Nature contents: 12 November 2013

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 503 Number 7475      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                 Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Specials - Outlook: The Spine     Every year about a quarter of a million people suffer a spinal-cord injury. The consequences of such an injury can be devastating, with lifelong paralysis and economic burdens. Advances in healthcare — from stem-cell therapy and neuro-regenerative drugs to high-tech exoskeletons — can reduce pain and restore mobility. ▼ more       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Sound and heat revolutions in phononics   Phonons — quantum units of energy or 'quasiparticles' associated with sound and heat — could become the foundation for the next technological revolution. A review in this week's Nature outlines developments that have enabled the precise manipulation of sound and heat. Like photons and electrons, phonons can be treated as particles, and so can be harnessed and manipulated. Martin Maldovan discusses several approaches for controlling phonons at different length scales; for example, as phononic crystals, metamaterials, thermoelectrics and optomechanical devices. These advances may lead to practical phononic devices for applications such as earthquake protection, acoustics and heat management.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors   The fireball that streaked across the skies above Chelyabinsk in Russia on 15 February 2013 is providing astronomers with a wealth of information. Peter Brown et al. analysed the damage caused by the airburst which they estimate was equivalent in energy to the detonation of 400 to 600 kilotons of TNT. They suggest that the number of impactors with diameters of tens of metres was an order of magnitude higher than was expected from such a meteor. This means there may be many more bodies out there in space that could cause similar — or bigger — fireballs here on Earth.           The Kavli Prize is accepting nominations September 1 - December 1, 2013 The Kavli Prize honors scientists for their outstanding research & seminal advances in astrophysics, nanoscience & neuroscience. A prize in each field consists of a scroll, medal & cash award of US $1 million. Prize recipients will be announced in 2014. For more information: http://www.kavliprize.no/           Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   The earliest known holometabolous insects   The discovery of a group of previously unknown insect species that lived around 300 million years ago reveals a remarkable level of diversity in early insect populations. When many people think of ancient insects, large dragonfly-like creatures come to mind. But living in the shadows of these giants were the smaller insects identified by André Nel and colleagues, who suggest that these specimens were previously overlooked because they are quite hard to make out. The newly recognized species include early examples of the groups that would one day evolve into beetles, true bugs and hymenopterans — the ants, bees and wasps.       Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: a way to treat infection when antibiotics fail, why large groups are best at improving social skills, and why scientists are mimicking the effects of traumatic brain injury.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top               THIS WEEK           Editorials                   Precautionary measures ▶     Major African campaigns targeting malaria and HIV could help millions, but key concerns over their long-term effects should not be forgotten.             Data deadline ▶     Time is running out to comment on the NIH's plan for sharing genomic data.             Keep asking ▶     Prejudice, not evidence, is too often the basis for government drug policies.             World View                   Review by quality not quantity for better policy ▶     Global assessments need to adopt more rigorous and focused processes for collation and review, says William J. Sutherland.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 8–14 November 2013 ▶     The week in science: Record storm ravages Philippines; open-genome effort comes to the UK; and the United States proposes a ban on artificial trans-fats.             NEWS IN FOCUS           Large NIH projects cut ▶     Budget woes force institutes to scrutinize expensive, non-competitive programmes.             Warsaw talks to thrash out UN climate roadmap ▶     Costs of reducing emissions may be flashpoints in path towards 2015 Paris treaty.             Physicists plan to build a bigger LHC ▶     Accelerator ring would be 100 kilometres around and run at seven times the energy of the Large Hadron Collider.             