Dear Reader ,
Here is your customized Phys.org Newsletter for October 9, 2012:
Spotlight Stories Headlines
- Frenchman, American win Nobel for quantum physics (Update 6)- 3-year study finds significant differences in white matter processes related to children's reading development
- Durable carbon nanotube sensors can be etched with mechanical pencils
- Energy-efficient graphene membranes may lead to enhanced natural gas production, less CO2 pollution
- PUFFIN offers graphics card breakthrough versus break-in
- Mars rover Curiosity scoops, detects bright object
- Researchers make progress in understanding, predicting solder joint failures
- Study maps greenhouse gas emissions to building, street level for U.S. cities
- Researchers find intestinal bacteria create phages for use as weapons
- Large water reservoirs at the dawn of stellar birth
- Putting a block on neuropathic pain before it starts
- Biochemists open path to molecular 'chaperone' therapy for metabolic disease
- On track for terabyte discs: Making computer data storage cheaper, easier
- World's first successful clinical trial to protect the brain from damage caused by stroke
- Rare genetic disorder points to molecules that may play role in schizophrenia
Space & Earth news
S.Africa eyes $2.5 bln for super telescope (Update)
South African President Jacob Zuma on Tuesday gave his political backing to negotiations with foreign partners to help fund the construction of the world's next generation radio telescope.
UK contributes 24 robotic arms in giant leap forward in near-infrared astronomy
A new high-tech instrument with 24 robotic arms has crossed the Atlantic from Edinburgh to a mountain top in Chile to address in more detail than ever before, some of the key questions surrounding the beginnings of the Universe, stars and galaxies. KMOS (K-Band Multi Object Spectrometer) has been provisionally accepted by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) after it completed final assembly and testing at the UK Astronomy Technology Centre (UK ATC) in Edinburgh. It will now be fitted to one of the four telescopes which make up the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (ESO-VLT) at Paranal in Chile, providing astronomers with a far quicker solution to uncover details about galaxies and their properties.
New methods might drastically reduce the costs of investigating polluted sites
New methods might allow polluted sites to be investigated and monitored long term at significantly reduced costs. Authorities and those who have to remediate polluted sites in Europe might therefore be able to save costs and use these to treat other areas. This is the conclusion of the EU research project ModelPROBE, which was coordinated by the UFZ. The results, with which the scientists aimed to lower the workload of authorities and consultants, include a handbook detailing the methods for characterising contaminated sites and a freely-accessible e-learning course.
Chevron decries court refusal to block Ecuador fine
Oil giant Chevron said it was disappointed by the US Supreme Court's decision not to block an $18 billion fine sought by Ecuador for environmental damage in the Amazon.
Skydiver's supersonic jump on weather hold (Update)
(AP)—Plans for extreme athlete and skydiver Felix Baumgartner to make a death-defying, 23-mile (37-kilometer) free fall into the southeastern New Mexico desert were on hold Tuesday morning due to winds, but his team was still hoping the weather would clear in time to make the jump.
Dead stars could be the future of spacecraft navigation
Scientists at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and the University of Leicester have been commissioned by the European Space Agency (ESA) to investigate the feasibility of using dead stars to navigate spacecraft in deep space. The findings of the research will advise ESA strategy and if feasible this technique may in future revolutionise the way spacecraft navigate in the outer Solar System and beyond.
Recent UK fireball could not have 'skipped' around the world, new analysis says (Update)
The meteoroid seen over the UK on September 21, 2012 has created quite a sensation – make that a several sensations. First, the bright object(s) in the night sky were seen across a wide area by many people, and the brightness and duration – 40 to 60 seconds reported and videoed by some observers – had some experts wondering if the slow moving light-show might have been caused by space junk. But analysis by satellite tracker Marco Langbroek revealed this was likely an Aten asteroid, asteroid which have orbits that often cross the Earth's orbit, but their average distance from the Sun is less than 1 AU, the distance from the Earth to the Sun.
Skydiver begins prep for supersonic jump: Watch it live
A weather hold that threatened to cancel extreme athlete and skydiver Felix Baumgartner's death-defying, 23-mile free fall into the southeastern New Mexico desert has been lifted.
Skydiver cancels try at supersonic jump
Extreme athlete Felix Baumgartner canceled his planned death-defying 23-mile (37.01-kilometer) free fall Tuesday because of high winds, the second time this week he was forced to postpone his quest to be the first supersonic skydiver.
Astrobotic Technology assembles prototype of lunar water-prospecting robot
Astrobotic Technology Inc. has completed assembly of a full-size prototype of Polaris, a solar-powered robot that will search for potentially rich deposits of water ice at the moon's poles. The first of its kind, Polaris can accommodate a drill to bore one meter into the lunar surface and can operate in a lunar regions characterized by dark, long shadows and a sun that hugs the horizon.
Key flight for Europe's GPS is cleared for launch
The launch of two Galileo satellites, marking a crucial step in Europe's planned navigation system, has been cleared for Friday, the European Space Agency (ESA) said on Tuesday.
NASA eyes Typhoon Prapiroon intensifying
Typhoon Prapiroon is the twenty-second tropical cyclone of the western North Pacific Ocean, making for a very active season. NASA's Terra satellite passed over the storm as it was intensifying into a typhoon and noticed very tight circulation with bands of thunderstorms wrapping into the center.
NASA sees brief life of Tropical Storm Olivia
Tropical Storm Olivia was a three-day tropical cyclone in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It was born on Oct. 6 and faded to a remnant low pressure system on Oct. 9. NASA's Aqua satellite captured an image of Olivia just after it became a tropical storm during its brief lifetime.
Austrian space diver no stranger to danger
Felix Baumgartner, the Austrian daredevil who had hoped to make history Tuesday with a jump from the edge of space, is no stranger to death-defying danger.
Voyager 1 may have left the solar system
While there's no official word from NASA on this, the buzz around the blogosphere is that Voyager 1 has left the Solar System. The evidence comes from this graph, above, which shows the number of particles, mainly protons, from the Sun hitting Voyager 1 across time. A huge drop at the end of August hints that Voyager 1 may now be in interstellar space. The last we heard from the Voyager team was early August, and they indicated that on July 28, the level of lower-energy particles originating from inside our Solar System dropped by half. However, in three days, the levels had recovered to near their previous levels. But then the bottom dropped out at the end of August.
