Nature contents: 10 January 2013

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 493 Number 7431      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       Accelerate your microRNA research in 2013 with a grant from Exiqon Announcing the 2013 Exiqon Grant program: We are now accepting applications to our grant program for microRNA-based research projects. Learn more and apply at http://www.exiqon.com/grants.             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Craniofacial development of hagfishes and the evolution of vertebrates   The hagfish, the most primitive surviving vertebrate, holds clues to understanding the evolution of that most enigmatic of structures, the vertebrate head. For many years it was virtually impossible to obtain hagfish embryos but Shigeru Kuratani and colleagues managed to crack that problem and are now making significant advances in hagfish embryology. This study of the craniofacial development of the hagfish Eptatretus burgeri reveals an embryonic development pattern shared only by the jawless lampreys and hagfish that may have been primitive for all vertebrates.       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Large-scale nanophotonic phased array   Nanophotonic approaches allow the construction of chip-scale arrays of optical nanoantennas capable of producing radiation patterns in the far field. This could have useful applications in communications, LADAR (laser detection and ranging) and three-dimensional holography. Until now this technology has been restricted to one-dimensional or small two-dimensional arrays. Michael Watts and colleagues have now constructed an array of 4,096 optical nanoantennas integrated on a silicon chip and used it to generate a complex radiation pattern — the MIT logo — in the far field. The authors show this type of nanophotonic phased array can be actively tuned — and in the right conditions the beam is steerable.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Glaciations in response to climate variations preconditioned by evolving topography   Glacial erosion prior to a fundamental change in Earth's climate around 950,000 years ago may have preconditioned landscapes to be more susceptible to subsequent glaciations. Vivi Pedersen and David Egholm present numerical simulations of glaciation and case studies of alpine topography of the Sierra Nevada, Spain, where there was little glacial activity in the Quaternary, and the Bitterroot Range in Idaho, which was significantly modified by glaciers during the Quaternary. The results show that prior glaciations transform a system from one in which climate exerts a near-linear influence on glacial extent to one in which a small change in climate can result in massive glacial expansion.                   Nature Outlook: Psoriasis Research into the role of the immune system in this skin disease is bearing fruit. Genetic studies hint at the condition's starting point. And now psoriasis is a proof-of-principle disease for other chronic inflammatory conditions. Access the Outlook free online for six months. Produced with support from: Celgene Corporation                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: memory molecules dethroned, treating numerical deficits with brain stimulation, and helping weather forecasting in the developing world. Plus, the biggest threats you've never heard of.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   No easy answer ▶     Demands to analyse Connecticut school shooter's DNA are misguided and could lead to dangerous stigmatization, or worse.             Culture shock ▶     Health-benefit claims for Europe's foods must at last be substantiated by science.             Realities of risk ▶     We should focus on dangers that we can control, and particularly on those of our own creation.             World View                   Rumour research can douse digital wildfires ▶     Work on how rumours arise and spread could help to dampen the effects of damaging misinformation circulating on the Internet, says Nicholas DiFonzo.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 4–10 January 2013 ▶     The week in science: NIH stem-cell legal battle over; India vows to double research spending; and Poland bans GM crop cultivation.           NEWS IN FOCUS           Europe's untamed carbon ▶     Funding and politics hobble CCS technology, seen as the best hope for cleaning up coal.             Electron beams set nanostructures aglow ▶     Physicists borrow an old tool from geology to probe the interior layers of metamaterials.             Tough talk over mercury treaty ▶     Nations debate how to share the costs of cutting emissions.             Safety of induced stem cells gets a boost ▶     Fears of immune response have been overestimated.             'Rehab' helps errant researchers return to the lab ▶     As cases of misconduct rise, ethicists test an approach for reforming offenders.             Features                   Dyscalculia: Number games ▶     Brian Butterworth is on a crusade to understand the number deficit called dyscalculia — and to help those who have it.             