Nature Neuroscience Contents: November 2012 Volume 15 Number 11, pp 1467 - 1603

TABLE OF CONTENTS November 2012 Volume 15, Issue 11 News and Views Review Brief Communication Articles Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Nature Arabic Edition allows Arabic speakers throughout the world to access top quality science news and comment from Nature, as well as summaries of all the research papers from the leading multidisciplinary journal. Access Nature Arabic Edition online and apply for your free subscription arabicedition.nature.com In partnership with: KACST   News and Views Top TDP-43 and FUS/TLS yield a target-rich haul in ALS   pp1467 - 1469 Aaron D Gitler doi:10.1038/nn.3243 Genome-wide approaches are used to discover the RNA-binding targets of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) disease protein FUS/TLS. These studies reveal some shared targets with another ALS-linked RNA-binding protein, TDP-43, suggesting common pathogenic mechanisms. See also: Article by Lagier-Tourenne et al. New twist on orphan receptor GPR88 function   pp1469 - 1470 David M Lovinger doi:10.1038/nn.3244 Ligands for G protein–coupled receptor 88 (GPR88) have not yet been found. A new study finds that GPR88 is important in the physiology of dorsal striatal projection neurons, as well as in behaviors involving this brain region. See also: Article by Quintana et al. The medial entorhinal cortex keeps Up   pp1471 - 1472 David Dupret and Jozsef Csicsvari doi:10.1038/nn.3245 A study reveals that medial entorhinal cortex layer III spiking dynamics shape the neocortical-hippocampal dialog during Up-Down state fluctuations in slow-wave sleep that may contribute to memory consolidation. See also: Article by Hahn et al. Two layers of neural variability   pp1472 - 1474 Mark M Churchland and L F Abbott doi:10.1038/nn.3247 Variability in neuronal firing rates and spike timing can be modeled as doubly stochastic. A study now suggests that these phenomena could arise from a network built of deterministic neurons with balanced excitation and inhibition. See also: Article by Litwin-Kumar & Doiron Cdk5 keeps memory on Trk   p1474 Sebastien Thuault doi:10.1038/nn1112-1474 See also: Article by Lai et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Assistant Professor of Theoretical Neuroscience Stanford University Assistant or Associate Professor of Neuroscience University of Virginia Neuroscience Postdoc Programmer Linkoping University Neuroscience Faculty Recruitment Columbia University Chair / Reader / Senior Lecturer in Human Neuroimaging and Cognitive Neuroscience UCL Institute of Neurology More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Neurodegeneration Conference 2012 27.11.-01.12.12 Mexico More science events from Review Top Neurobiology of resilience   pp1475 - 1484 Scott J Russo, James W Murrough, Ming-Hu Han, Dennis S Charney and Eric J Nestler doi:10.1038/nn.3234 The authors review our understanding of the biological basis of resilience to stress. The review examines findings from both humans and animals and also discusses how this knowledge can help guide treatment for stress-related disorders. Brief Communication Top Neural progenitor cells regulate microglia functions and activity   pp1485 - 1487 Kira I Mosher, Robert H Andres, Takeshi Fukuhara, Gregor Bieri, Maiko Hasegawa-Moriyama, Yingbo He, Raphael Guzman and Tony Wyss-Coray doi:10.1038/nn.3233 Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are known to be influenced by their local environment. However, in the current study, the authors show that NPCs can also secrete signaling proteins that regulate microglial cell function. Articles Top Divergent roles of ALS-linked proteins FUS/TLS and TDP-43 intersect in processing long pre-mRNAs   pp1488 - 1497 Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne, Magdalini Polymenidou, Kasey R Hutt, Anthony Q Vu, Michael Baughn, Stephanie C Huelga, Kevin M Clutario, Shuo-Chien Ling, Tiffany Y Liang, Curt Mazur, Edward Wancewicz, Aneeza S Kim, Andy Watt, Sue Freier, Geoffrey G Hicks, John Paul Donohue, Lily Shiue, C Frank Bennett, John Ravits, Don W Cleveland and Gene W Yeo doi:10.1038/nn.3230 In this study, the authors compare the RNA binding patterns of FUS/TLS and TDP-43. Although these proteins regulate the processing of mostly distinct gene products, they do show concurrent regulation of a subset of neuronal transcripts that all have exceptionally long introns. See also: News and Views by Gitler Slow dynamics and high variability in balanced cortical networks with clustered connections   pp1498 - 1505 Ashok Litwin-Kumar and Brent Doiron doi:10.1038/nn.3220 Excitatory connections in cortex are clustered into groups of highly connected neurons. Here the authors examine the effect this clustering has on the dynamics of neuronal networks with balanced excitation and inhibition. Their model suggests that the reported variability in