Researchers explain how pulsars' spin slows with age
(Phys.org)—Researchers at the University of Southampton have developed a model which explains how the spin of a pulsar slows down as the star gets older.
Large water reservoirs at the dawn of stellar birth
(Phys.org)—ESA's Herschel space observatory has discovered enough water vapour to fill Earth's oceans more than 2000 times over, in a gas and dust cloud that is on the verge of collapsing into a new Sun-like star.
Study maps greenhouse gas emissions to building, street level for U.S. cities
Arizona State University researchers have developed a new software system capable of estimating greenhouse gas emissions across entire urban landscapes, all the way down to roads and individual buildings. Until now, scientists quantified carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at a much broader level.
Astronomers discover dusty galaxies at ancient epoch, track build-up of star- and planet-forming material
(Phys.org)—Dust is an annoyance in everyday life, but an important building block of stars and planets. As such, astronomers need to understand how cosmic dust forms over time—it's an integral step in figuring out the evolution of galaxies, and the stars and planets within them.
Mars rover Curiosity scoops, detects bright object
NASA officials say the Curiosity rover has made its first scoop of the surface of planet Mars and has detected a bright object on the ground.
Technology news
Philippine Supreme Court suspends cybercrime law
(AP)—The Philippine Supreme Court on Tuesday suspended implementation of the country's anti-cybercrime law while it decides whether certain provisions violate civil liberties.
Modern life, and TV wrestling, come to Nepal Himalayas
In the Nepalese hamlet of Simen, five days' walk from the nearest town, children pay for schooling with wood or animal dung, and life appears untouched by modernity—but change is coming.
'Dishonored' game a whorl of cunning and combat
The publisher behind videogame hit "Skyrim" on Tuesday immersed players in the plague-ridden world of "Dishonored," where cunning was as crucial as combat prowess.
Hacked UK police blogger wins damages from Times
(AP)—A police blogger unmasked after the Times of London hacked his email has been awarded 42,500 pounds ($68,000) in damages from the newspaper's publisher.
First sub-gigahertz wireless microcontroller using world's most energy-efficient 32-bit processor core
Freescale Semiconductor today announced the Kinetis KW01 wireless microcontroller (MCU), expanding its popular Kinetis MCU line with a device ideally suited for wirelessly networked smart energy applications.
Thailand to hold long-awaited 3G auction next week
After years of delays, Thailand's top three mobile telephone operators will bid next week for licences to provide third-generation (3G) services in the kingdom, regulators said Tuesday.
A system to automate traffic fines designed
Researchers at Universidad Carlos III in Madrid have designed a system that automates the administrative sanctioning process by applying communication and information technologies to traffic flow and using sensors built into vehicles.
Deep cleaning with carbon dioxide
One of the many interesting items on show is a tool that combines – in one step – cleaning with supercritical carbon dioxide and cleaning with CO2 snow.
French online classifieds exceed print: study
French online classified advertisements exceeded ads in print publications for the first in 2011, the Xerfi-Percepta market research firm said on Tuesday, but warned of a slowdown of spectacular growth.
Show biz paper 'Variety' gets new owner
Variety, the century-old newspaper long seen as an authority on Hollywood and show business, has been sold to a Los Angeles-based digital media group, the companies announced Tuesday.
Gates to focus on charity, rules out presidency
Microsoft co-founder turned global philanthropist Bill Gates said Tuesday that he will focus on charity rather than running for US presidency.
Huawei's global ambitions come under a cloud (Update)
Chinese telecom firm Huawei's ambitions to become a global brand rivalling Apple and Samsung have been hit by a US report claiming that the company, founded by a former Chinese soldier, posed an espionage threat.
Taiwan to ask Apple to blur sensitive military images
Taiwan said Tuesday it will ask US tech giant Apple to blur satellite images of sensitive military installations which are freely available to iPhone 5 users.
People with positive Wikipedia attitude better at assessing credibility
Research conducted by the University of Twente's CTIT research institute shows that people who are negative about Wikipedia are poor at assessing the credibility of articles included in this resource. "They consider all information in this resource to be equally unreliable, meaning they end up missing out on valuable information," says UT researcher Teun Lucassen. People who have a fundamentally positive attitude toward Wikipedia are better able to assess the credibility of specific Wikipedia articles. The results of this study were published in the Journal of Information Science.
An operating system in the cloud
Computer users are familiar to different degrees with the operating system that gets their machines up and running, whether that is the Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac, Linux, ChromeOS or other operating system. The OS handles the links between hardware, the CPU, memory, hard drive, peripherals such as printers and cameras as well as the components that connect the computer to the Internet, critically it also allows the user to run the various bits of software and applications they need, such as their email programs, web browsers, word processors, spreadsheets and games.
Carbon fiber technology that could deliver more fuel-efficient vehicles
Ford Motor Company today demonstrated a prototype carbon fiber bonnet that could help lower fuel consumption for Ford customers.
New tool makes saving electricity easier
Thirty-one million American homes will be getting computer-friendly data about their electricity use from their utility companies, thanks to the work of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and a nudge from the White House.
Court lets stand telecom immunity in wiretap case
(AP)—The Supreme Court is leaving in place a federal law that gives telecommunications companies legal immunity for helping the government with its email and telephone eavesdropping program.
Wireless data at top speed
Digital cameras and camcorders deliver high resolution film sequences that are several gigabytes in size. These can take several minutes to transfer wirelessly to your home computer via Bluetooth. Now there is a speedy alternative: The "multi-gigabit communication module" is six times faster than a USB cable.
US politics goes mobile, phones become tool: study
A growing number of Americans are using mobile phones to keep up with or play a role in politics, but some say they are getting unwanted political messages, a study showed Tuesday.