Planetary disasters: It could happen one night ▶     Catastrophes from the past will strike again — we just do not know when.           COMMENT           Tipping points: From patterns to predictions ▶     Truly generic signals warning of tipping points are unlikely to exist, warn Carl Boettiger and Alan Hastings, so researchers should study transitions specific to real systems.             Altmetrics: Value all research products ▶     A new funding policy by the US National Science Foundation represents a sea-change in how researchers are evaluated, says Heather Piwowar.             Books and Arts                   Cetology: How science inspired Moby-Dick ▶     Philip Hoare tracks the scientific influences and insights that breach throughout Herman Melville's epic novel.             Books in brief ▶             Innovation: Motley inventors ▶     John Browning welcomes a collective portrait of creators that puts life stories first.             Correspondence                   Research funding: Fiscal cliff is bad news for US science Howard H. Garrison | Mineral demands: A shortage of fertilizer resources? Tim Worstall | Autoimmune disease: Patients self-treat with parasitic worms Stephen Flowers & Michael Hopkins | Pollution: China's new leaders offer green hope Hong Yang, Roger J. Flower & Julian R. Thompson           Obituary                   Joseph E. Murray (1919–2012) ▶     First researcher to successfully transplant a human organ from a living donor.             Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012) ▶     Nobel prizewinning neurobiologist and eminent advocate for science.             Correction                   Correction ▶                     Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Evolution: A history of give and take ▶     Steven M. Holland             Negligible immunogenicity of terminally differentiated cells derived from induced pluripotent or embryonic stem cells ▶     Ryoko Araki, Masahiro Uda, Yuko Hoki, Misato Sunayama, Miki Nakamura et al.     Immune rejection may limit the therapeutic use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); here, terminally differentiated mouse iPSCs are shown to generate negligible immune rejection in their host.             Modelling vemurafenib resistance in melanoma reveals a strategy to forestall drug resistance ▶     Meghna Das Thakur, Fernando Salangsang, Allison S. Landman, William R. Sellers, Nancy K. Pryer et al.     BRAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib have shown promising effects in patients with BRAF-mutant melanomas, but the tumours generally develop resistance; vemurafenib-resistant melanomas are now shown to be drug dependent, and an intermittent dosing schedule can help prevent drug resistance.             Oceanographic controls on the diversity and extinction of planktonic foraminifera ▶     Shanan E. Peters, Daniel C. Kelly & Andrew J. Fraass     Plate tectonics and climate change are shown to have driven the diversity and extinction of planktonic foraminifera throughout their evolutionary history.             Functional and evolutionary insight from the crystal structure of rubella virus protein E1 ▶     Rebecca M. DuBois, Marie-Christine Vaney, M. Alejandra Tortorici, Rana Al Kurdi, Giovanna Barba-Spaeth et al.     The crystal structure of rubella virus E1 glycoprotein in its post-fusion form reveals a class II fusion protein with distinct features so far unseen in any other crystallized fusion protein; the location of an antibody-neutralization epitope also suggests that rubella-specific antibodies may function through prevention of E1 glycoprotein trimer formation during cell entry.             The architecture of human general transcription factor TFIID core complex ▶     Christoph Bieniossek, Gabor Papai, Christiane Schaffitzel, Frederic Garzoni, Maxime Chaillet et al.     The structures of three distinct human transcription factor IID (TFIID) protein assemblies are solved using cryo-electron microscopy; by incorporating TAF8 and TAF10, the key structural changes that remodel TFIID during assembly are determined, particularly the transition from a symmetric core-TFIID to an asymmetric holo-complex.             Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP ▶     Russell A. Miller, Qingwei Chu, Jianxin Xie, Marc Foretz, Benoit Viollet et al.     Biguanides such as metformin, which is the most widely prescribed drug for type-2 diabetes, are shown to antagonize the actions of glucagon by decreasing the levels of cyclic AMP.             Articles and Letters                   Craniofacial development of hagfishes and the evolution of vertebrates ▶     Yasuhiro Oisi, Kinya G. Ota, Shigehiro Kuraku, Satoko Fujimoto & Shigeru Kuratani     An analysis of staged hagfish embryos shows that the hagfish adenohypophysis is ectodermal in origin, revealing it to be a developmental quirk unique to hagfishes that was hitherto misleading; from this and other observations a ‘pan-cyclostome’ developmental pattern is derived, indicating that it was primitive for all vertebrates.             