a new approach called exon skipping to remove the disease-causing component of the essential protein, huntingtin. Proof of concept using antisense oligonucleotides to "skip over" the specific exon in a mouse model of Huntington's disease is reported in an article in Nucleic Acid Therapeutics.
Internists review progress, challenges and opportunities
"For the first time in the history of the United States, Americans are experiencing the benefits of health reforms designed to ensure that everyone has access to affordable coverage including a suite of essential benefits," Molly Cooke, MD, FACP, president of the American College of Physicians (ACP), said at today's annual State of the Nation's Health Care briefing. "In addition, Congress is on the verge of passing bipartisan, bicameral legislation to repeal the Sustainable Growth Rate formula. This flawed formula was put in place by Congress in 1997, and resulted in the first scheduled cut in physician payments in 2002. Now, 12 years later, we have the opportunity to permanently eliminate the SGR and accelerate that transition to value-based payment and delivery models."
Dutch ex-neurologist jailed for wrong diagnoses
A Dutch ex-neurologist was sentenced to three years in jail on Tuesday for a series of wrong diagnoses that led to the suicide of a patient, in the first case of its kind in the country.
Belgium set to extend right-to-die law to children
Belgium, one of the very few countries where euthanasia is legal, is expected to take the unprecedented step this week of abolishing age restrictions on who can ask to be put to death—extending the right to children for the first time.
14 at Nevada school test positive for inactive TB
Southern Nevada health officials say 14 people at a Las Vegas-area high school have tested positive for tuberculosis, although all of them have the non-contagious form.
Mallinckrodt buying Cadence Pharma for $1.21B
Health care products company Mallinckrodt is buying Cadence Pharmaceuticals Inc. for about $1.21 billion to help enhance its specialty pharmaceuticals segment.
Panel votes down heart safety claim for naproxen
Federal health experts say that new research is not strong enough to conclude that naproxen, the pain reliever in Aleve and many other medications, is safer on the heart than rival drugs used by millions of Americans to treat aches and pains.
NC hospital: 18 possibly exposed to rare disease
A North Carolina hospital says 18 patients may have been exposed to a rare neurological disease after surgical instruments were improperly sanitized.
Breast cancer drug fights fungal disease
Tamoxifen, a drug currently used to treat breast cancer, also kills a fungus that causes a deadly brain infection in immunocompromised patients. The findings, which could lead to new treatments for a disease that kills more HIV/AIDS patients than tuberculosis, appear in mBio, the online open-access journal of the American Society for Microbiology (ASM.)
Sex is important to many midlife women
(HealthDay)—The mechanics of sex may become a bit more difficult after menopause, a new study finds. But most women will continue to be sexually active as long as they feel sex is important.
New obesity weapon: Kids teaching kids
(HealthDay)—When older kids teach younger children about nutrition and the benefits of exercise, the little ones seem to lose weight and gain knowledge about healthy living, Canadian researchers report.
Low-dose statins good option for some heart patients, study finds
(HealthDay)—A new analysis suggests that people at high risk for heart disease who can't take high-dose statin drugs to lower their cholesterol might benefit from a treatment combination that includes taking a low-dose statin.
India celebrates victory over polio (Update)
Indian leaders celebrated the eradication of polio on Tuesday, reminding doubters that something once thought impossible had been achieved and promising to tackle other diseases which still blight the country.
Autism diagnoses may decrease with new criteria
The number of children diagnosed with autism will likely decline in the coming years, according to researchers who have reassessed population data and found a slight drop in prevalence based on new diagnostic criteria.
New imaging technique sharpens surgeons' vision
Which superhuman power would you choose for help on the job? For Dr. Julie Margenthaler, it's a technology that brings to mind X-ray vision, used for the first time Monday during an operation to remove a patient's lymph node.
Firstborn? That may increase a man's risk of being overweight
Warning: Being a firstborn may be hazardous to your health. So suggests a small study of middle-age men in New Zealand. Compared with their younger brothers, the firstborns weighed more and were less sensitive to insulin.
New NJ law helps women with dense breast tissue get additional tests for cancer
A new law in New Jersey helps women with a condition that puts them at higher risk of breast cancer get additional screenings - but it fails to require health care providers to inform women when they have the condition and might need those tests.