Twitter co-founder to cut role, focus on Square
Twitter co-founder Jack Dorsey said Tuesday he has turned over most operations at the high-flying company as he devotes more time to his other venture, mobile payments firm Square.
Companies are finding more money in recycling
Folks around the United States are increasingly finding money in their trash. It's not that someone is going around tossing greenbacks into the garbage. But companies and institutions across the region are finding that what they throw away is often more valuable than they realized.
New app helps blind count their cash
A new, government-funded cellphone app will help the blind and those with visual impairments count their cash.
Netflix CEO to step down from Microsoft's board
(AP)—Netflix CEO Reed Hastings is stepping down from Microsoft's board of directors next month.
CAPTCHA evokes sympathetic (aka correct) response
(Phys.org)—CAPTCHAs by definition (stands for Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) are gotcha tools that are used to spot automated-attack attempts posing as people. CAPTCHA programs are designed to plant character strings as entry codes, asking Internet sign-up users to repeat the string of letters to confirm the users are humans. The CAPTCHA in a broader sense protects websites against bots by generating and grading tests with distorted characters, tests designed for humans to pass and for machines to fail. A CAPTCHA image shows a random string. Then the user types it back to enter a site or to submit a form.
2010 Korea bomb 'tests' probably false alarms, says study
(Phys.org)—This spring, a Swedish scientist sparked international concern with a journal article saying that radioactive particles detected in 2010 showed North Korea had set off at least two small nuclear blasts—possibly in experiments designed to boost the yields of much larger bombs. Shortly after, the pot was stirred with separate claims that some intelligence agencies suspected the detonations were done in cooperation with Iran. Now, a new paper says the tests likely never took place—or that if they did, they were too tiny to have any military significance. The new report, by seismologists at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, will be published later this month in the journal Science & Global Security, where the earlier paper also appeared.
'Digits' making your remote control obsolete (w/ Video)
(Phys.org)—Forget the TV remote and the games controller, now you can control anything from your mobile phone to the television with just a wave of your hand.
Free app successfully flaggs 97 percent of spam and malware posts on Facebook
(Phys.org)—Cyber-crime is expanding to the fertile grounds of social networks and University of California, Riverside engineers are fighting it.
Digital tabletop system with views on demand (w/ Video)
A tabletop system where users can come together and view shared content will be unveiled today. A team of scientists, led by the University of Bristol, have developed the system aimed at supporting mixed-focus collaborative tasks.
Free program makes computer graphics more realistic
(Phys.org)—Computer-generated images can be a little more realistic—and a lot cheaper to make—with a rendering program created by a Cornell graduate student.
New software to provide greater accuracy in measuring battery life
(Phys.org)—Researchers from North Carolina State University have developed a new technique that allows users to better determine the amount of charge remaining in a battery in real time. That's good news for electric vehicle drivers, since it gives them a better idea of when their car may run out of juice.
New interactive system detects touch and gestures on any surface (w/ Video)
People can let their fingers - and hands - do the talking with a new touch-activated system that projects onto walls and other surfaces and allows users to interact with their environment and each other.
PUFFIN offers graphics card breakthrough versus break-in
(Phys.org)—The PUFFIN Project has come up with research that suggests GPU manufacturing processes leave each product with a unique kind of fingerprint. PUFFIN stands for physically unclonable functions found in standard PC components. What might appear to be identical graphics processors nonetheless differ. The differences cannot be duplicated. According to Threatpost, the Kasperksy Lab Security News Service, the project's lead researcher, Dr. Tanja Lange of Eindhoven Institute for the Protection of Systems and Information, said that the manufacturing differences were unclonable. The researchers have software that can spot the fine differences between GPUs.
Medicine & Health news
Man's death after eating roaches raises questions (Update)
(AP)—As a Florida medical examiner tries to determine how 32-year-old Edward Archbold died after eating insects during a contest to win a snake, people around the country are asking: Why?
Football coaching should be tailored for teenage brains, research says
Creating the next generation of football stars may be down to understanding the teenage brain, according to new research from the University of Bristol. The study, published in the FA [Football Association] journal The Boot Room, suggests that to unlock the full potential of talented players coaches need to be aware that the decision-making process in the teenage brain operates significantly differently to the adult brain.
Pakistan begins anti-pneumonia drive
Pakistan on Tuesday launched a drive to vaccinate 5.5 million children against pneumococcal disease to fight pneumonia, which kills tens of thousands of youngsters in the country every year.
Merck partnership accelerates needle-free vaccine delivery
A University of Queensland invention that will deliver vaccines without the need for needles has struck a significant partnership with US-based pharmaceutical giant Merck, announced today.
Study tests potential new drug to reduce pain and symptoms of endometriosis
(Medical Xpress)—According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), endometriosis, a gynecological disorder in which cells from the uterus lining grow in other areas of the body, is the number one reason for a hysterectomy in women ages 18-35. Current treatment options for endometriosis are severely limited by side effects of existing medications and surgical options have more risks. A nationwide clinical trial is testing an investigational drug as a potential new option for patients with moderate to severe pain from this disease.
First universal standards guiding content, appearance of prescription container labels
With medication misuse resulting in more than one million adverse drug events per year in the United States, new standards released today by the U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention (USP) for the first time provide a universal approach to the format, appearance, content and language of instructions for medicines in containers dispensed by pharmacists. Wide variability in prescription container labels exists today across individual prescriptions, pharmacies, retail chains and states. The USP standards provide specific direction on how to organize labels in a "patient-centered" manner that best reflects how most patients seek out and understand medication instructions.
School hearing tests: Are they as good as they sound?
Should every primary school pupil in the UK be given a hearing test and what's the most effective way of doing it? These are questions that a team of academics from Nottingham and Exeter will be tackling as part of a new study.
Young people need financial support and guidance when they age out of foster care, expert says
As the economy and job market continue to recover, many young adults have moved in with their parents to save money. For teens and 20-somethings who grew up in foster care, saving money is especially difficult because they have aged out of a system that provided support in earlier years and lack important family ties they can depend upon, particularly as they enter adulthood and embark on their own. Now, a University of Missouri child welfare expert says youths in foster care need financial education and support to build assets so they can become financially independent adults.