Crystallographic snapshot of cellulose synthesis and membrane translocation ▶     Jacob L. W. Morgan, Joanna Strumillo & Jochen Zimmer     An X-ray crystal structure of the bacterial cellulose synthase captures the process of cellulose synthesis and membrane translocation; the structure indicates how the synthesis of cellulose and the translocation of the nascent polysaccharide chain across the cell membrane are coupled.             Analysis of 6,515 exomes reveals the recent origin of most human protein-coding variants ▶     Wenqing Fu, Timothy D. O’Connor, Goo Jun, Hyun Min Kang, Goncalo Abecasis et al.     Resequencing of genes from individuals of European and African American ancestry indicates that approximately 73% of all protein-coding SNVs and approximately 86% of SNVs predicted to be deleterious arose in the past 5,000–10,000 years, and that European Americans carry an excess of deleterious variants in essential and Mendelian disease genes compared to African Americans.             Drosophila NOMPC is a mechanotransduction channel subunit for gentle-touch sensation ▶     Zhiqiang Yan, Wei Zhang, Ye He, David Gorczyca, Yang Xiang et al.     Mechanotransduction channels studied to date are mainly involved with sensing noxious mechanical stimuli; here NOMPC, a member of the TRP ion channel family, is identified as a pore-forming subunit of an ion channel essential to the sensation of gentle touch in Drosophila.             Metabolic control of adult neural stem cell activity by Fasn-dependent lipogenesis ▶     Marlen Knobloch, Simon M. G. Braun, Luis Zurkirchen, Carolin von Schoultz, Nicola Zamboni et al.     Adult neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) show high levels of fatty acid synthase (Fasn)-dependent de novo lipogenesis, a process that is controlled by Spot14 to regulate the rate of proliferation; this indicates a functional coupling between the regulation of lipid metabolism and adult NSPC proliferation.             Control of somatic tissue differentiation by the long non-coding RNA TINCR ▶     Markus Kretz, Zurab Siprashvili, Ci Chu, Dan E. Webster, Ashley Zehnder et al.     The human long non-coding RNA TINCR binds to STAU1 and controls epidermal differentiation by stabilizing key differentiation mRNAs, by means of a TINCR-binding motif found enriched in epidermal differentiation genes.             COUP-TFII inhibits TGF-β-induced growth barrier to promote prostate tumorigenesis ▶     Jun Qin, San-Pin Wu, Chad J. Creighton, Fangyan Dai, Xin Xie et al.     A cell-autonomous role for the COUP-TFII transcription factor in prostate cancer cells is identified, in which COUP-TFII inhibits TGF-β signalling by binding to SMAD4; COUP-TFII promotes prostate tumorigenesis and metastasis in a mouse model, and is associated with more aggressive disease in human prostate cancers.             How insulin engages its primary binding site on the insulin receptor ▶     John G. Menting, Jonathan Whittaker, Mai B. Margetts, Linda J. Whittaker, Geoffrey K.-W. Kong et al.     The three-dimensional structure of the insulin–insulin receptor complex has proved elusive, confounded by the complexity of producing the receptor protein; here is the first glimpse of the interaction between insulin and its primary binding site on the insulin receptor, a view based on four crystal structures of insulin bound to truncated insulin receptor complexes.             Recombination-restarted replication makes inverted chromosome fusions at inverted repeats ▶     Ken’Ichi Mizuno, Izumi Miyabe, Stephanie A. Schalbetter, Antony M. Carr & Johanne M. Murray     A new mechanism of chromosomal rearrangement is identified through the observation that broken or collapsed DNA replication forks restarted by homologous recombination have a high propensity for U-turns at short inverted repeats; the error-prone nature of this mechanism is suggested to contribute to gross chromosomal rearrangements and copy-number variations present in cancer and other genomic disorders.             Post-replicative repair involves separase-dependent removal of the kleisin subunit of cohesin ▶     Alexandra McAleenan, Andres Clemente-Blanco, Violeta Cordon-Preciado, Nicholas Sen, Miguel Esteras et al.     Cohesin, which tethers sister chromatids together, is found to be cleaved by separase after DNA damage, resulting in cohesin dissociation and allowing for post-replicative repair of DNA double-strand breaks.             Structure of the proton-gated urea channel from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori ▶     David Strugatsky, Reginald McNulty, Keith Munson, Chiung-Kuang Chen, S. Michael Soltis et al.     The crystal structure of the inner-membrane urea channel HpUreI from Helicobacter pylori, the causative organism of peptic ulcers, reveals how the channel selectively transports urea across the membrane and buffers the pathogen’s periplasmic pH against the acidic gastric environment.             