Nature contents: 03 October 2013

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 502 Number 7469      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.               New Hamamatsu cameras for microscopy. The new ImagEM X2 is a completely redesigned and faster EM-CCD camera, delivering 70 fps imaging. It also features extremely low dark current and high signal-to-noise values for quantitative, ultralow light imaging. The new ORCA-Flash4.0 V2 scientific CMOS camera has a readout mode for light sheet microscopy, two scan speeds, and two interfaces (USB 3.0 and Camera Link).       Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Supervolcanoes within an ancient volcanic province in Arabia Terra, Mars   The geological evolution of Mars is a story of volcanic activity. About 70% of the planet's crust was resurfaced by basaltic volcanism, but a much of that volcanic material is from unknown sources. Josesh Michalski and Jacob Bleacher have examined the densely cratered Arabia Terra region in the northern hemisphere and conclude that it is a previously unrecognized ancient volcanic province, once home to supervolcanoes similar to those found on the Earth.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Deterministic direct reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency   Adult cells can be reprogrammed as induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells with the potential to differentiate into many mature cell types, through the expression of different transcription factors. Until now this process has been inefficient. Now Jacob Hanna and co-workers have changed all that. They demonstrate that Mbd3 - a component of a repressor complex called NuRD - is a molecular roadblock to pluripotency. Abolish Mbd3 expression, and suddenly 100% efficient conversion to iPS cells becomes a reality.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Life history trade-offs at a single locus maintain sexually selected genetic variation   Males often deploy showy ornaments in the hope of attracting females. If these ornaments are advantageous, surely they should soon go to fixation? But no, there is always some genetic variation in the size or showiness of the display trait. This study offers a disarmingly simple explanation: a trade-off between reproduction and survival. Soay rams with big horns attract more mates and have most reproductive success - but rams with small horns live longer.       Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: This week, how some of Mars' craters came from super volcanoes, why scientific myths spread and stick around, and a particle accelerator on a chip. in our latest video feature scientists find evidence for volcanic eruptions of unprecedented scale on the surface of the red planet         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top               THIS WEEK           Editorials                   Science without borders ▶     The idea of standardizing science and removing barriers to research mobility across Europe is simple, but putting it into practice has proved more challenging.             Dangerous work ▶     Behavioural geneticists must tread carefully to prevent their research being misinterpreted.             Cross the road ▶     Research on chickens is legitimate — but scientists and funders must learn to justify it.             World View                   The Anthropocene could raise biological diversity ▶     Humanity has wrought an age of ecological transformations. It is time to rethink our irrational dislike of invading species, argues Chris D. Thomas.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 27 September–3 October 2013 ▶     The week in science: Island appears after Pakistan quake, MacArthur Foundation announces 'genius' grants for 2013, and Spain's 2014 budget offers small boost to science.             NEWS IN FOCUS           US government shuts down ▶     Research disrupted as lawmakers spar over funding.             Geologists take drill to Triassic park ▶     Arizona rock core to yield coherent picture of turbulent period.             Overhauls set scientists on edge ▶     Australian government axes carbon tax and designated science minister, but says it will not cut research funding.             Uncertainty on trial ▶     Former US drug-company chief appeals conviction for fraud over interpretation of results.             Rethinking particle dynamics ▶     Theoretical physicists are pursuing competing ways to calculate how particles interact.             Pharma scrambles to fast-track drugs ▶     'Breakthrough therapy' status is much sought after, but there is confusion about its definition and impact.             Features                   Astrometry: Europe's star power ▶     The Gaia spacecraft will soon launch on a mission to chart the heavens in unprecedented detail.             Ethics: Taboo genetics ▶     Probing the biological basis of certain traits ignites controversy. But some scientists choose to cross the red line anyway.             