Mars mission set for launch ▶     NASA's MAVEN orbiter aims to unravel the mystery of the red planet's missing atmosphere.             Social scientists hit back at grant rules ▶     Researchers seek to fend off restrictions on National Science Foundation grant programmes.             Preprints come to life ▶     A dedicated website for sharing biology papers before peer review leaves journals divided.             Features                   AIDS prevention: Africa's circumcision challenge ▶     To combat the spread of HIV, health officials plan to circumcise 20 million men in Africa, but some have concerns about the aftermath.             Malaria: A race against resistance ▶     Several African nations could strike a major blow against malaria by sacrificing the efficacy of some older drugs. Can they make it work?             COMMENT           Parasitic infections: Time to tackle cryptosporidiosis ▶     The little-studied parasite Cryptosporidium is a major threat to infants. Boris Striepen calls on microbiologists and funders to give it more attention.             Global change: Ecology must evolve ▶     Tackling global problems requires a fresh approach, argues Georgina Mace, as the British Ecological Society celebrates its centenary.             Books and Arts                   Human behaviour: Bending minds, building medicine ▶     Andrew Robinson assesses two studies on the culture, biology and chemistry of psychotropic substances.             Books in brief ▶             Synthetic biology: The second creation ▶     Anthony King finds himself on some of the wilder shores of synthetic biology at Dublin's Science Gallery.             Ornithology: World wide wings ▶     Stuart Pimm joyously clicks his way through an ornithological classic as it goes online.             Correspondence                   Impact: Akin to quantifying dreams Jim Woodgett | Impact: Take peer review into account E. Tobias Krause | Impact: China needs to review its metrics Xiangyu Ma, Zhiyuan Song | Research infrastructure: US shutdown should spur other nations Julio Licinio, Ma-Li Wong | Antarctic: Riding shutdowns in developing world P. J. Nico de Bruyn | Communication: Science is not about simple stories Jeroen Bergmann             Correction                   Correction ▶                 How your nucleic acid makes its way through the lab! Eppendorf offers a wide range of instruments, accessories and consumables to handle your nucleic acid in the lab Our systems can not only be used for automated or manual purification and quantification of your sample, the equipment can also be used to prepare your set-up and run the PCR. Experience a special treatment of your sample.         Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Human evolution: Group size determines cultural complexity ▶     Peter Richerson             Antibiotics: Killing the survivors ▶     Kenn Gerdes, Hanne Ingmer             Activated ClpP kills persisters and eradicates a chronic biofilm infection ▶     B. P. Conlon, E. S. Nakayasu, L. E. Fleck et al.     Dormant bacterial persister cells evade antibiotic destruction and their survival gives rise to some chronic infections; this study reveals that persister cells can be eradicated with a compound activating the bacterial protease ClpP, providing an effective biofilm treatment in vitro and in mouse chronic infection models.             A chain mechanism for flagellum growth ▶     Lewis D. B. Evans, Simon Poulter, Eugene M. Terentjev et al.     Growth of a flagellum outside the bacterial cell proceeds by successive subunit acquisition from the cell export machinery to form a chain that is pulled to the flagellum tip, where subunit crystallization provides the entropic force to drive the process.             The protein quality control system manages plant defence compound synthesis ▶     Jacob Pollier, Tessa Moses, Miguel González-Guzmán et al.     Plants defend themselves against attackers by producing bioactive secondary metabolites such as triterpene saponins; here, the endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) system is shown to control the activity of HMGR, the rate-limiting enzyme in the supply of the terpene precursor isopentenyl diphosphate, thereby preventing unrestrained saponin production and ensuring the integrity of plant development.             Chromatin connectivity maps reveal dynamic promoter–enhancer long-range associations ▶     Yubo Zhang, Chee-Hong Wong, Ramon Y. Birnbaum et al.     A chromatin interaction analysis with paired-end tagging (ChIA-PET) approach is used to delineate chromatin interactions mediated by RNA polymerase II in several different stem-cell populations; putative long-range promoter–enhancer interactions are inferred, indicating that linear juxtaposition does not necessarily guide enhancer target selection and prevalent cell-specific enhancer usage.             