News & Views                   Animal behaviour: Older but less wise ▶     Peter F. Sale             Developmental biology: Led by the nose ▶     Philippe Janvier             Structural biology: Insulin meets its receptor ▶     Stevan R. Hubbard             Evolution: A history of give and take ▶     Steven M. Holland             Research Highlights                   Animal behaviour: Bisexuality boosts attractiveness | Genomics: Single-cell sequencing | Neuroprosthetics: Fine mind control of machine | Genetic engineering: Precise genomic editing | Stem cells: Immune cells rejuvenated | Molecular imaging: Direct images of DNA         NEWS & COMMENT           No easy answer | Culture shock | Rumour research can douse digital wildfires | Safety of induced stem cells gets a boost | 'Rehab' helps errant researchers return to the lab | Dyscalculia: Number games | Planetary disasters: It could happen one night | Cetology: How science inspired Moby-Dick | Books in brief | Research funding: Fiscal cliff is bad news for US science Howard H. Garrison | Autoimmune disease: Patients self-treat with parasitic worms Stephen Flowers & Michael Hopkins | Joseph E. Murray (1919–2012)           CAREERS           Turning point: Rui Costa             More Biological Sciences ▶                         NPG Asia Materials is proud to present a web focus on recent developments in organic and inorganic electronic materials, which covers recent progress in organic conductors and semiconductors, combinations and composites of organic and inorganic nanomaterials for flexible electronic devices, and the shape control of semiconducting nanomaterials for advanced functionality. Access the Web Focus today!               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Functional and evolutionary insight from the crystal structure of rubella virus protein E1 ▶     Rebecca M. DuBois, Marie-Christine Vaney, M. Alejandra Tortorici, Rana Al Kurdi, Giovanna Barba-Spaeth et al.     The crystal structure of rubella virus E1 glycoprotein in its post-fusion form reveals a class II fusion protein with distinct features so far unseen in any other crystallized fusion protein; the location of an antibody-neutralization epitope also suggests that rubella-specific antibodies may function through prevention of E1 glycoprotein trimer formation during cell entry.             The architecture of human general transcription factor TFIID core complex ▶     Christoph Bieniossek, Gabor Papai, Christiane Schaffitzel, Frederic Garzoni, Maxime Chaillet et al.     The structures of three distinct human transcription factor IID (TFIID) protein assemblies are solved using cryo-electron microscopy; by incorporating TAF8 and TAF10, the key structural changes that remodel TFIID during assembly are determined, particularly the transition from a symmetric core-TFIID to an asymmetric holo-complex.             Articles and Letters                   Crystallographic snapshot of cellulose synthesis and membrane translocation ▶     Jacob L. W. Morgan, Joanna Strumillo & Jochen Zimmer     An X-ray crystal structure of the bacterial cellulose synthase captures the process of cellulose synthesis and membrane translocation; the structure indicates how the synthesis of cellulose and the translocation of the nascent polysaccharide chain across the cell membrane are coupled.             Topological colloids ▶     Bohdan Senyuk, Qingkun Liu, Sailing He, Randall D. Kamien, Robert B. Kusner et al.     Topologically distinct colloidal particles introduced into a nematic liquid crystal align and generate topology-constrained three-dimensional director fields and defects in the liquid crystal fluid that can be manipulated with a variety of methods, opening up a new area of exploration in the field of soft matter.             How insulin engages its primary binding site on the insulin receptor ▶     John G. Menting, Jonathan Whittaker, Mai B. Margetts, Linda J. Whittaker, Geoffrey K.-W. Kong et al.     The three-dimensional structure of the insulin–insulin receptor complex has proved elusive, confounded by the complexity of producing the receptor protein; here is the first glimpse of the interaction between insulin and its primary binding site on the insulin receptor, a view based on four crystal structures of insulin bound to truncated insulin receptor complexes.             Post-replicative repair involves separase-dependent removal of the kleisin subunit of cohesin ▶     Alexandra McAleenan, Andres Clemente-Blanco, Violeta Cordon-Preciado, Nicholas Sen, Miguel Esteras et al.     Cohesin, which tethers sister chromatids together, is found to be cleaved by separase after DNA damage, resulting in cohesin dissociation and allowing for post-replicative repair of DNA double-strand breaks.             Structure of the proton-gated urea channel from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori ▶     David Strugatsky, Reginald McNulty, Keith Munson, Chiung-Kuang Chen, S. Michael Soltis et al.     The crystal structure of the inner-membrane urea channel HpUreI from Helicobacter pylori, the causative organism of peptic ulcers, reveals how the channel selectively transports urea across the membrane and buffers the pathogen’s periplasmic pH against the acidic gastric environment.             