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| October 2013 Volume 16, Issue 10 |  | | |  |  News and Views
Brief Communications
Articles
Technical Report | | | | | |
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The Human Brain Project (HBP) is a ten-year, large-scale European research initiative whose goal is to understand the human brain and its diseases and ultimately to emulate its computational capabilities.
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Competitive Call for additional beneficiaries |  | | | | | | Advertisement | | Nature Publishing Index 2012 Global
The Nature Publishing Index (NPI) ranks institutions and countries according to the number of primary research articles they publish in the Nature family of journals in a one-year period. The Nature Publishing Index 2012 Global supplement provides league tables and commentary based on articles published between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2012.
Where does your institution rank? | | | | | | News and Views |  Top | |  | | Should I buy this book? How we construct prospective value pp1357 - 1359
Jamil P Bhanji and Mauricio R Delgado
doi:10.1038/nn.3521
People are able to form preferences for unfamiliar items, such as new books or foods, before experiencing them. A study in this issue of Nature Neuroscience finds that prospective evaluations of unfamiliar items can be based on stored neural representations of relevant, familiar items.
See also: Article by Barron et al. | | | | Starvation favors glioma stem cells pp1359 - 1361
Shirin Ilkhanizadeh and William A Weiss
doi:10.1038/nn.3524
High-grade glioblastomas survive glucose-poor environments by becoming more stem cell-like. Increased glucose uptake by the transporter Glut3, a new biomarker of poor clinical outcome, drives this enhanced malignant progression.
See also: Article by Flavahan et al. | | | | Synaptic uSIRPation: the active neuron reigns over presynaptic partners pp1361 - 1362
Thomas Biederer
doi:10.1038/nn.3523
A study reveals that SIRPα is released from postsynaptic neurons to induce and mature their synaptic inputs, using CD47 as the presynaptic receptor. SIRPα is cleaved in an activity-dependent manner to act as retrograde signal.
See also: Article by Toth et al. | | | | Spermidine cures flies of senior moments pp1363 - 1364
Ronald L Davis
doi:10.1038/nn.3518
Gupta et al. report in this issue that, in Drosophila melanogaster, a dietary supplement of spermidine—a polyamine originally isolated from semen—protects against cognitive aging by acting through the autophagic pathway.
See also: Article by Gupta et al. | | | | Slicing a pie is no piece of cake pp1364 - 1366
Jacqueline Gottlieb
doi:10.1038/nn.3520
The ability to categorize objects depending on task demands is critical. A primate study finds that the prefrontal cortex signals to the parietal cortex during categorization, indicating an asymmetric, top-down interaction.
See also: Article by Crowe et al. | | | | Context-dependent plasticity in a sensory circuit p1366
Brigitta Gundersen
doi:10.1038/nn1013-1366 | | | | | | | Brief Communications | Top | | | | Cocaine-induced structural plasticity in frontal cortex correlates with conditioned place preference pp1367 - 1369
Francisco Javier Muñoz-Cuevas, Jegath Athilingam, Denise Piscopo and Linda Wilbrecht
doi:10.1038/nn.3498
Using in vivo imaging of layer V pyramidal neurons in the dorsomedial frontal cortex of mice, the authors show that cocaine administration rapidly increases the formation and accumulation of dendritic spines. These spine changes correlate with conditioned place preference for cocaine, but not with cocaine-induced locomotor activity. | | | | Transplantation reveals regional differences in oligodendrocyte differentiation in the adult brain pp1370 - 1372
Francesca Viganò, Wiebke Möbius, Magdalena Götz and Leda Dimou
doi:10.1038/nn.3503
The authors find that white matter-derived OPCs differentiate with similar efficiencies whether they are engrafted into white matter or gray matter, while gray matter-derived OPCs only differentiate with high efficiency when placed in white matter. This suggests that there are intrinsic differences between OPCs depending on their site of origin. | | Articles | Top | | | | Brain tumor initiating cells adapt to restricted nutrition through preferential glucose uptake pp1373 - 1382
William A Flavahan, Qiulian Wu, Masahiro Hitomi, Nasiha Rahim, Youngmi Kim et al.
doi:10.1038/nn.3510
Brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) are self-renewing, tumorigenic cells that often reside in a necrotic and hypoxic niche in the brain. Here the authors show that BTICs can become more tumorigenic upon glucose restriction and compensate for this cellular stress by upregulating their capacity to take up glucose.