Themis sets the signal threshold for positive and negative selection in T-cell development ▶     Guo Fu, Javier Casas, Stephanie Rigaud et al.     This work shows that the Themis protein has a critical role in positive and negative thymocyte selection by dampening responses to low-affinity ligands but without affecting responses to high-affinity ligands, thus enabling positive selection of weakly self-reactive thymocytes.             Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells ▶     Yukihiro Furusawa, Yuuki Obata, Shinji Fukuda et al.     The gut microbial metabolite butyrate is shown to induce the differentiation of colonic T regulatory cells in mice and to ameliorate the development of colitis; it also increases histone H3 acetylation at the Foxp3 promoter.             Dysfunctional nitric oxide signalling increases risk of myocardial infarction ▶     Jeanette Erdmann, Klaus Stark, Ulrike B. Esslinger et al.     Two private, heterozygous mutations in two functionally related genes, GUCY1A3 and CCT7, are identified in an extended family with myocardial infarction; these genes encode proteins that work together to inhibit platelet activation after nitric oxide stimulation, suggesting a link between impaired nitric oxide signalling and myocardial infarction risk.             The heterotaxy gene GALNT11 glycosylates Notch to orchestrate cilia type and laterality ▶     Marko T. Boskovski, Shiaulou Yuan, Nis Borbye Pedersen et al.     The O-glycosylation enzyme Galnt11 has an important role in heterotaxy, a disorder of left–right body patterning or laterality: Galnt11 modulates Notch signalling which alters cilia types at the embryonic left–right organizer, therefore determining laterality.             Antidiabetic effects of glucokinase regulatory protein small-molecule disruptors ▶     David J. Lloyd, David J. St Jean Jr, Robert J. M. Kurzeja et al.     Two small-molecule disruptors of the glucokinase–glucokinase-regulatory-protein complex, AMG-1694 and AMG-3969, are identified that decrease blood glucose levels in various models of hyperglycaemic rodents.             Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation ▶     Nicholas Arpaia, Clarissa Campbell, Xiying Fan et al.     In mice, provision of butyrate—a short-chain fatty acid produced by commensal microorganisms during starch fermentation—facilitates extrathymic generation and differentiation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, demonstrating that metabolic by-products are sensed by cells of the immune system and affect the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cells.             Experimental evidence for the influence of group size on cultural complexity ▶     Maxime Derex, Marie-Pauline Beugin, Bernard Godelle et al.     A dual-task computer game played by groups of different sizes is used to show that cultural evolution (the maintenance or improvement of cultural knowledge) strongly depends on population size; in larger groups of players, higher cultural complexity and cultural trait diversity are maintained, and improvements to existing cultural traits are more frequent.             Articles and Letters                   Dedifferentiation of committed epithelial cells into stem cells in vivo  ▶     Purushothama Rao Tata, Hongmei Mou, Ana Pardo-Saganta et al.     Using in vivo lineage tracing in mice and sorted cells in culture, the ability of stably committed cells to dedifferentiate into basal stem cells in the mouse trachea is investigated: the findings suggest that the dedifferentiation of committed cell types into stem cells may contribute generally to regeneration in higher vertebrates in different organ and injury contexts.             Therapeutic efficacy of potent neutralizing HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies in SHIV-infected rhesus monkeys ▶     Dan H. Barouch, James B. Whitney, Brian Moldt et al.     Treatment of SHIV-infected monkeys with potent broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies resulted in rapid control of viral replication in both peripheral blood and tissues; viral rebound was linked to decreasing antibody concentrations and not the generation of escape mutations, and setpoint viral load following viral rebound remained lower than the initial baseline viral load.             RNA catalyses nuclear pre-mRNA splicing ▶     Sebastian M. Fica, Nicole Tuttle, Thaddeus Novak et al.     The spliceosome is shown to catalyse splicing through the RNA and not the protein components of the spliceosome; pre-messenger RNA splicing requires U6 snRNA acting by a mechanism similar to that used by group II self-splicing introns.             The earliest known holometabolous insects ▶     André Nel, Patrick Roques, Patricia Nel et al.     