News & Views                   Structural biology: Insulin meets its receptor ▶     Stevan R. Hubbard             Polymer chemistry: Wasted loops quantified ▶     Anna C. Balazs           NEWS & COMMENT           Europe's untamed carbon             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Functional and evolutionary insight from the crystal structure of rubella virus protein E1 ▶     Rebecca M. DuBois, Marie-Christine Vaney, M. Alejandra Tortorici, Rana Al Kurdi, Giovanna Barba-Spaeth et al.     The crystal structure of rubella virus E1 glycoprotein in its post-fusion form reveals a class II fusion protein with distinct features so far unseen in any other crystallized fusion protein; the location of an antibody-neutralization epitope also suggests that rubella-specific antibodies may function through prevention of E1 glycoprotein trimer formation during cell entry.             Planetary system disruption by Galactic perturbations to wide binary stars ▶     Nathan A. Kaib, Sean N. Raymond & Martin Duncan     Numerical simulations of a widely separated binary star system demonstrate that planetary systems around one star may often be strongly perturbed by the other star, triggering planetary ejections and increasing the orbital eccentricities of surviving planets.             The architecture of human general transcription factor TFIID core complex ▶     Christoph Bieniossek, Gabor Papai, Christiane Schaffitzel, Frederic Garzoni, Maxime Chaillet et al.     The structures of three distinct human transcription factor IID (TFIID) protein assemblies are solved using cryo-electron microscopy; by incorporating TAF8 and TAF10, the key structural changes that remodel TFIID during assembly are determined, particularly the transition from a symmetric core-TFIID to an asymmetric holo-complex.             Articles and Letters                   Crystallographic snapshot of cellulose synthesis and membrane translocation ▶     Jacob L. W. Morgan, Joanna Strumillo & Jochen Zimmer     An X-ray crystal structure of the bacterial cellulose synthase captures the process of cellulose synthesis and membrane translocation; the structure indicates how the synthesis of cellulose and the translocation of the nascent polysaccharide chain across the cell membrane are coupled.             Bright radio emission from an ultraluminous stellar-mass microquasar in M 31 ▶     Matthew J. Middleton, James C. A. Miller-Jones, Sera Markoff, Rob Fender, Martin Henze et al.     A new ultraluminous X-ray source has been discovered in M 31, whose variability and associated bright, compact radio emission identify it as a stellar-mass black hole accreting close to the Eddington limit.             Flows of gas through a protoplanetary gap ▶     Simon Casassus, Gerrit van der Plas, Sebastian Perez M, William R. F. Dent, Ed Fomalont et al.     Observations of the young star HD 142527, whose disk is separated into inner and outer regions by a gap suggestive of the formation of a gaseous giant planet, show that accretion onto the star is maintained by a flow of gas across the gap, in agreement with dynamical models of planet formation.             Large-scale nanophotonic phased array ▶     Jie Sun, Erman Timurdogan, Ami Yaacobi, Ehsan Shah Hosseini & Michael R. Watts     A large-scale silicon nanophotonic phased array with more than 4,000 antennas is demonstrated using a state-of-the-art complementary metal-oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process, enabling arbitrary holograms with tunability, which brings phased arrays to many new technological territories.             Topological colloids ▶     Bohdan Senyuk, Qingkun Liu, Sailing He, Randall D. Kamien, Robert B. Kusner et al.     Topologically distinct colloidal particles introduced into a nematic liquid crystal align and generate topology-constrained three-dimensional director fields and defects in the liquid crystal fluid that can be manipulated with a variety of methods, opening up a new area of exploration in the field of soft matter.             How insulin engages its primary binding site on the insulin receptor ▶     John G. Menting, Jonathan Whittaker, Mai B. Margetts, Linda J. Whittaker, Geoffrey K.-W. Kong et al.     The three-dimensional structure of the insulin–insulin receptor complex has proved elusive, confounded by the complexity of producing the receptor protein; here is the first glimpse of the interaction between insulin and its primary binding site on the insulin receptor, a view based on four crystal structures of insulin bound to truncated insulin receptor complexes.             Structure of the proton-gated urea channel from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori ▶     David Strugatsky, Reginald McNulty, Keith Munson, Chiung-Kuang Chen, S. Michael Soltis et al.     The crystal structure of the inner-membrane urea channel HpUreI from Helicobacter pylori, the causative organism of peptic ulcers, reveals how the channel selectively transports urea across the membrane and buffers the pathogen’s periplasmic pH against the acidic gastric environment.             