COMMENT           Seismic hazards: Seconds count ▶     The United States should install an earthquake early-warning system now — and before the next big one hits, says Richard Allen.             History: Great myths die hard ▶     Finding that part of the story of Louis Pasteur's rabies vaccine is false, Héloïse Dufour and Sean Carroll explore how science fables are born, spread and die.             Books and Arts                   Psychology: Improbable heroes ▶     Philip Ball finds much to engage and surprise in Malcolm Gladwell's study of power and how it is misinterpreted.             Books in brief ▶             Mathematics: Proof of passion ▶     Marcus du Sautoy is enthralled by a personal journey into mathematics centring on the Langlands program.             Q&A: Textile technologist ▶     London's Victoria and Albert Museum holds more than 100,000 textile pieces. From next week, all tapestries, lace, kimonos and more not on display will be stored in the new Clothworkers' Centre for the Study and Conservation of Textiles and Fashion. Head conservator Sandra Smith talks about fabric-feasting insects, gas-emitting sequins and leaky, sticky PVC dresses.             Correspondence                   Reducing emissions: Keep Australia's carbon pricing Frank Jotzo | Carbon emissions: Learn from China's local pilot schemes Xufeng Zhu | Health care: Better drug access for terminal patients David A. Brindley, Richard W. Barker, Peter J. Lachmann | Development: Big data for a sustainable future Hubert Gijzen | History: Great scientists and society Simon Vaughan                 Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Cancer: Killing from the inside ▶     Paul Saftig, Konrad Sandhoff             Cell biology: Molecular clearance at the cell's antenna ▶     Valentina Cianfanelli, Francesco Cecconi             Crystal structure of a Na+-bound Na+,K+-ATPase preceding the E1P state ▶     Ryuta Kanai, Haruo Ogawa, Bente Vilsen et al.     X-ray crystal structures of Na+,K+-ATPase in a transition state that precedes the phosphorylated intermediate are described, showing how this ATPase functions as a Na+-specific pump.             Odour receptors and neurons for DEET and new insect repellents ▶     Pinky Kain, Sean Michael Boyle, Sana Khalid Tharadra et al.     The olfactory receptors and neurons that recognize the insect repellent DEET have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster, enabling identification of new insect repellents in a chemical screen and offering another research avenue against diseases transmitted by insects.             Functional interaction between autophagy and ciliogenesis ▶     Olatz Pampliega, Idil Orhon, Bindi Patel et al.     The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that functions in sensory and signal transduction; here the authors show that the primary cilium is required for activation of starvation-induced autophagy and that basal autophagy negatively regulates ciliogenesis.             Microbial production of short-chain alkanes ▶     Yong Jun Choi, Sang Yup Lee     Microbes have already been engineered to produce diesel fuels, and now the microbial production of components of petrol (gasoline) including short-chain alkanes has been achieved using Escherichia coli strains metabolically engineered with components of fatty acid biosynthesis pathways.             Diabetic hyperglycaemia activates CaMKII and arrhythmias by O-linked glycosylation ▶     Jeffrey R. Erickson, Laetitia Pereira, Lianguo Wang et al.     CaMKII is known to be pathologically activated in heart failure and arrhythmias; here it is shown that glucose-induced CaMKII activation via O-linked glycosylation might contribute to cardiac pathology in diabetes.             Synthetic non-oxidative glycolysis enables complete carbon conservation ▶     Igor W. Bogorad, Tzu-Shyang Lin, James C. Liao     A non-oxidative, cyclic pathway—termed non-oxidative glycolysis—is designed and constructed that enables complete carbon conservation in sugar catabolism to acetyl-coenzyme A, and can be used to achieve a 100% carbon yield to fuels and chemicals.             A juvenile mouse pheromone inhibits sexual behaviour through the vomeronasal system ▶     David M. Ferrero, Lisa M. Moeller, Takuya Osakada et al.     ESP22, a new pheromone produced by juvenile mice before puberty and released through the tears, activates neurons in the vomeronasal organ and inhibits mating behaviour in adult males towards animals expressing this signal.             Paneth cells as a site of origin for intestinal inflammation ▶     Timon E. Adolph, Michal F. Tomczak, Lukas Niederreiter et al.     Variation in ATG16L1, a protein involved in autophagy, confers risk for Crohn's disease, but mice with hypomorphic ATG16L1 activity do not develop spontaneous intestinal inflammation; this study shows that autophagy compensates for endoplasmic reticulum stress — common in inflammatory bowel disease epithelium — specifically in Paneth cells, with Crohn's-disease-like inflammation of the ileum originating from this cell type when both pathways are compromised.             