New point of focus found for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases
Scientists affiliated with VIB and UGent have discovered a mechanism used by the protein A20 to combat inflammation. This could be a very important point of focus in the search for a treatment for autoimmune diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis, in which the patient suffers from chronic, uncontrolled inflammation.
Physical therapy, not a knee brace, aids in ACL recovery
Wearing a knee brace following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgery has no effect on a person's recovery. However, strength, range-of- motion, and functionality exercises provide significant benefits, and other new therapies may show promise.
Electronic health records shown to improve the quality of patient care
A new study by Weill Cornell Medical College researchers, published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine, provides compelling evidence that electronic health records (EHRs) enhance the quality of patient care in a community-based setting with multiple payers, which is representative of how medicine is generally practiced across the United States.
Study: Non-genetic factors play role in non-diabetic kidney disease among African-Americans
The high rate of non-diabetic kidney disease in African-Americans is strongly associated with variations in a particular gene. Yet, not everyone who inherits these variations develops the disease.
Secondary osteoporosis: More than what meets the eye
An SGH study has revealed that considering all osteoporotic patients as having simple osteoporosis and treating all of them alike by putting them on potent long term medication without finding out the cause of their osteoporosis may be ineffective and in most cases downright harmful.
Puerto Rico declares dengue epidemic
(AP)—Puerto Rico's health department has declared a dengue epidemic.
Hospital rankings dramatically affected by calculation methods for readmissions and early deaths
Hospital readmission rates and early death rates are used to rank hospital performance but there can be significant variation in their values, depending on how they are calculated, according to a new study in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal).
Feds seek full court review of cigarette warnings
(AP)—The U.S. government is asking a federal appeals court to rehear a challenge to a requirement that tobacco companies to put large graphic health warnings on cigarette packages.
New animal models can revolutionize the study of cancer
Some animal models developed by researchers at the Institute of Biomedical Research of Bellvitge (IDIBELL) and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) has served to validate the effectiveness of a new drug against ovarian cancer resistant to cisplatin. The multidisciplinary work, done in collaboration with the biopharmaceutical company Pharmamar, was published in the journal Clinical Cancer Research.
Feds: Old potato behind Utah prison-brew botulism
(AP)—The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says a weeks-old baked potato was the source of a botulism outbreak at a Utah prison where inmates consumed cell-brewed alcohol.
Rates of procedures such as angioplasty lower in states with public reporting of outcomes
In an analysis that included nearly 100,000 Medicare patients who had experienced a heart attack, the use of a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI; procedures such as balloon angioplasty or stent placement used to open narrowed coronary arteries) was lower for patients treated in states with public reporting of PCI outcomes compared with patients treated in states without public reporting, with these differences being particularly large in the highest-risk patients, according to a study in the October 10 issue of JAMA. However, the researchers found that there was no difference in overall heart attack survival rates between states with and without public reporting.
Strategies proposed to improve impact of comparative effectiveness studies
Comparative effectiveness research conducted over the past decade has had a limited impact on the way medical care is delivered, but many opportunities exist to help doctors and others in the medical system translate such research into better patient care, according to a new RAND Corporation study.
Effectiveness of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in Peru
In this week's PLOS Medicine, Anna Borquez from Imperial College London and an international group of authors developed a mathematical model representing the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transwomen in Lima, Peru as a test-case for the effectiveness of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
Portable lung perfusion device could revolutionise transplant procedures
Donor lungs are usually flushed and preserved at cold temperatures before transplantation. The cold temperature reduces tissue decomposition, but can also result in degradation of the organ and a longer transplantation process.
Bigger play areas for kids cut obesity risk
The global fight against obesity could be helped by providing support for child's play, a researcher from The University of Western Australia has found.
Learning from past flu epidemics to model outbreaks as they happen
Mathematicians have developed a powerful tool to quantify the spread and infectiousness of viruses like the pandemic H1N1 flu strain, which can be used together with modern laboratory techniques to help the healthcare system plan its response to disease outbreaks.
Study shows group-based weight loss treatment effective whether led by health professionals or by peer counselors
A new National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded study conducted at Baruch College and published in Obesity found that overweight and obese adults who participated in three different weight loss treatments, all involving intensive, multi-component counseling delivered in groups, lost significant weight after 48 weeks whether the treatment was led by a health professional or by someone who had previous weight loss success.
With problem drinking, where you live may matter
Some people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods may be at increased risk of problem drinking—though much may depend on race and gender, according to a new study in the November issue of the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Researchers found that of nearly 14,000 U.S. adults surveyed, those living in low-income neighborhoods were generally more likely to be non-drinkers than were people in affluent neighborhoods.
New MRI technique used to identify early-stage coronary disease
With the results of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), researchers say they are closer to finding an imaging technique that can identify thickening of the coronary artery wall, an early stage of coronary heart disease (CAD). The study is published online in the journal Radiology.
Outreach through social media can encourage condom use in young adults, study shows
Sexually transmitted infection (STI) prevention messages delivered by Facebook can be effective in promoting condom use among young adults in the short term, a new study has found. Few students and young adults receive comprehensive sexuality education or guidance on HIV and other STI risks. Social media may provide a viable alternative to promote safe sex using online networks of friends, the study published in the November issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine reports.
Research on enhanced transmissibility in H5N1 influenza: Should the moratorium end?
How can scientists safely conduct avian flu research if the results could potentially threaten, as well as save, millions of lives? In a series of commentaries appearing on Tuesday, October 9 in mBio, the online open-access journal of the American Society for Microbiology, prominent microbiologists and physicians argue the cases both for and against lifting a voluntary moratorium on experiments to enhance the ability of the H5N1 virus to move from mammal to mammal, so-called "gain-of-function" research, and discuss the level of biosecurity that would be appropriate for moving that research forward.
Antipsychotics accelerate patient sedation, study finds
(Medical Xpress)—A new study is shedding light on the use of sedative drugs in hospitals and has proven certain clinically used drug combinations to be faster and more effective in sedating highly aggressive patients in the emergency department (ED).