When is fat a heart risk? Scientists re-evaluate its role in your health
When you think about body fat, you probably imagine a pillowy, inert substance about as active as the couch potatoes who tend to accumulate it.
Dengue deaths soar in Malaysia
Deaths from dengue fever have nearly tripled in Malaysia this year compared to the same period in 2013, sparking a stepped-up campaign to control the mosquitos that spread the virus.
Seasonal affective disorder and light therapy
For some people, this time of year—when the days are short, darker and cold—means depression that can interfere with things like work, sleep and eating. This phenomenon, called seasonal affective disorder (SAD), goes beyond the "winter blues" and can strongly disrupt people's daily lives. But the good news is that treatment is out there.
Valentine's Day tips to keep your relationship healthy
Ah, Valentine's Day – a time for love and sweet times spent with your significant other.
How accurate is child mental health screening at four years?
Research from the University of Adelaide shows that although mental health screening of children at ages 4-5 can help to predict mental health problems in future years, only a quarter of children can be accurately identified with such screening.
Patients with mouth and oesophageal cancers take longer to seek help from GP
People with cancers of the mouth and oesophagus are waiting longer between first noticing a symptom and going to their GPs compared to patients with other types of cancers, according to research published in the International Journal of Cancer.
One-quarter of diagnostic catheterizations for suspected coronary artery disease are unnecessary
(Medical Xpress)—One-quarter of patients undergoing diagnostic catheterizations (DC) for suspected coronary artery disease in New York were rated as inappropriate for the procedure primarily because they were relatively healthy, a recent study finds.
Study finds midwifery care saves money and is safer
University of Sydney research has found that pregnant women who see the same midwife throughout pregnancy are more likely to experience fewer interventions during birth, and cost the public hospital system less than women who receive standard shared antenatal care or private obstetric care.
Low dose steroids linked to diabetes
(Medical Xpress)—Anti-inflammatory steroids are known to increase the risk of diabetes in high doses, but now researchers from Flinders University have discovered a link between low dose steroids and diabetes.
Acidic tumour pH inhibits drug effect
Low pH in tumours counteracts the desired effect of the drug chloroquine, according to a new study from Karolinska Institutet in Sweden. The results, which are published in the journal Autophagy, might explain possible lack of efficacy of chloroquine in clinical studies.
Even moderate weight loss can prevent and cure obstructive sleep apnoea
(Medical Xpress)—Even a moderate weight reduction can prevent the progression of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), and even cure it, according to a 4-year Finish follow-up study published recently in Sleep Medicine. The study focused on the effects of weight loss on OSA and demonstrated, for the first time, that a sustained weight loss of just 5% was enough to prevent the disease from worsening and even cure it in a long-term follow-up.
First real-time in-vivo molecular diagnostic system diagnoses pre-cancerous tissues during endoscopy
National University of Singapore Biomedical Engineering team pioneers world's first real time in-vivo molecular diagnostic system that diagnoses even pre-cancerous tissues during endoscopy
Sperm finding could improve fertility, contraceptives
(Medical Xpress)—A new study headed up by Cornell scientists has found that a component of the sperm membrane tightly controls a crucial step in fertilization, making it a prime target for efforts to either assist fertilization or prevent it.
Defect in Ikaros gene mimics human B cell leukemia
Meinrad Busslinger and his team from the Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) investigate the differentiation of stem cells to mature B cells. They now present for the first time molecular details on the role of the Ikaros gene during early B cell development. A defect in Ikaros function causes an early block in B-lymphopoiesis and prevents the development of mature B cells. The cells stay in an aberrant state, which closely resembles that of cells in B-ALL, a special form of human B cell leukemia. The results of this study are published in the current Advance Online edition of Nature Immunology.
Supplements and behavioural therapy make safe headway with Parkinson's
In light of the high degree of psychiatric and cognitive symptoms present in Parkinson's disease (PD) sufferers, researchers have reviewed the efficacy of various therapies used to treat depression and anxiety in PD patients.
Alcohol-breakdown molecule may play a role in breast cancer development
(Medical Xpress)—New research looking at the biological process involved in breast cancer development has strengthened the argument for a potential link between alcohol consumption and the disease.