Fossils of four insects and one larva from the Carboniferous Pennsylvanian epoch are described; these are very small relative to other known Palaeozoic-era insects, and reveal a previously unknown diversity of early eumetabolan insects, although the lineage radiated more successfully only after the mass extinctions at the end of the Permian period.             Feature detection and orientation tuning in the Drosophila central complex ▶     Johannes D. Seelig, Vivek Jayaraman     Two-photon calcium imaging experiments reveal that ring neurons in the Drosophila central complex represent visual features and show direction-selective orientation tuning, resembling simple cells in mammalian primary visual cortex; future fly studies may enhance our understanding of circuit computations underlying visually guided action selection.             SHANK3 and IGF1 restore synaptic deficits in neurons from 22q13 deletion syndrome patients ▶     Aleksandr Shcheglovitov, Olesya Shcheglovitova, Masayuki Yazawa et al.     Deletions of chromosome 22q13.3 cause Phelan–McDermid syndrome (PMDS), a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with autism; here induced pluripotent stem cells from PMDS patients with autism are used to produce neurons, they are shown to have reduced SHANK3 expression and a defect in excitatory synaptic transmission which can be restored either by increasing SHANK3 or with insulin-like growth factor 1.             Paneth cells as a site of origin for intestinal inflammation ▶     Timon E. Adolph, Michal F. Tomczak, Lukas Niederreiter et al.     Variation in ATG16L1, a protein involved in autophagy, confers risk for Crohn's disease, but mice with hypomorphic ATG16L1 activity do not develop spontaneous intestinal inflammation; this study shows that autophagy compensates for endoplasmic reticulum stress — common in inflammatory bowel disease epithelium — specifically in Paneth cells, with Crohn's-disease-like inflammation of the ileum originating from this cell type when both pathways are compromised.             Antibody-mediated immunotherapy of macaques chronically infected with SHIV suppresses viraemia ▶     Masashi Shingai, Yoshiaki Nishimura, Florian Klein et al.     A new generation of broad and potent anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibodies has recently been isolated; co-administration of two such antibodies is shown here to result in rapid and potent suppression of plasma viraemia in five chronically SHIV-infected macaques that lasts for several weeks.             Inhibitory signalling to the Arp2/3 complex steers cell migration ▶     Irene Dang, Roman Gorelik, Carla Sousa-Blin et al.     A new protein, Arpin, is identified that inhibits the Arp2/3 complex and controls cell migration by decreasing cell speed and the directional persistence of migration; this inhibitory circuit is under the control of the small GTPase Rac1, and Arpin depletion causes faster lamellipodia protrusion and increased cell migration.             Directional tissue migration through a self-generated chemokine gradient ▶     Erika Donà, Joseph D. Barry, Guillaume Valentin et al.     It is widely accepted that migrating cells and tissues navigate along pre-patterned chemoattractant gradients; here it is shown that migrating tissues can also determine their own direction by generating local gradients of chemokine activity, via polarized receptor-mediated internalization, that are sufficient to ensure robust collective migration.             A high-resolution map of the three-dimensional chromatin interactome in human cells ▶     Fulai Jin, Yan Li, Jesse R. Dixon et al.     A novel approach to analyse high-depth Hi-C data provides a comprehensive chromatin interaction map at approximately 5–10 kb resolution in human fibroblasts; this reveals that TNF-α-responsive enhancers are already in contact with target promoters before signalling and that this chromatin looping is a strong predictor of gene induction.             Structural basis for modulation of a G-protein-coupled receptor by allosteric drugs ▶     Ron O. Dror, Hillary F. Green, Celine Valant et al.     Binding modes and molecular mechanisms of several allosteric modulators of a prototypical G-protein-coupled receptor are revealed using atomic-level simulations and validated by the rational design of a modulator with substantially altered effects.             