Dominican Republic, Haiti in 10-year cholera fight
(AP)—Officials in Haiti and the Dominican Republic are preparing for a long campaign against cholera, the water-borne disease that has sickened tens of thousands of people in the two neighboring Caribbean countries.
Australians trial Botox to treat hay fever
The best-selling wrinkle erasing drug Botox will be used in an Australian study to treat hay fever, researchers said Tuesday after it showed promise in providing relief in early trials.
WHO: 'Brain-eating amoeba' kills 10 in Pakistan (Update)
(AP)—A waterborne parasite commonly known as "brain-eating amoeba" has killed 10 people in Pakistan's largest city, a Pakistani official with the World Health Organization said Tuesday.
FDA approves DUCORD product for stem cell transplants
Duke University School of Medicine has received approval from the Food and Drug Administration to market DUCORD, a stem cell product derived from umbilical cord blood, for use in transplants between unrelated donors and recipients.
Study identifies women at risk for urinary tract infections after pelvic-floor surgery
Women who have a positive urine culture test on the day of surgery for a pelvic-floor disorder are more likely to have a urinary tract infection (UTI) in the first six weeks after the procedure. These findings were presented this past week by researchers from Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine at the American Urogynecologic Society's 33rd Annual Scientific Meeting in Chicago.
New, easy test for age-related macular degeneration
(Medical Xpress)—Scientists from Australia's Vision Centre have demonstrated a quick, accurate test under lights for one of the world's leading causes of blindness.
Better guidelines needed for multimorbidity
New clinical guidelines need to be developed to help doctors provide better care for people with more than one chronic illness, according to a research team led by the University of Dundee.
Scleral lenses benefit patients with corneal irregularities
(Medical Xpress)—A UC Davis Health System Eye Center study found that scleral lenses, which rest beyond the limits of the cornea and cover the white part of the eye (sclera), were a good alternative for patients with corneal abnormalities whose vision could not be corrected with other types of contact lenses or glasses. The study was published in the journal Eye & Contact Lens.
350 million people have depression in world: WHO
More than 350 million people suffer from depression globally, the World Health Organization said, ahead of World Mental Health Day on Wednesday.
Despite access to care, male veterans in poorer health than civilian men
Even with access to health care, male military veterans are in poorer health than men in active military duty, men in the National Guard and Reserves, and civilian men, finds a new study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. The study concluded that organizations that serve veterans should increase efforts at preventing poor health behaviors and linking them to health care services.
Graphic, emotional anti-smoking ads increase attempts to quit
Graphic and/or emotional television anti-smoking ads get more smokers to try to quit than less intense ads, according to a new study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine.
When young women use hormonal contraceptives, condom use drops, study finds
Young women who start using hormonal contraceptives for birth control often stop using condoms, but a new study in the Journal of Adolescent Health finds that if they later discontinue using hormonal contraceptives, they tend not to resume using condoms. This leaves them open to both unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Using CD47's protection to deliver anti-cancer drugs directly to tumor cells
(Medical Xpress)—For most of their natural lives, red blood cells hide safely under the radar of the body's immune system, thanks to a cloak of "don't eat me" protein called CD47. Ching-An Peng of Michigan Technological University wants to co-opt that clever trick to fight cancer.
Physicians much less willing to prescribe drugs tested in pharmaceutical-industry funded trials, study finds
(Medical Xpress)—Physicians are less likely to trust the results of clinical trials when they know those trials were funded by pharmaceutical companies, regardless of the quality of the research, a recent study in the New England Journal of Medicine shows.
Recovering 'bodyguard' cells in pancreas may restore insulin production in diabetics
The key to restoring production of insulin in type I diabetic patients, previously known as juvenile diabetes, may be in recovering the population of protective cells known T regulatory cells in the lymph nodes at the "gates" of the pancreas, a new preclinical study published online October 8 in Cellular & Molecular Immunology by researchers in the Department of Bioscience Technologies at Thomas Jefferson University suggests.
Researchers study effect of chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy for advanced cancers
Researchers at Moffitt Cancer Center and colleagues at the University of South Florida and Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital in China have discovered that combining chemotherapy drugs and immunotherapy cancer vaccines results in an enhanced anti-tumor effect. The results, achieved by testing cancer cells in a laboratory, are surprising because chemotherapy generally reduces immunity and could cancel out the benefits of immunotherapy when given together.
New psychology study reveals unexamined costs of rape
Depression and post-traumatic stress disorder are commonly associated with sexual assault, but a new study from The University of Texas at Austin shows that female victims suffer from a wide spectrum of debilitating effects that may often go unnoticed or undiagnosed.
Aspirin may decrease risk of aggressive form of ovarian cancer
New research shows that women who regularly use pain relief medications, particularly aspirin, have a decreased risk of serous ovarian cancer—an aggressive carcinoma affecting the surface of the ovary. The study published in Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, a journal of the Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology, reports that non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), or other analgesics did not decrease ovarian cancer risk.
7-a-day for happiness and mental health
Happiness and mental health are highest among people who eat seven portions of fruit and vegetables a day, according to a new report.
The beauty of the accused unfairly affects perceptions of their culpability
A study from the University of Granada based on police surveys indicates that in domestic violence crimes in which the woman kills her abuser, if she is more attractive she is perceived as guiltier.
Intervention reduces sexual risk behavior and unintended preganancies in teen girls, study finds
Adolescent girls participating in a sexual risk reduction (SRR) intervention study were more likely to practice abstinence and, if sexually active, showed substantial decreases in unprotected sex, number of partners, and unintended pregnancies, reports a research team led by principal investigator Dianne Morrison-Beedy, PhD, RN, WHNP-BC, FNAP, FAANP, FAAN, Senior Associate Vice President of USF Health and Dean of the College of Nursing at the University of South Florida. Results of the study demonstrate the value of risk-reduction interventions tailored to girls, who are at a greater risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) than boys.
Optimal therapy sought for patients who cannot defecate effectively
Nearly one third of the 40 million Americans with constipation unknowingly work against themselves, squeezing when they should be pushing, and living painfully uncomfortable lives, researchers say.