New guides developed to help communities address tobacco issues
In January of 1964, the surgeon general released the first "Report on Smoking and Health," a landmark report that linked tobacco smoke to heart disease and lung cancer and laid the foundation for tobacco-control efforts in the United States.
Tyrosine enhances stopping reflex
A child suddenly runs out into the road. Brake!! A driver who has recently eaten spinach or eggs will stop faster, thanks to the amino acid tyrosine found in these and other food products. Leiden cognitive psychologist Lorenza Colzato publishes her findings in the journal Neuropsychologia.
College athletes putting themselves at risk for long-term health problems
College athletes are putting themselves at risk for health problems that could persist long after they graduate, warns Loyola University Medical Center sports medicine physician Dr. Pietro Tonino.
Fruit juice – just another sugary drink?
(Medical Xpress)—Drinking fruit juice is potentially just as bad for you as drinking sugar-sweetened drinks because of its high sugar content, two medical researchers from the University of Glasgow have warned.
Brilliant blue G may shine in treating traumatic brain injuries
A close cousin of the dye that makes fabric, M&M's and sports drinks blue may improve recovery from traumatic brain injuries.
US wants more info on female libido pill
A drugmaker working to develop a pill to boost sexual desire in women says regulators are demanding more studies on the experimental drug.
Data on today's youth reveal childhood clues for later risk of STDs
Here's yet another reason to focus on kids' early years. Children who grow up in well-managed households, enjoy school, and have friends who stay out of trouble report fewer sexually transmitted diseases in young adulthood, according to a new analysis.
After committing a crime, guilt and shame predict re-offense
Within three years of being released from jail, two out of every three inmates in the US wind up behind bars again—a problem that contributes to the highest incarceration rate of any country in the world. New research suggests that the degree to which inmates' express guilt or shame may provide an indicator of how likely they are to re-offend.
Resilience in parents of children undergoing stem cell transplant
A child's illness can challenge a parent's wellbeing. However, a study recently published in the journal Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation shows that in the case of a child's stem cell transplant, parents feel increased distress at the time of the procedure, but eventually recover to normal levels of adjustment.
Excess weight linked to brain changes that may relate to memory, emotions, and appetite
Being overweight appears related to reduced levels of a molecule that reflects brain cell health in the hippocampus, a part of the brain involved in memory, learning, and emotions, and likely also involved in appetite control, according to a study performed by researchers at SUNY Downstate Medical Center and other institutions. The results of the study were published in Neuroimage: Clinical.
Cognitive behavioral therapy benefits patients with body dysmorphic disorder
In a recent study, researchers at Rhode Island Hospital found significant benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy as a treatment modality for patients with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD). BDD is a common, often severe, and under-recognized body image disorder that affects an estimated 1.7 percent to 2.4 percent of the population. This study demonstrated significant improvement in patients' BDD symptoms and level of disability, as well as high levels of patient satisfaction with the treatment. The study is published online in advance of print in the journal Behavior Therapy.
Game changer: Biomarker identified for noncancerous pancreatic cysts
Researchers at the Indiana University School of Medicine have discovered a highly accurate, noninvasive test to identify benign pancreatic cysts, which could spare patients years of nerve-racking trips to the doctor or potentially dangerous surgery.
New target isolated for leukemia drug development
There are potentially effective treatments for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but they only work in 20 to 40 percent of cases. In a paper published today in Leukemia, a Nature journal, a UT Health Science Center researcher has pinpointed a protein that could play a key, previously unknown role in the development of pediatric AML—promising new information in the quest to treat and cure childhood leukemias.
Child abuse rises with income inequality, study shows
As the Great Recession deepened and income inequality became more pronounced, county-by-county rates of child maltreatment – from sexual, physical and emotional abuse to traumatic brain injuries and death – worsened, according to a nationwide study by Cornell University.
I smoke, but I'm not a smoker: Why some 'non-identifying smokers' face risks while denying the behavior
While smoking among California adults has dramatically declined in recent decades, researchers at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine report there is a surprisingly large number of people who say they use cigarettes, but don't consider themselves to be "smokers."