Autophagy promotes primary ciliogenesis by removing OFD1 from centriolar satellites ▶     Zaiming Tang, Mary Grace Lin, Timothy Richard Stowe et al.     The primary cilium is a microtubule-based organelle that functions in sensory and signal transduction; the authors demonstrate here that autophagic degradation of the oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 (OFD1) protein at centriolar satellites promotes primary cilium biogenesis, and that autophagy modulation might provide a novel means of ciliopathy treatment.             Cell intrinsic immunity spreads to bystander cells via the intercellular transfer of cGAMP ▶     Andrea Ablasser, Jonathan L. Schmid-Burgk, Inga Hemmerling et al.     The cytoplasmic DNA receptor cGAS catalyses the synthesis of the second messenger cGAMP, which in turn activates type I interferon via STING; this study shows that cGAMP is transmitted to neighbouring cells via gap junction channels and activates STING, thus inducing an antiviral state in these bystander cells independent of paracrine interferon signalling.             Articles and Letters                   Genomic organization of human transcription initiation complexes ▶     Bryan J. Venters, B. Franklin Pugh     The ChIP-exo technique is used to map the organization of transcription initiation complexes across the human genome at near-base-pair resolution; most of the transcription initiation complexes give rise to non-coding, non-polyadenylated RNA, indicating that pervasive non-coding transcription arise from specific promoters and is regulated.             Single-cell Hi-C reveals cell-to-cell variability in chromosome structure ▶     Takashi Nagano, Yaniv Lubling, Tim J. Stevens et al.     A novel genomic technique, single-cell Hi-C, detects thousands of simultaneous chromatin contacts in a single cell; this is used to show that individual chromosomes maintain domain organization at the megabase scale, but that chromosome structures vary from cell to cell at larger scales.             Deterministic direct reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency ▶     Yoach Rais, Asaf Zviran, Shay Geula et al.     This study shows that the combination of naive pluripotency growth conditions, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc (OSKM) overexpression, and depleting the Mbd3/NuRD co-repressor results in deterministic and synchronized reprogramming to pluripotency.             Life history trade-offs at a single locus maintain sexually selected genetic variation ▶     Susan E. Johnston, Jacob Gratten, Camillo Berenos et al.     Wild Soay sheep rams with large horns have more offspring, yet there is considerable genetic variation at RXFP2, a locus strongly implicated in horn size (with different alleles conferring either large or small horns); this study finds that although the larger horn allele leads to more offspring, the smaller horn allele leads to increased survival, meaning heterozygous rams (which develop medium-sized horns) have high reproductive success and survival, providing a rare example of heterozygote advantage.             Microbiota-liberated host sugars facilitate post-antibiotic expansion of enteric pathogens ▶     Katharine M. Ng, Jessica A. Ferreyra, Steven K. Higginbottom et al.     Antibiotic treatment disturbs the commensal microbiota and is often followed by infection with enteric pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium difficile; pathogen expansion is fuelled by antibiotic-driven accumulation of commensal-liberated host mucosal carbohydrates.             Immune clearance of highly pathogenic SIV infection ▶     Scott G. Hansen, Michael Piatak Jr, Abigail B. Ventura et al.     Cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) vaccinated with cytomegalovirus vectors expressing SIV proteins are able to stringently control highly pathogenic SIV infection, regardless of the route of challenge, after systemic spread; immunological and virological analyses of protected macaques followed for up to 3 years suggest that persistent immune surveillance by vaccine-elicited immune responses may have cleared the infection.             Podoplanin maintains high endothelial venule integrity by interacting with platelet CLEC-2 ▶     Brett H. Herzog, Jianxin Fu, Stephen J. Wilson et al.     A transmembrane O-glycoprotein podoplanin (PDPN) expressed on fibroblastic reticular cells is the activating ligand for platelet receptor CLEC-2; this interaction leads to perivenular release of sphingosine-1-phosphate and expression of VE-cadherin on high endothelial venules, a key process for the maintenance of vascular integrity in lymph nodes.             Cyclin A regulates kinetochore microtubules to promote faithful chromosome segregation ▶     Lilian Kabeche, Duane A. Compton     Cyclin A is shown to maintain unstable kinetochore–microtubule (k–MT) attachments in prometaphase in order to allow for error correction; at the prometaphase–metaphase switch, k-MT attachments are stabilized when cyclin A drops below threshold levels.             