Fast walking and jogging halve development of heart disease and stroke risk factors
Daily activities, such as fast walking and jogging, can curb the development of risk factors for heart disease and stroke by as much as 50 percent, whereas an hour's daily walk makes little difference, indicates research published in the online journal BMJ Open.
Curb kids' screen time to stave off major health and developmental problems
Curbs on children's daily screen time and delaying the age at which they start "the world's favorite pastime" are urgently needed to stave off the risk of serious health and developmental problems, argues a leading psychologist and child health expert in the Archives of Disease in Childhood.
Gamblers in a spin over frustrating losses
A new study provides evidence that gamblers interpret near-misses as frustrating losses rather than near-wins. This frustration stimulates the reward systems in the brain to promote continued gambling, according to Mike Dixon from the University of Waterloo in Canada, and his colleagues. This, in turn, may contribute to addictive gambling behavior. Their work is published online in Springer's Journal of Gambling Studies.
Effective negotiation: Study finds flirting can pay off for women
When Madeleine Albright became the first female U.S. Secretary of State, she led high-level negotiations between mostly male foreign government leaders. In 2009, comedian Bill Maher asked Albright if she ever flirted on the job and she replied, "I did, I did." Flirtatiousness, female friendliness, or the more diplomatic description "feminine charm" is an effective way for women to gain negotiating mileage, according to a new study by Haas School of Business Professor Laura Kray.
New biological pathway discovery may help scientists redesign certain diabetes drugs to reduce adverse side effects
University of Iowa team discovers new biological pathway in blood vessel cells, which may contribute to the blood pressure-lowering effects of TZD drugs used to treat Type 2 diabetes. This finding may help to develop new therapies that retain the beneficial effect of TZDs but eliminate the adverse side effects.
Poorer lung health leads to age-related changes in brain function
Keeping the lungs healthy could be an important way to retain thinking functions that relate to problem-solving and processing speed in one's later years, new research suggests.
Researchers stop neuromyelitis optica attacks with new therapy
Mayo Clinic researchers have identified a new therapy for patients with neuromyelitis optica that appears to stop inflammation of the eye nerves and spinal cord. NMO is a debilitating central nervous system disorder that is often misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis (MS). In the study, patients with severe symptoms of the disease, also known as NMO, were given eculizumab, a drug typically used to treat blood disorders.
Coffee speeds up return of bowel function after colon surgery
Patients who drank coffee, rather than water, after bowel surgery to remove a part of their colon experienced a quicker return to bowel movements and tolerance of solid food.
Canadian C-spine rule more accurate in diagnosing important cervical spine injuries than other rules
To screen for cervical spine injuries such as fractures in the emergency department, the Canadian C-spine rule appears to be more accurate compared with NEXUS, another commonly used rule, according to a study in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal). NEXUS stands for the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study.
Scientists discover gene behind rare disorders
Scientists at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital – The Neuro, McGill University working with a team at Oxford University have uncovered the genetic defect underlying a group of rare genetic disorders.
Meningitis outbreak toll: 119 cases, 11 deaths
(AP)—The number of people sickened by a deadly meningitis outbreak has now reached 119 cases, including 11 deaths.
Chronic kidney disease alters intestinal microbial flora, study finds
(Medical Xpress)—Chronic kidney disease changes the composition of intestinal bacterial microbes that normally play a crucial role in staving off disease-causing pathogens and maintaining micronutrient balance, according to UC Irvine researchers.
Doubling up on advanced prostate cancer with PARP inhibitors
A newly discovered function of PARP-1 could be the key to more effective therapeutics to treat advanced prostate cancer patients, a recent preclinical study published in Cancer Discovery by Jefferson's Kimmel Cancer Center researchers suggests.
New link between high-fat 'Western' diet and atherosclerosis identified
Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) researchers have found that a diet high in saturated fat raises levels of endothelial lipase (EL), an enzyme associated with the development of atherosclerosis, and, conversely, that a diet high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fat lowers levels of this enzyme. The findings establish a "new" link between diet and atherosclerosis and suggest a novel way to prevent cardiovascular heart disease. In addition, the research may help to explain why the type 2 diabetes drug rosiglitazone (Avandia) has been linked to heart problems.
Preterm labor powerhouse therapy offers promise for inflammatory diseases
Magnesium sulfate is given to many pregnant women to treat preterm labor and preeclampsia and was recently shown to prevent cerebral palsy; however little is known about how it works. Researchers at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine recently discovered the mechanism by which magnesium reduces the production of cytokines. Cytokines are molecules responsible for regulating inflammation; they play a key role conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, asthma, and alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis. Although the study related to pregnancy, inflammation is the culprit of many conditions and learning more about individual's magnesium levels may help a much broader patient population.
A DNA-made trap may explain amyloidosis aggravation
Amyloidosis is a group of clinical syndromes characterized by deposits of amyloid fibrils throughout the body. These fibrils are formed by aggregates of proteins that have not been properly folded. Deposits of amyloid fibrils are found in a number of diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and type-2 diabetes. The amyloid deposits can be localized, as in the brain of Alzheimer's patients, or found spread through the body, as in amyloidosis related to mutations in the transthyretin gene.
New study shows vitamin C prevents bone loss in animal models
Researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine have shown for the first time in an animal model that vitamin C actively protects against osteoporosis, a disease affecting large numbers of elderly women and men in which bones become brittle and can fracture. The findings are published in the October 8 online edition of PLoS ONE.
Medicare beneficiaries overspend by hundreds, research finds
Medicare beneficiaries are overpaying by hundreds of dollars annually because of difficulties selecting the ideal prescription drug plan for their medical needs, an investigation by University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health researchers reveals.
Vigorous physical activity may increase risk of bleeding for children with hemophilia
In children and adolescents with hemophilia, vigorous physical activity was associated with an elevated risk of bleeding, although it appears the absolute increase in risk may be small, according to a study in the October 10 issue of JAMA.
Hormone level linked with increased risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer, death
Plasma levels of proneurotensin are associated with the development of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular and total mortality, and breast cancer in women during long-term follow-up, according to a study in the October 10 issue of JAMA.