News & Views                   Biochemistry: Metal ghosts in the splicing machine ▶     Scott A. Strobel             Stem cells: Differentiated cells in a back-up role ▶     Tushar J. Desai, Mark A. Krasnow             Biodiversity: The ecological deficit ▶     Andrew Gonzalez             HIV: Antibodies advance the search for a cure ▶     Louis J. Picker, Steven G. Deeks             Human evolution: Group size determines cultural complexity ▶     Peter Richerson             Antibiotics: Killing the survivors ▶     Kenn Gerdes, Hanne Ingmer             Research Highlights                   Archaeology: Burials indicate Viking sacrifices | Cancer: Breast-cancer mutations found | Regenerative medicine: Embryo protein has healing power | Inflammatory disease: Sun synchronizes immune system | Medical microbiology: Gut microbes linked to arthritis | Virology: New flu virus found in bats         NEWS & COMMENT           Precautionary measures | Data deadline | AIDS prevention: Africa's circumcision challenge | Malaria: A race against resistance | Parasitic infections: Time to tackle cryptosporidiosis | Global change: Ecology must evolve | Human behaviour: Bending minds, building medicine | Synthetic biology: The second creation | Ornithology: World wide wings | Preprints come to life             More Biological Sciences ▶                 Frontiers are launching a new collaborative peer review forum   We are excited to announce that we will be launching a new collaborative peer-review forum where referees and authors work together to improve the paper until consensus is met. Our new peer-review forum will provide online-tools and increased efficiency to ensure a transparent and fast review process.   Follow us for more information! We'll be posting updates about the launch on Twitter and Facebook          Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Stereoinversion of tertiary alcohols to tertiary-alkyl isonitriles and amines ▶     Sergey V. Pronin, Christopher A. Reiher, Ryan A. Shenvi           NEWS & COMMENT           Warsaw talks to thrash out UN climate roadmap             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Perovskite oxides for visible-light-absorbing ferroelectric and photovoltaic materials ▶     Ilya Grinberg, D. Vincent West, Maria Torres et al.     Most known ferroelectric photovoltaic materials have very wide electronic bandgaps (that is, they absorb only high-energy photons) but here a family of perovskite oxides is described that have tunable bandgaps, allowing their use across the whole visible-light spectrum.             Baryons in the relativistic jets of the stellar-mass black-hole candidate 4U 1630-47 ▶     María Díaz Trigo, James C. A. Miller-Jones, Simone Migliari et al.     Doppler-shifted X-ray emission lines from highly-ionized atoms, appearing together with radio emission from the relativistic jets of the black-hole candidate X-ray binary 4U 1630-47, indicate that the X-ray emission lines arise in a jet travelling at approximately two-thirds the speed of light and imply that the jet contains baryons.             A chain mechanism for flagellum growth ▶     Lewis D. B. Evans, Simon Poulter, Eugene M. Terentjev et al.     Growth of a flagellum outside the bacterial cell proceeds by successive subunit acquisition from the cell export machinery to form a chain that is pulled to the flagellum tip, where subunit crystallization provides the entropic force to drive the process.             Articles and Letters                   The trajectory, structure and origin of the Chelyabinsk asteroidal impactor ▶     Jiří Borovička, Pavel Spurný, Peter Brown et al.     Analysis of video records of the Chelyabinsk superbolide of 15 February 2013 show that its orbit was sufficiently similar to the orbit of asteroid 86039 (1999 NC43) to suggest that the two were once part of the same object.             A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors ▶     P. G. Brown, J. D. Assink, L. Astiz et al.     The damage caused by the asteroid 17–20 metres in diameter that exploded over Chelyabinsk, Russia, on 15 February 2013 is estimated here to have an energy equivalent to about 500 kilotons of TNT.             Stabilizing the magnetic moment of single holmium atoms by symmetry ▶     Toshio Miyamachi, Tobias Schuh, Tobias Märkl et al.     Single magnetic atoms on non-magnetic surfaces have magnetic moments that are usually destabilized within a microsecond, too speedily to be useful, but here the magnetic moments of single holmium atoms on a highly conductive metallic substrate can reach lifetimes of the order of minutes.             Guided hierarchical co-assembly of soft patchy nanoparticles ▶     André H. Gröschel, Andreas Walther, Tina I. Löbling et al.     Different polymers can be used in combination to produce coexisting nanoparticles of different symmetry and tailored to co-assemble into well-ordered binary and ternary hierarchical structures.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Sound and heat revolutions in phononics ▶     Martin Maldovan     The phonon is the physical particle responsible for the transmission of sound and heat; controlling the properties of phonons in materials could trigger many advances, which are reviewed here.             