Transport dynamics in a glutamate transporter homologue ▶     Nurunisa Akyuz, Roger B. Altman, Scott C. Blanchard et al.     Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging of a bacterial glutamate transporter reveals how the transport domains move.             Unsynchronised subunit motion in single trimeric sodium-coupled aspartate transporters ▶     Guus B. Erkens, Inga Hänelt, Joris M. H. Goudsmits et al.     Glutamate transporters are integral membrane proteins that facilitate neurotransmitter uptake from the synaptic cleft into the cytoplasm of glial cells and neurons, the mechanism of transport involves transitions between extracellular- and intracellular-facing conformations; here the authors used single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging to directly observe conformational dynamics in trimers of a bacterial homologue of glutamate transporters that was embedded in the membrane.             Vinylogous chain branching catalysed by a dedicated polyketide synthase module ▶     Tom Bretschneider, Joel B. Heim, Daniel Heine et al.     This study shows the structural and biochemical characterization of a new type of polyketide synthase module that catalyses the vinylogous addition of a malonyl unit to an unsaturated thioester, generating a branch in the growing polyketide chain; this characterization provides a mechanism by which the structural diversity of polyketide natural products can be increased.             News & Views                   Stem cells: Close encounters with full potential ▶     Kyle M. Loh & Bing Lim             Enzymology: Modular biosynthesis branches out ▶     Craig A. Townsend             Biological techniques: Chromosomes captured one by one ▶     Job Dekker & Leonid Mirny             Cancer: Killing from the inside ▶     Paul Saftig, Konrad Sandhoff             Cell biology: Molecular clearance at the cell's antenna ▶     Valentina Cianfanelli, Francesco Cecconi             Erratum                   Erratum: Mechanism of MEK inhibition determines efficacy in mutant KRAS- versus BRAF-driven cancers ▶     Georgia Hatzivassiliou, Jacob R. Haling, Huifen Chen et al.             Research Highlights                   Neuroscience: Hunger neurons hunted out | Cancer: Tumour types have traits in common | Animal behaviour: Chimps ignore watching eyes         NEWS & COMMENT           Dangerous work | The Anthropocene could raise biological diversity | Uncertainty on trial | Ethics: Taboo genetics | History: Great myths die hard | Psychology: Improbable heroes | Health care: Better drug access for terminal patients | Geologists take drill to Triassic park | Pharma scrambles to fast-track drugs             More Biological Sciences ▶                 How your nucleic acid makes its way through the lab! Eppendorf offers a wide range of instruments, accessories and consumables to handle your nucleic acid in the lab Our systems can not only be used for automated or manual purification and quantification of your sample, the equipment can also be used to prepare your set-up and run the PCR. Experience a special treatment of your sample.         Chemical Sciences ▲top               News & Views                   Enzymology: Modular biosynthesis branches out ▶     Craig A. Townsend           NEWS & COMMENT           Carbon emissions: Learn from China's local pilot schemes             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Demonstration of electron acceleration in a laser-driven dielectric microstructure ▶     E. A. Peralta, K. Soong, R. J. England et al.     Acceleration of relativistic electrons in a dielectric laser accelerator at high electric field gradients is reported, setting the stage for the development of future multi-staged accelerators of this type.             Articles and Letters                   Supervolcanoes within an ancient volcanic province in Arabia Terra, Mars ▶     Joseph R. Michalski, Jacob E. Bleacher     Several irregularly shaped craters located within Arabia Terra, Mars, are interpreted as a new type of highland volcanic construct, similar to supervolcanoes on Earth, fundamentally changing the picture of ancient volcanism and climate evolution on Mars.             Attractive photons in a quantum nonlinear medium ▶     Ofer Firstenberg, Thibault Peyronel, Qi-Yu Liang et al.     By coupling light to strongly interacting atomic Rydberg states in a dispersive regime, it is possible to induce individual photons to travel as massive particles with strong mutual attraction, such that the propagation of photon pairs is dominated by a two-photon bound state.             Microscopic observation of magnon bound states and their dynamics ▶     Takeshi Fukuhara, Peter Schauß, Manuel Endres et al.     Bound states of elementary spin waves (magnons) have been predicted to occur in one-dimensional quantum magnets; the observation of two-magnon bound states in a system of ultracold bosonic atoms in an optical lattice is now reported.             Three-dimensional imaging of localized surface plasmon resonances of metal nanoparticles ▶     Olivia Nicoletti, Francisco de la Peña, Rowan K. Leary et al.     