Hospitals that cooperate on infection control fare better than hospitals acting alone
An individual hospital's infection control efforts have a ripple effect on the prevalence of a deadly and highly infectious bacterium in hospitals throughout its surrounding region, a multi-center research group led by the University of Pittsburgh demonstrated in a computer simulation-based study.
Most pregnancy-related infections are caused by four treatable conditions
In low-and-middle income countries, pregnancy-related infections are a major cause of maternal death, can also be fatal to unborn and newborn babies, and are mostly caused by four types of conditions that are treatable and preventable, according to a review by US researchers published in this week's PLOS Medicine.
Looking out for #1 can make you happy, if you have no choice
(Medical Xpress)—We are, at our core, social creatures and we spend considerable time and effort on building and maintaining our relationships with others. As young children, we're taught that "sharing means caring" and, as we mature, we learn to take others' point of view. If we make a decision that favors self-interest, we often feel guilt for prioritizing ourselves over others.
No link between whole-body vibration and spine pathology
(HealthDay)—Whole-body vibration (WBV) is not a cause for spinal pathological changes on imaging, according to a systematic review published in the October issue of Spine.
Many drugs are just fine years after they 'expire,' study finds
Chances are, your medicine cabinet contains some pills that are past their expiration date. You might even have some pain relievers, some cough syrup or some sleeping pills that were purchased back when Richard Nixon was in the White House. But you can't seem to throw them away because you suspect they might still be OK to take.
Scientists identify genetic signatures for aggressive form of prostate cancer
Scientists have discovered two separate genetic 'signatures' for prostate cancer that appear to be able to predict the severity of the disease, leading to hopes that in future, accuracy of prognosis and treatment of the disease could be greatly improved. Two Articles published in The Lancet Oncology reveal distinctive patterns of RNA—the genetic material that helps turn DNA into proteins—which appear to be able to predict whether patients have an aggressive prostate cancer, or whether they have a milder form of the disease.
Cannabis extract eases muscle stiffness typical of multiple sclerosis
Cannabis seems to ease the painful muscle stiffness typical of multiple sclerosis, indicate phase III trial results, published in the Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry.
A study in adaptability: Why do we change our beliefs?
(Medical Xpress)—The human brain likes to make predictions about how the world works. Imagine, for example, that you move to a new town. At first, you don't know where to go for dinner. But after weeks of trying different restaurants, you pick a favorite, a little Thai place that makes the best green curry. Several months later, however, you notice the curry isn't as spicy and the vegetables seem undercooked. At first you give your favorite place the benefit of the doubt. But after a few more so-so dinners, you suddenly realize that something must have changed—perhaps the owner hired a new chef—and your notion that this is the best place around is no longer valid. So you begin searching for a new favorite restaurant.
The color of attraction? Pink, researchers find
(Medical Xpress)—Red-faced men are feeling flush with the revelation that women find rosy cheeks attractive.
World's first successful clinical trial to protect the brain from damage caused by stroke
A team of Canadian scientists and clinicians, led by Dr. Michael Hill of the Calgary Stroke Program at Foothills Medical Centre and University of Calgary's Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), have demonstrated that a neuroprotectant drug, developed by Dr. Michael Tymianski at the Krembil Neuroscience Centre, located at the Toronto Western Hospital, protects the human brain against the damaging effects of stroke.
Biochemists open path to molecular 'chaperone' therapy for metabolic disease
University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers, experts in revealing molecular structure by X-ray crystallography, have identified two new small "chaperone" molecules that may be useful in treating the inherited metabolic disorder known as Schindler/Kanzaki disease. This offers hope for developing the first ever drug treatment for this very rare disease.
Putting a block on neuropathic pain before it starts
Using tiny spheres filled with an anesthetic derived from a shellfish toxin, researchers at Boston Children's Hospital and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed a way to delay the rise of neuropathic pain, a chronic form of pain that arises from flawed signals transmitted by damaged nerves.
Caffeine may block inflammation linked to mild cognitive impairment
Recent studies have linked caffeine consumption to a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease, and a new University of Illinois study may be able to explain how this happens.
Study identifies adhesion molecules key to cancer's spread through the body
Although tumor metastasis causes about 90 percent of cancer deaths, the exact mechanism that allows cancer cells to spread from one part of the body to another is not well understood. One key question is how tumor cells detach from the structural elements that normally hold tissues in place, then reattach themselves in a new site.
Rare genetic disorder points to molecules that may play role in schizophrenia
Scientists studying a rare genetic disorder have identified a molecular pathway that may play a role in schizophrenia, according to new research in the October 10 issue of The Journal of Neuroscience. The findings may one day guide researchers to new treatment options for people with schizophrenia—a devastating disease that affects approximately 1 percent of the world's population.
3-year study finds significant differences in white matter processes related to children's reading development
(Medical Xpress)—Researchers from Stanford and Israel's Bar Ilan University have found that differences in the rates at which white matter develops in children's brains may, as they write in their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, account for differences in their ability to learn to read.
Biology news
Significant wheat production potential in eight African nations-climate, soil and economic data analysis
In releasing the first ever comprehensive report on sub-Saharan Africa's economic and biological potential for producing wheat, scientists said today that the region's farmers may be growing only 10 to 25 percent of the production the research suggests is both biologically possible and economically profitable. With rainwater alone, and with proper use of fertilizer and other investments, 20 to 100 percent of farmlands in the 12 nations studied appear to be ecologically suitable for profitable wheat farming, according to an analysis based on advanced computer modeling techniques.
Blogging from Africa: Researcher to study endangered chimpanzees and their shrinking habitat in fragmented forests
In late September, USC Dornsife Ph.D. student Maureen McCarthy traveled 9,000 miles from Los Angeles to Hoima, Uganda, to begin a year devoted to collecting chimpanzee poop.