See also: News and Views by Ilkhanizadeh & Weiss | | | | Interaction of FUS and HDAC1 regulates DNA damage response and repair in neurons pp1383 - 1391
Wen-Yuan Wang, Ling Pan, Susan C Su, Emma J Quinn, Megumi Sasaki et al.
doi:10.1038/nn.3514
Fused-in-Sarcoma (FUS) gene encodes an RNA/DNA binding protein whose mutations are linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). This study shows that FUS functions in the neuronal DNA damage response by its recruitment to the site of DNA double-stranded breaks and by its interaction with histone deacetylase 1. The study also shows ALS/FTLD-associated mutant FUS is defective in DNA repair mechanism and that ALS/FTLD patients with FUS mutations have greater DNA damage. | | | | Parthanatos mediates AIMP2-activated age-dependent dopaminergic neuronal loss pp1392 - 1400
Yunjong Lee, Senthilkumar S Karuppagounder, Joo-Ho Shin, Yun-Il Lee, Han Seok Ko et al.
doi:10.1038/nn.3500
In this study, the authors show that overexpression/accumulation of the parkin substrate AIMP2 induces an age-dependent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and results in motor dysfunction. This effect is dependent on AIMP2-induced activation of PARP1, which, in turn, induces cell death via parthanatos. | | | | Act1 mediates IL-17-induced EAE pathogenesis selectively in NG2+ glial cells pp1401 - 1408
Zizhen Kang, Chenhui Wang, Jarod Zepp, Ling Wu, Kevin Sun et al.
doi:10.1038/nn.3505
In this study, the authors show that depletion of the IL-17 signaling component, Act1, specifically from NG2+ glia led to a substantial reduction in the severity of pathology in an EAE mouse model. They also find that IL-17 induces apoptosis of NG2+ cells in an Act1-dependent manner. | | | | GABA promotes the competitive selection of dendritic spines by controlling local Ca2+ signaling pp1409 - 1416
Tatsuya Hayama, Jun Noguchi, Satoshi Watanabe, Noriko Takahashi, Akiko Hayashi-Takagi et al.
doi:10.1038/nn.3496
Using two-color uncaging of glutamate and GABA in rat hippocampal slices, the authors show that appropriately timed activation of dendritic GABAA and glutamate receptors promotes spine shrinkage and elimination. These effects spread locally to adjacent spines, involve NMDA receptors and the recruitment of calcium nanodomains, and can compete with spine enlargement in an ADF/cofilin-dependent manner. | | | | Synapse maturation by activity-dependent ectodomain shedding of SIRPα pp1417 - 1425
Anna B Toth, Akiko Terauchi, Lily Y Zhang, Erin M Johnson-Venkatesh, David J Larsen et al.
doi:10.1038/nn.3516
In this study, the authors document how SIRPα, a cell-adhesion molecule, participates in the late maturation of hippocampal excitatory synapses. They find that in response to activity, SIRPα sheds its ectodomain, which acts presynaptically to promote maturation in a process that requires CaM kinase, matrix metalloproteinases and the presynaptic receptor CD47.
See also: News and Views by Biederer | | | | Spontaneous cortical activity alternates between motifs defined by regional axonal projections pp1426 - 1435
Majid H Mohajerani, Allen W Chan, Mostafa Mohsenvand, Jeffrey LeDue, Rui Liu et al.
doi:10.1038/nn.3499
Using voltage sensitive-dye imaging in the cortices of anesthetized and awake mice, the authors show that spontaneous activity patterns contain similar motifs as those evoked by sensory stimulation. These motifs are also seen after optogenetic activation of the cortex, and they correlate with structural connectivity. | | | | GluA1 phosphorylation at serine 831 in the lateral amygdala is required for fear renewal pp1436 - 1444
Sukwon Lee, Beomjong Song, Jeongyeon Kim, Kyungjoon Park, Ingie Hong et al.
doi:10.1038/nn.3491
The authors show that extinction of fear conditioning lowers the threshold for synaptic potentiation in the lateral amygdala (LA), and fear renewal-inducing stimuli induce phosphorylation of AMPAR subunit GluA1 at serine 831 in LA. Infusion of a peptide competing with Ser831-phosphorylated GluA1 into the LA blocks this low-threshold potentiation and attenuates fear renewal. | | | | DNA methylation regulates associative reward learning pp1445 - 1452
Jeremy J Day, Daniel Childs, Mikael C Guzman-Karlsson, Mercy Kibe, Jerome Moulden et al.