Researchers use antibody treatment to protect humanized mice from HIV
NIH-funded scientists have shown that boosting the production of certain broadly neutralizing antibodies can protect humanized mice from both intravenous and vaginal infection with HIV. Humanized mice have immune systems genetically modified to resemble those of humans, making it possible for them to become HIV-infected.
Brain-dead woman gives birth to son in Canada
Doctors in Canada have delivered a frail but healthy baby boy from a brain-dead woman kept on life support for several weeks, the infant's father wrote in a blog post.
Hepatitis B screening proposed for all high-risk adults
(HealthDay)—Adults at high risk for hepatitis B should be screened for the viral infection, according to a draft recommendation from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
Dentists' group expands recommended use of fluoride toothpaste for kids
(HealthDay)—Children should begin using toothpaste with fluoride as soon as they get their first tooth, according to updated American Dental Association (ADA) guidelines.
Survey finds most Americans misinformed about heart disease
(HealthDay)—Most Americans have a hard time separating fact from fiction when it comes to heart health, new research finds.
FDA to investigate diabetes drug saxagliptin for possible heart failure risk
(HealthDay)—The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced Tuesday that it will investigate possible links between the diabetes drug saxagliptin and a heightened risk for heart failure among users.
Metformin use doesn't cut incidence of bladder cancer
(HealthDay)—For patients with type 2 diabetes, metformin use is not associated with a significantly reduced risk of bladder cancer, according to a study published online Feb. 4 in Diabetes Care.
Perceived control reduces mortality risk for lesser educated
(HealthDay)—Stronger beliefs of control over one's life are associated with reduced risk of mortality among those with lower levels of educational attainment, according to research published online Feb. 3 in in Health Psychology.
Kidney failure risk for organ donors 'extremely low'
The risk of a kidney donor developing kidney failure in the remaining organ is much lower than in the population at large, even when compared with people who have two kidneys, according to results of new Johns Hopkins research.
Three doses of HPV vaccine recommended against genital warts
Two doses of vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) provide good protection against genital warts, but three doses is better according to an extensive register study by researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden. The results are published in the scientific periodical JAMA.
Study examines legislative challenges to school immunization mandates
From 2009-2012, 36 bills introduced in 18 states sought to modify school immunization mandates, with the majority seeking to expand exemptions although none of the bills passed, according to a study in the February 12 issue of JAMA.
Hospital readmission rate varies following care at rehabilitation facility
Among rehabilitation facilities providing services to Medicare fee-for-service patients, 30-day hospital readmission rates vary, from about 6 percent for patients with lower extremity joint replacement to nearly 20 percent for patients with debility (weakness or feebleness), according to a study in the February 12 issue of JAMA.
Preterm infants more likely to have elevated insulin levels in early childhood
Researchers have found that preterm infants are more likely to have elevated insulin levels at birth and in early childhood compared to full-term infants, findings that provide additional evidence that preterm birth may be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, according to a study in the February 12 issue of JAMA.
Fifty-five genes linked to a powerful tumor suppressor predict breast cancer survival
A panel of 55 genes, almost all of which are impacted by the loss of a particular protein, appears to predict if breast cancer will become invasive, leading to poorer survival, researchers at Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center report in PLOS ONE.
Estimated one in 14 women worldwide sexually assaulted by someone other than a partner
The estimates suggest that the global picture varies widely. Countries with the highest rates of sexual violence are those in central sub-Saharan Africa (21%; Democratic Republic of Congo), southern sub-Saharan Africa (17.4%; Namibia, South Africa, Zimbabwe), and Australasia (16.4%; New Zealand and Australia). Countries in North Africa/ Middle East (4.5%; Turkey) and south Asia (3.3%; India, Bangladesh) reported the lowest rates.
Slim pickings for two weight-loss drugs?
Options are limited in America's battle of the bulge. While diet and exercise can help in the short term, they are frustratingly ineffective in the long run.
Researchers identify protein that initiates the formation of stable, long-term memories
Prions can be notoriously destructive, spurring proteins to misfold and interfere with cellular function as they spread without control. New research, publishingin the open access journal PLOS Biology on February 11 2014, from scientists at the Stowers Institute for Medical Research reveals that certain prion-like proteins, however, can be precisely controlled so that they are generated only in a specific time and place. These prion-like proteins are not involved in disease processes; rather, they are essential for creating and maintaining long-term memories.