Localized surface plasmon resonances of an individual silver nanocube are reconstructed in three dimensions using electron energy-loss spectrum imaging, resulting in a better understanding of the optical response of noble-metal nanoparticles.             Enhanced reversibility and unusual microstructure of a phase-transforming material ▶     Yintao Song, Xian Chen, Vivekanand Dabade et al.     The enhanced reversibility (stable transition temperature even at high strain under a solid-to-solid phase transition), low hysteresis and unusual riverine microstructure (ranging through thermal cycles) of the martensitic material Zn45Au30Cu25 makes it attractive for applications from eco-friendly fridges to medical sensors.             News & Views                   Condensed-matter physics: Quantum togetherness ▶     Sougato Bose             Materials science: Alloys with long memories ▶     Toshihiro Omori, Ryosuke Kainuma             Research Highlights                   Applied physics: Jumping droplets repel each other | Astronomy: Fine weather on far-off planet | Organic electronics: Sound shakes semiconductors | Nanotechnology: Friction at the atomic scale         NEWS & COMMENT           Seismic hazards: Seconds count | Astrometry: Europe's star power | Mathematics: Proof of passion | Carbon emissions: Learn from China's local pilot schemes | Development: Big data for a sustainable future | Rethinking particle dynamics             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Supervolcanoes within an ancient volcanic province in Arabia Terra, Mars ▶     Joseph R. Michalski & Jacob E. Bleacher     Several irregularly shaped craters located within Arabia Terra, Mars, are interpreted as a new type of highland volcanic construct, similar to supervolcanoes on Earth, fundamentally changing the picture of ancient volcanism and climate evolution on Mars.             Calving fluxes and basal melt rates of Antarctic ice shelves ▶     M. A. Depoorter, J. L. Bamber, J. A. Griggs, J. T. M. Lenaerts, S. R. M. Ligtenberg et al.     An estimate of the mass balance components for all ice shelves in Antarctica indicates that about half of the ice-sheet surface mass gain is lost through oceanic erosion before reaching the ice front, and that the loss due to iceberg calving is about 34 per cent less than previously thought.             Life history trade-offs at a single locus maintain sexually selected genetic variation ▶     Susan E. Johnston, Jacob Gratten, Camillo Berenos, Jill G. Pilkington, Tim H. Clutton-Brock et al.     Wild Soay sheep rams with large horns have more offspring, yet there is considerable genetic variation at RXFP2, a locus strongly implicated in horn size (with different alleles conferring either large or small horns); this study finds that although the larger horn allele leads to more offspring, the smaller horn allele leads to increased survival, meaning heterozygous rams (which develop medium-sized horns) have high reproductive success and survival, providing a rare example of heterozygote advantage.             Research Highlights                   Climate sciences: How plants helped Earth to stay cool         NEWS & COMMENT           The Anthropocene could raise biological diversity | Geologists take drill to Triassic park | Overhauls set scientists on edge | Seismic hazards: Seconds count | Books in brief             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶               Nature Insight Tumour Heterogeneity   Tumour heterogeneity has important clinical implications, as it can explain therapeutic resistance, but also point to novel strategies to effectively treat cancers in a more personalised manner.   Access the Insight free online for three months          Careers & Jobs ▲top               Quantum mechanics: Waterloo gets physical ▶     After a decade of investment, physics research is thriving in Southern Ontario, Canada.                   Turning point: Russell Neches ▶     Physicist turned microbiologist advances his career with a do-it-yourself approach.                   Early publishers thrive ▶     Study shows that publishing during PhD correlates with later research success.                   Flawed data slip through ▶     Analysis reveals that journal papers often contain erroneous or incomplete data.                   Help from industry ▶     US medical-sciences research gets lion's share of business support.             Careers related news & comment                   Seven days: 27 September–3 October 2013 | Science without borders | US government shuts down Lauren Morello | Pharma scrambles to fast-track drugs Heidi Ledford               naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Postdoctoral Fellow     Johns Hopkins Hospital            Postdoctoral Research Assistant     University of Edinburgh            PhD Scholarship     NUI Galway            PhD Student Position     University of Geneva          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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