News & Views                   Quantum physics: Time crystals ▶     Piers Coleman             Materials science: Topology matters ▶     Rosamund Daw             Photonics: Phased array on a fingertip ▶     Thomas F. Krauss             Structural biology: Insulin meets its receptor ▶     Stevan R. Hubbard             Polymer chemistry: Wasted loops quantified ▶     Anna C. Balazs             Research Highlights                   Astronomy: Most powerful quasar yet | Astronomy: A galaxy far, far away         NEWS & COMMENT           Europe's untamed carbon | Electron beams set nanostructures aglow | Dyscalculia: Number games | Planetary disasters: It could happen one night | Tipping points: From patterns to predictions | Books in brief             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Evolution: A history of give and take ▶     Steven M. Holland             Earth science: Plumbing nickel from the core ▶     Michael J. Walter             Stable creeping fault segments can become destructive as a result of dynamic weakening ▶     Hiroyuki Noda & Nadia Lapusta     An earthquake source model in which stable, rate-strengthening behaviour at low slip rates is combined with coseismic weakening due to rapid shear heating of pore fluids, allowing unstable slip to occur in segments that can creep between events, explains a number of both long-term and coseismic observations of faults that hosted the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake and the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake.             Nickel and helium evidence for melt above the core–mantle boundary ▶     Claude Herzberg, Paul D. Asimow, Dmitri A. Ionov, Chris Vidito, Matthew G. Jackson et al.     Several nickel-rich and helium-rich lava samples from ocean islands and large igneous provinces suggest that mantle plume material formed by core–mantle interaction during the crystallization of a melt-rich layer or basal magma ocean.             Oceanographic controls on the diversity and extinction of planktonic foraminifera ▶     Shanan E. Peters, Daniel C. Kelly & Andrew J. Fraass     Plate tectonics and climate change are shown to have driven the diversity and extinction of planktonic foraminifera throughout their evolutionary history.             Planetary system disruption by Galactic perturbations to wide binary stars ▶     Nathan A. Kaib, Sean N. Raymond & Martin Duncan     Numerical simulations of a widely separated binary star system demonstrate that planetary systems around one star may often be strongly perturbed by the other star, triggering planetary ejections and increasing the orbital eccentricities of surviving planets.             Articles and Letters                   Glaciations in response to climate variations preconditioned by evolving topography ▶     Vivi Kathrine Pedersen & David Lundbek Egholm     Previously glaciated landscapes tend to have large areas concentrated at the same elevation; here it is shown that small climate changes can trigger massive glacial expansions for these landscapes, explaining long-term patterns of erosion in the Quaternary period.             Carbon-dioxide-rich silicate melt in the Earth’s upper mantle ▶     Rajdeep Dasgupta, Ananya Mallik, Kyusei Tsuno, Anthony C. Withers, Greg Hirth et al.     Carbon-dioxide-rich kimberlitic melt explains the low velocity and high electrical conductivity of the mantle asthenosphere and controls the flux of incompatible elements at oceanic ridges.             News & Views                   Animal behaviour: Older but less wise ▶     Peter F. Sale             Developmental biology: Led by the nose ▶     Philippe Janvier             Earth science: How glaciers grow ▶     Simon H. Brocklehurst             Evolution: A history of give and take ▶     Steven M. Holland             Earth science: Plumbing nickel from the core ▶     Michael J. Walter             Research Highlights                   Climate science: West Antarctic warming hotspot         NEWS & COMMENT           Europe's untamed carbon | Tough talk over mercury treaty | Planetary disasters: It could happen one night | Tipping points: From patterns to predictions | Cetology: How science inspired Moby-Dick | Books in brief | Mineral demands: A shortage of fertilizer resources? Tim Worstall | Pollution: China's new leaders offer green hope Hong Yang, Roger J. Flower & Julian R. Thompson             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                         FREE Collection: Enteric Nervous System This Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology collection showcases recent progress in the field and highlights the promise of new treatments for functional gastrointestinal diseases. Articles freely available for 6 months thanks to support from Ferring Pharmaceuticals.               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Graduate students: Structured study ▶     European institutions are introducing organized doctoral programmes that broaden students' education.                   Turning point: Rui Costa ▶     Neuroscientist's passion for research yields big awards and post in his home country.                   Careers related news & comment                   'Rehab' helps errant researchers return to the lab | Dyscalculia: Number games | Research funding: Fiscal cliff is bad news for US science Howard H. Garrison | Mineral demands: A shortage of fertilizer resources? 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