Study challenges close link between recent weight gain, diabetes
It is a common notion that type 2 diabetes is precipitated by substantial progressive weight gain, but a study published this week in PLOS Medicine suggests that this might not be true.
Four years on, ICU patients with kidney injury show high mortality, elevated urinary protein
In 4 years of follow up of 1464 participants in the randomized controlled trial Randomised Evaluation of Normal vs. Augmented Levels of RRT (RENAL) study, Martin Gallagher (The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia) and colleagues found that patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) in an intensive care unit (ICU) who require renal replacement therapy (RRT; hemodialysis combined with hemofiltration) do not benefit from higher intensity RRT. At a median of 43.9 months follow up, mortality (63% in the low intensity and 63% in the high intensity group), as well as quality of life among those who survived, were the same in both groups. Albuminuria (elevated protein levels in urine, signifying persistent kidney injury) was common among survivors and with equal rates in both groups (40% in the low intensity and 44% in the high intensity group).
New study shows potential for targeting aggressive breast cancers
A new study led by University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center researcher Peter Zhou shows that targeting Twist, a nuclear protein that is an accelerant of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program in human cells, may provide an effective approach for treating triple-negative breast cancer.
New imaging technique can diagnose common heart condition
A new imaging technique for measuring blood flow in the heart and vessels can diagnose a common congenital heart abnormality, bicuspid aortic valve, and may lead to better prediction of complications.
Cognitive development 'growth charts' may help diagnose and treat psychosis-risk kids
Penn Medicine researchers have developed a better way to assess and diagnose psychosis in young children. By "growth charting" cognitive development alongside the presentation of psychotic symptoms, they have demonstrated that the most significant lags in cognitive development correlate with the most severe cases of psychosis. Their findings are published online this month in JAMA Psychiatry.
Study reveals potential route to bladder cancer diagnostics, treatments
Researchers at the UNC School of Medicine conducted a comprehensive genetic analysis of invasive bladder cancer tumors to discover that the disease shares genetic similarities with two forms of breast cancer. The finding is significant because a greater understanding of the genetic basis of cancers, such as breast cancers, has in the recent past led to the development of new therapies and diagnostic aids.
Change in guidelines for Type 2 diabetes screening may lead to under-diagnosis in children
New American Diabetes Association (ADA) screening guidelines may lead to the missed diagnoses of type 2 diabetes in children, according to a new study by University of Michigan.
Teens' stress levels rival those of adults, survey finds
(HealthDay)—If paying the bills and putting food on the table put adults' nerves on edge, just imagine how today's overscheduled, frequently tested teenagers must feel.
US officials target escalating drug overdoses
(HealthDay)—As deaths from heroin and prescription painkillers mount across the United States, government officials are searching for ways to stem the toll of addiction.
How our brain networks: Research reveals white matter 'scaffold' of human brain
For the first time, neuroscientists have systematically identified the white matter "scaffold" of the human brain, the critical communications network that supports brain function.
Study sheds light on how the body regulates fundamental neuro-hormone
New research has revealed a previously unknown mechanism in the body which regulates a hormone that is crucial for motivation, stress responses and control of blood pressure, pain and appetite. The breakthrough could be used to design drugs to help fight health problems connected with these functions in the future.
Scientists identify gene linking brain structure to intelligence
For the first time, scientists at King's College London have identified a gene linking the thickness of the grey matter in the brain to intelligence. The study is published today in Molecular Psychiatry and may help scientists understand biological mechanisms behind some forms of intellectual impairment.
These blind mice hear like Stevie Wonder
Want to hear as well as Stevie Wonder or the late Ray Charles? A blindfold not only might help, it could rewire your brain in the process, a new study suggests.
Robot may accelerate trials for stroke medications
The development of drugs to treat acute stroke or aid in stroke recovery is a multibillion-dollar endeavor that only rarely pays off in the form of government-approved pharmaceuticals. Drug companies spend years testing safety and dosage in the clinic, only to find in Phase III clinical efficacy trials that target compounds have little to no benefit. The lengthy process is inefficient, costly, and discouraging, says Hermano Igo Krebs, a principal research scientist in MIT's Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Males and females differ in specific brain structures
Reviewing over 20 years of neuroscience research into sex differences in brain structure, a Cambridge University team has conducted the first meta-analysis of the evidence, published this week in the prestigious journal Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews.