Illustrated guides provide first ever view of zooplankton crucial to Arabian Sea's food web
They may be tiny, but they are mighty. Known as the "insects of the sea," zooplankton may tell the tale about the disruptive effect of climate change on the delicate balance of life that exists in the northwestern Indian Ocean. The organisms are a critical food source for whales, fish, and corals. However, if climate change upsets the normal routine of these microscopic crustaceans, animals that depend on the zooplankton for food may face starvation.
Florida Tech researchers diagnose coral disease
Marine diseases are killing coral populations all over the world, threatening the livelihoods of millions of people who depend on reefs for food and protection from storms. Are these diseases new and unprecedented infections, or do they erupt from the stresses of environmental change?
Rearing technique may bolster biocontrol wasp's commercial prospects
Two to three millimeters long, the parasitoid wasp Habrobracon hebetor is a top candidate for use in programs to biologically control Indianmeal moths and other stored-product pests. But despite the prospects for reduced insecticide use and product losses, the approach has yet to gain traction commercially, in part because of the lack of an efficient method of stockpiling the wasp.
Bioenergy—The broken promise
Biofuels are going to save us from climate threats and the oil crisis, while at the same time providing an opportunity to the smallholder farmers of the world. Hopes are high, but completely unrealistic. It is like trying to push a square peg into a round hole, according to a current thesis at Linköping University.
North American Freshwater Mussels
A new book by U.S. Forest Service scientist Wendell Haag provides the first comprehensive view of the ecology and conservation of the approximately 300 species of North American freshwater mussels. Intended for resource managers, scientists, students, and those interested in natural history, North American Freshwater Mussels (Cambridge University Press) highlights the diversity of the continent's mussel fauna, the animals' fascinating ecology and integral role in aquatic ecosystems, human uses of mussels, and mussels' desperate conservation plight.
Healthy mom with lots of help key to thriving brood, scientists say
What does it take to raise successful, self-sufficient offspring? A healthy mom with lots of in-house help, says Utah State University researcher Dan MacNulty. While this advice may benefit humans, a recent study by MacNulty and colleagues actually focuses on another group of large, social mammals – namely, wolves.
Simulated seeds help scientists explore how plants 'balance the books' between oil and protein production
Using a computational model they designed to incorporate detailed information about plants' interconnected metabolic processes, scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory have identified key pathways that appear to "favor" the production of either oils or proteins. The research, now published online in Plant Physiology, may point the way to new strategies to tip the balance and increase plant oil production.
Poinsettias cultivars can take cooler temperatures, save energy for growers
(Phys.org)—Growers who carefully select their poinsettia cultivars can lower their greenhouse thermostats in mid-October to save on energy costs and produce high-quality plants, according to a Purdue University and University of New Hampshire study.
New study shows mountain lions dispersing from Nevada to California
Using data collected over the course of seven years, the study looked at DNA in tissue samples collected from 739 mountain lions. In the first-of-its-kind study at this scale, the authors used only the gathered genetic information to discover population structures and history, and to identify what areas in the region serve as "sinks" (habitat that animals move to at a greater rate than they disperse from) and "sources" (areas that animals disperse from at a greater rate to live elsewhere).
River Thames invaded with foreign species, researchers show
The second longest river in the UK, the River Thames, contains 96 non-native species, making it one of the most highly invaded freshwater systems in the world.
USC develops software to facilitate large-scale biological inquiry
The world's leading mass spectrometer manufacturers have agreed to license technology that enabled University of Southern California (USC) researchers to develop software that, for the first time, allows scientists to easily use and share research data collected across proprietary platforms.
Regenerated lizard tails are new, but not replicates, researchers find
Just because a lizard can grow back its tail, doesn't mean it will be exactly the same. A multidisciplinary team of scientists from Arizona State University and the University of Arizona examined the anatomical and microscopic makeup of regenerated lizard tails and discovered that the new tails are quite different from the original ones.
A predominance to be right-handed is not a uniquely human trait, but one shared by great apes, study finds
(Phys.org)—Dr Gillian Forrester, a visiting fellow in psychology at the University of Sussex and a senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Westminster, analysed hand actions directed towards either objects or individuals in chimpanzees, gorillas and children, and found that all three species are right-handed for actions to objects, but not for actions directed to individuals.
Marine worms reveal the deepest evolutionary patterns
(Phys.org)—The study of ancient worms could offer a more solid understanding of evolutionary patterns and processes, according to new research.
Study shows slime molds have spatial memory
(Phys.org)—Biology researchers from the University of Sydney, working with colleagues from Paul Sabatier Université in Toulouse have found that the brainless slime mold Physarum polycephalum, is able to use its slime trail as a memory device. In their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team describe how they used a baited trap to test the molds' ability to navigate around an obstacle both when able to use its trail as a guide, and when its trail was disguised, to uncover how the mold uses the trail as a memory device.
Researchers develop new tool for making genetic engineering of microbial circuits reliably predictable
(Phys.org)—Synthetic biology is the latest and most advanced phase of genetic engineering, holding great promise for helping to solve some of the world's most intractable problems, including the sustainable production of energy fuels and critical medical drugs, and the safe removal of toxic and radioactive waste from the environment. However, for synthetic biology to reach its promise, the design and construction of biological systems must be as predictable as the assembly of computer hardware.
Researchers find intestinal bacteria create phages for use as weapons
(Phys.org)—Researchers at the University of Texas have found that a certain type of bacteria that lives in the mammalian gut creates a virus to kill off competitors. In their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team says their discovery came about purely by accident.
Swimming with hormones: Researchers unravel ancient urges that drive social decisions of fish
Researchers have discovered that a form of oxytocin—the hormone responsible for making humans fall in love—has a similar effect on fish, suggesting it is a key regulator of social behaviour that has evolved and endured since ancient times.
Why clever crow is no bird brain
Biologists on Tuesday said they had figured out how the New Caledonian crow, a bird famed for using tools, does its party trick.
Scientists devise screening method to aid RNA drug development research
(Phys.org)—(Phys.org)—Scientists from the Florida campus of The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) have developed a new method of screening more than three million combinations of interactions between RNA and small molecules to identify the best targets on RNA as well as the most promising potential drug compounds. This novel technology may lead to more efficient drug development.
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