News & Views                   Applied physics: A cascade laser's random walk ▶     Hui Cao, Stafford W. Sheehan             Solar System: Russian skyfall ▶     Natalia Artemieva             Quantum physics: The right ambience for a single spin ▶     Michael E. Flatté             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Stereoinversion of tertiary alcohols to tertiary-alkyl isonitriles and amines ▶     Sergey V. Pronin, Christopher A. Reiher, Ryan A. Shenvi             Research Highlights                   Physics: Traffic jams follow the laws of physics | Cryptography: Keeping quantum secrets         NEWS & COMMENT           Warsaw talks to thrash out UN climate roadmap | Ornithology: World wide wings | Physicists plan to build a bigger LHC | Mars mission set for launch             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Evidence for high salinity of Early Cretaceous sea water from the Chesapeake Bay crater ▶     Ward E. Sanford, Michael W. Doughten, Tyler B. Coplen et al.     Chemical, isotopic and physical evidence indicate that some of the groundwater in the Chesapeake Bay crater is remnant Early Cretaceous North Atlantic sea water, probably 100–145 million years old, with an average salinity of about 70‰, which is twice that of modern sea water.             News & Views                   Solar System: Russian skyfall ▶     Natalia Artemieva             Research Highlights                   Climate sciences: Economic link to global warming | Seismology: Injected gas makes Earth rumble         NEWS & COMMENT           Global change: Ecology must evolve | Warsaw talks to thrash out UN climate roadmap | Mars mission set for launch             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶               Specials - Nature Outlook: The Spine Free Access ▲top               The spine ▶     Mike May             Sensation and loss ▶     An injury to the spine — the long bony assemblage that supports the upper body and the spinal cord that carries nerve signals — can be grim and costly. By Bill Cannon.             Stem cells: A time to heal ▶     The first stem-cell therapies for spinal cord injuries are already being tested in clinical studies, but scientific and political uncertainty remain.             Regenerative medicine: Rebuilding the backbone ▶     Surgeons can help fix damaged vertebrae, but could an infusion of cells in a bioengineered material grow to replace a damaged spinal column?             Drug development: Chemical brace ▶     Drugs to protect vulnerable neurons and encourage neural circuits to reform could one day improve the outlook for patients with acute spinal cord trauma.             Perspective: Protecting the neck ▶     Better data and technology could prevent many devastating injuries, says Peter Cripton.             Emergency medicine: The need for speed ▶     Minimizing the damage done by an injury to the spinal cord requires fast action and advanced technology.             Technology: Mobility machines ▶     Mechanical suits known as exoskeletons can help people with spinal cord injuries stand up and walk away from their wheelchairs — but not without training.             Perspective: Avoiding injury ▶     There are easy ways to reduce the odds of suffering a life-changing injury, says Sara Klaas.         Sponsors             nature.com webcasts Macmillan Science Communication presents a custom webcast on: Investigation of chromosomal microarray analysis as the successor to prenatal karyotyping   Listen on demand, to this free webcast    Sponsored by: Agilent          Careers & Jobs ▲top               Fieldwork: The great outdoors ▶     Field stations offer sophisticated facilities and opportunities for large-scale research.                   Fast-tracked talent ▶     Expediting visa approval helps countries to attract the best researchers, says Conor O'Carroll.             Careers related news & comment                   Seven days: 8–14 November 2013 | Ornithology: World wide wings Stuart Pimm | Impact: Take peer review into account E. Tobias Krause | Impact: China needs to review its metrics Xiangyu Ma, Zhiyuan Song | Antarctic: Riding shutdowns in developing world P. J. Nico de Bruyn | Communication: Science is not about simple stories Jeroen Bergmann | Correction | Large NIH projects cut Sara Reardon | Social scientists hit back at grant rules Sarah Zhang               naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Associate Professor     The University of Nottingham            Post-Doctoral Research Associate     University of Arizona            Research Associate     University College London (UCL)            UCD Research Fellow Level 1 or 2     University College Dublin          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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