Nanoparticles treat muscular dystrophy in mice
Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have demonstrated a new approach to treating muscular dystrophy. Mice with a form of this muscle-weakening disease showed improved strength and heart function when treated with nanoparticles loaded with rapamycin, an immunosuppressive drug recently found to improve recycling of cellular waste.
No clowning around: Juggling study may shed light on how our senses help us run
(Medical Xpress)—Juggling may seem like mere entertainment, but a study led by Johns Hopkins engineers used this circus skill to gather critical clues about how vision and the sense of touch help control the way humans and animals move their limbs in a repetitive way, such as in running. The findings eventually may aid in the treatment of people with neurological diseases and could lead to prosthetic limbs and robots that move more efficiently.
New evidence shows how chronic stress predisposes brain to mental disorders
(Medical Xpress)—University of California, Berkeley, researchers have shown that chronic stress generates long-term changes in the brain that may explain why people suffering chronic stress are prone to mental problems such as anxiety and mood disorders later in life.
Brain implants may help the injured who suffer memory loss
(Medical Xpress)—Focusing on ways to treat people who have suffered memory loss through head trauma, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) wants to examine possibilities for recovery by means of brain implants. Might such implants be the answer for wounded soldiers who suffer memory loss from trauma? That is an avenue of research being explored. Implantable probes may possibly reverse memory loss caused by brain injury. A research initiative would help those who were wounded recover "task-based motor skills" necessary for daily living. Geoff Ling, a physician and deputy director of DARPA's Defense Sciences Office, said brain implants might enable people to recall how to drive cars, tie their shoes and eventually operate machinery, according to a detailed report from Bloomberg about DARPA's interest in brain implants.
Aspirin and resveratrol could prevent cancer by killing tetraploid cells, research shows
(Medical Xpress)—Aspirin and resveratrol kill tetraploid cells in mice and humans, according to a study by Guido Kroemer of the Gustave Roussy Institute in Villejuif, France and his colleagues. Precancerous lesions often contain tetraploid cells; aspirin and resveratrol could help prevent cancer by eradicating these cells. The research appears in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Biology news
Smaller meals more times per day may curb obesity in cats
Just as with people, feline obesity is most often linked to excessive food intake or not enough physical activity. Attempts to cut back on calories alone often result in failed weight loss or weight regain in both people and their pets.
Good risk communication, safer food
Food scare make authorities uneasy. In previous cases, national food safety agencies have not always known how to react, making the public wary. For example, in 2011, the German health authorities incorrectly linked the deadly E. coli outbreak to cucumbers from Spanish greenhouses. The ensuing panic saw consumers across Europe shun fruit and vegetables. This caused EU farmers to lose millions of euro in revenue per week as produce rotted in their fields and warehouses.
Danish animal welfare group backs zoo's giraffe killing
Denmark's largest animal welfare charity said Tuesday it supported a Copenhagen zoo's decision to kill a healthy giraffe and feed it to lions in front of children.
US bans commercial ivory trade
The United States banned the commercial trade of elephant ivory on Tuesday as part of a new drive to help African countries stem the rising threat to wildlife from poachers.
Hidden crop pest threat to poorer nations revealed
The abundance of crop pests in developing countries may be greatly underestimated, posing a significant threat to some of the world's most important food producing nations, according to research led by the University of Exeter.
Closely-watched GM farm case begins in Australia
An Australian farmer who lost his organic produce licence has taken his neighbour to court over contamination from his genetically modified canola crop in a closely-watched test case.
Oil and gas field development may affect Wyoming pronghorn population
University of Wyoming scientists in the Department of Ecosystem Science and Management and Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit are collaborating with a number of organizations in one of the largest studies of pronghorn and their declining population numbers.
Study shows flowers powered the woolly mammoth
The Ice Age home of the woolly mammoth was carpeted in a sea of flowers that nourished the mega-beasts tens of thousands of years ago, according to new University of Alberta research.