doi:10.1038/nn.3504
This study shows that associative reward learning produces dynamic experience-dependent alterations in DNA methylation and immediate-early gene expression in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons and that DNA methylation in the VTA is required for the formation of new reward-related memories. | | | | Restoring polyamines protects from age-induced memory impairment in an autophagy-dependent manner pp1453 - 1460
Varun K Gupta, Lisa Scheunemann, Tobias Eisenberg, Sara Mertel, Anuradha Bhukel et al.
doi:10.1038/nn.3512
Polyamines such as spermidine and putrescine are known to promote autophagy and longevity in fruit flies. Similar to many other organisms, Drosophila also display age-induced memory impairment. Here, Gupta et al. find that a decrease in brain polyamines in aging Drosophila is correlated with age-dependent memory impairment. They also find that polyamines in flies' diet can alleviate this impairment, demonstrating a link between polyamines, autophagy and memory decline.
See also: News and Views by Davis | | | | Neuropeptide signaling remodels chemosensory circuit composition in Caenorhabditis elegans pp1461 - 1467
Sarah G Leinwand and Sreekanth H Chalasani
doi:10.1038/nn.3511
The authors describe a sensory context-dependent switch in a salt sensory circuit in C. elegans. In response to large changes in salt concentration, the ASE sensory neuron releases insulin-like peptides that switch the AWC olfactory sensory neuron into an interneuron in the salt circuit. Disrupting insulin signaling interferes with attraction to high concentrations of salt.
See also: News and Views by Gundersen | | | | Food experience-induced taste desensitization modulated by the Drosophila TRPL channel pp1468 - 1476
Yali V Zhang, Rakesh P Raghuwanshi, Wei L Shen and Craig Montell
doi:10.1038/nn.3513
The authors show that long-term exposure of Drosophila to camphor, which is normally repulsive, leads to decreased repulsion. They identify the TRPL channel as the probable receptor for camphor in gustatory neurons and show that downregulation of TRPL, which requires the E3 ubiquitin ligase Ube3a, underlies this change in taste preference. | | | | An illusion predicted by V1 population activity implicates cortical topography in shape perception pp1477 - 1483
Melchi M Michel, Yuzhi Chen, Wilson S Geisler and Eyal Seidemann
doi:10.1038/nn.3517
Here the authors combine computational modeling, voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) in behaving monkeys, and behavioral measurements in humans, to investigate whether the large-scale topography of V1 population responses influences shape judgments. They find the judgments of human observers were systematically distorted as had been predicted based on the VSDI responses in monkey V1. | | | | Prefrontal neurons transmit signals to parietal neurons that reflect executive control of cognition pp1484 - 1491
David A Crowe, Shikha J Goodwin, Rachael K Blackman, Sofia Sakellaridi, Scott R Sponheim et al.
doi:10.1038/nn.3509
To examine the nature of information encoded by prefrontal output signals, the authors simultaneously recorded neuronal activity in monkey prefrontal and parietal cortices during a rule-based spatial categorization task. They found that signals reflecting rule-dependent categories were selectively transmitted from prefrontal to parietal neurons.
See also: News and Views by Gottlieb | | | | Online evaluation of novel choices by simultaneous representation of multiple memories pp1492 - 1498
Helen C Barron, Raymond J Dolan and Timothy E J Behrens
doi:10.1038/nn.3515
This study used fMRI repetition suppression to demonstrate that human subjects can represent and evaluate novel choice options by invoking multiple memories for previous experiences in hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex.
See also: News and Views by Bhanji & Delgado | | Technical Report | Top | | | | ReaChR: a red-shifted variant of channelrhodopsin enables deep transcranial optogenetic excitation pp1499 - 1508
John Y Lin, Per Magne Knutsen, Arnaud Muller, David Kleinfeld and Roger Y Tsien
doi:10.1038/nn.3502
In this technical report, the authors describe a new, red-shifted variant of channelrhodopsin (called red-activatable channelrhodopsin or ReaChR) that shows faster kinetics and greater photocurrents than currently available red-shifted probes. In addition, they show that ReaChR can be activated in awake mice through the intact skull. | | Top | |  | | Advertisement | | HIV infection may raise risk of cocaine abuse - The latest Neuropsychopharmacology podcast is now available!
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