Better broccoli, enhanced anti-cancer benefits with longer shelf life
While researching methods to increase the already well-recognized anti-cancer properties of broccoli, researchers at the University of Illinois also found a way to prolong the vegetable's shelf life.
Demon shrimp threaten British species
A species of shrimp, dubbed the 'demon shrimp,' which was previously unknown in British waters, are attacking and eating native shrimp and disrupting the food chain in some of our rivers and lakes. The problem is contributing to the cost of Invasive non-native species (INNS) to the British economy, which is estimated at a total annual cost of approximately £1.7 billion.
Rare algae hides in plain sight
Two marine biologists have found a red algae species that resembles a branching coral.
School kids name new reef fish
Primary school children in Sydney have named a newly identified species of reef fish, recently described by a University of Sydney ichthyologist.
Studies show how copycat feeders benefit by imitating their competitors
(Phys.org) —Biologists from Trinity College Dublin have shown that individuals with very different, ingrained approaches to trying new foods are influenced by the presence and actions of rivals eating those same new foods.
Fish living near the equator will not thrive in the warmer oceans of the future
According to an international team of researchers, the rapid pace of climate change is threatening the future presence of fish near the equator.
Revolutionary new view on heritability in plants
Complex heritable traits are not only determined by changes in the DNA sequence. Scientists from the University of Groningen Bioinformatics Centre, together with their French colleagues, have shown that epigenetic marks can affect traits such as flowering time and architecture in plants. Furthermore, these marks are passed on for many generations in a stable manner. Their results were published in Science Express on Thursday, 6 February 2014. It seems that a revision of Genetics textbooks is now in order.
New GM corn gets controversial EU go-ahead (Update)
A new genetically modified corn, US firm Pioneer's TC1507, won EU approval in controversial fashion Tuesday after a large majority of member states failed to block it.
Urban bees using plastic to build hives
Once the snow melts, Canada's bee population will be back in business—pollinating, making honey and keeping busy doing bee things. For at least two urban bee species, that means making nests out of plastic waste.
Hacking the environment: bringing biodiversity hardware into the open
New technologies are changing the way we collect biodiversity data. Data that once required taking expensive, bulky and fragile equipment on field trips can now be collected on cheap, compact and robust devices. In a recent paper in the Biodiversity Data Journal the construction of an environmental data-logger using the Arduino platform is described. It is hoped that this work will encourage the adoption of new data collection technologies by biodiversity scientists and foster new collaborations with both electronics hobbyists and electronics engineers who have an interest in biodiversity.
First observation of a human HAT, key proteins in numerous pathologies
Researchers at IRB Barcelona, BSC, and the University of Bern observe the first structure of a human HAT at low resolution. HAT amino acid transporters are involved in pathologies such as aminoacidurias, cancer, viral infections and cocaine addiction. The breakthrough published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science allows researchers to delve into the functions of HATs and to address the rational drug design of inhibitors.
Man's best friend equally adapted to high altitudes of Tibet
As humans have expanded into new environments and civilizations, man's best friend, dogs, have been faithful companions at their sides. Now, with DNA sequencing technology readily available to examine the dog genome, scientists are gaining new insights into canine evolution.
Study finds crocodile tree-climbing and -basking behavior
When most people envision crocodiles, they think of them waddling on the ground or wading in water—not climbing trees. However, a University of Tennessee, Knoxville, study has found that the reptiles can climb trees as far as the crowns.
First 3-D movies of living sperm
To improve their chances of success, in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics need to assess the viability of the sperm they use. Now doctors may soon have a new technique to help them sort the good sperm cells from the less viable ones: a tracking system, developed by a team of researchers from four European institutions, that takes 3-D movies of living sperm. In addition to showing the sperm's movement and behavior in real time, the novel method simultaneously provides detailed 3-D imaging of the sperm's form and structure to detect potential infertility-causing anomalies, such as the "bent tail" that prevents the cells from swimming straight.
Mystery of bottle gourd migration to Americas solved
(Phys.org) —A team with members from several institutions in the U.S. has finally set to rest the mystery of how the bottle gourd found its way to the Americas. In their paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team explains that new DNA analysis has revealed that the bottle gourd made its way to South America by floating over from Africa.
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