spontaneous and evoked spiking activity may result from clustered cortical architecture. See also: News and Views by Churchland & Abbott TrkB phosphorylation by Cdk5 is required for activity-dependent structural plasticity and spatial memory   pp1506 - 1515 Kwok-On Lai, Alan S L Wong, Man-Chun Cheung, Pei Xu, Zhuoyi Liang, Ka-Chun Lok, Hui Xie, Mary E Palko, Wing-Ho Yung, Lino Tessarollo, Zelda H Cheung and Nancy Y Ip doi:10.1038/nn.3237 Using a knock-in strategy to ablate a Cdk5-targeted serine phosphorylation site on residue 478 of the TrkB receptor, the authors demonstrate the role of this phosphorylation in activity-dependent functional and structural plasticity, as well as in learning and memory. They further show that TIAM1 and Rac1 act downstream of TrkB S478 phosphorylation during spine remodeling. See also: News and Views by Thuault Identification of a dopamine pathway that regulates sleep and arousal in Drosophila    pp1516 - 1523 Taro Ueno, Jun Tomita, Hiromu Tanimoto, Keita Endo, Kei Ito, Shoen Kume and Kazuhiko Kume doi:10.1038/nn.3238 Dopamine signaling is known to influence sleep and arousal in Drosophila. Here the authors identify the circuitry underlying the effect of dopamine on arousal, which involves D1 dopamine receptors in the dorsal fan-shaped body as the target of dopaminergic projections. OLM interneurons differentially modulate CA3 and entorhinal inputs to hippocampal CA1 neurons   pp1524 - 1530 Richardson N Leão, Sanja Mikulovic, Katarina E Leão, Hermany Munguba, Henrik Gezelius, Anders Enjin, Kalicharan Patra, Anders Eriksson, Leslie M Loew, Adriano B L Tort and Klas Kullander doi:10.1038/nn.3235 The authors selectively target a population of hippocampal interneurons called oriens lacunosum-moleculare (OLM) cells with the Chrna2 promoter to demonstrate that these cells differentially modulate CA3 and entorhinal inputs to CA1 pyramidal cells. They also find that OLM cells receive fast cholinergic inputs, providing a plausible explanation for how nicotine affects hippocampal plasticity. Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates cortico-hippocampal interaction in vivo    pp1531 - 1538 Thomas T G Hahn, James M McFarland, Sven Berberich, Bert Sakmann and Mayank R Mehta doi:10.1038/nn.3236 Persistent activity can mediate working memory during behavior. Here, the authors report persistent activity during sleep, occurring spontaneously in medial entorhinal cortex layer III (MECIII) neurons' membrane potential. This persistent activity excited hippocampal CA1 neurons. Thus, persistent activity in MECIII contributes to cortico-hippocampal interaction, which could serve several important mnemonic functions. See also: News and Views by Dupret & Csicsvari Reorganization of cortical population activity imaged throughout long-term sensory deprivation   pp1539 - 1546 David J Margolis, Henry Lütcke, Kristina Schulz, Florent Haiss, Bruno Weber, Sebastian Kügler, Mazahir T Hasan and Fritjof Helmchen doi:10.1038/nn.3240 The authors explore how sensory maps are reshaped by experience in vivo, using chronic two-photon calcium imaging to follow whisker-evoked activity of individual layer 2/3 neurons in adult mouse barrel cortex over weeks. By first measuring activity with whiskers intact and then with continued trimming of all but one whisker, they describe how the redistribution of population activity underlies large-scale cortical remapping. Lack of GPR88 enhances medium spiny neuron activity and alters motor- and cue-dependent behaviors   pp1547 - 1555 Albert Quintana, Elisenda Sanz, Wengang Wang, Granville P Storey, Ali D Güler, Matthew J Wanat, Bryan A Roller, Anna La Torre, Paul S Amieux, G Stanley McKnight, Nigel S Bamford and Richard D Palmiter doi:10.1038/nn.3239 GPR88 is an orphan G protein–coupled receptor expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). The authors show that deletion of Gpr88 in mice leads to hyperactivity, poor motor coordination and impaired cue-based learning. MSNs lacking GPR88 show increased excitation and reduced inhibition in vitro, and enhanced firing rates in vivo. See also: News and Views by Lovinger Silent synapses in selectively activated nucleus accumbens neurons following cocaine sensitization   pp1556 - 1562 Eisuke Koya, Fabio C Cruz, Robert Ator, Sam A Golden, Alexander F Hoffman, Carl R Lupica and Bruce T Hope doi:10.1038/nn.3232 The authors previously showed that a minority of nucleus accumbens neurons, which show strong cocaine-induced activation of the immediate early gene Fos, are necessary for cocaine-induced psychomotor sensitization. Here they find that these cocaine-activated neurons have increased numbers of silent synapses following cocaine sensitization. Goal-oriented searching mediated by ventral hippocampus early in trial-and-error learning   pp1563 - 1571 Sarah Ruediger, Dominique Spirig, Flavio Donato and Pico Caroni doi:10.1038/nn.3224 This study shows that a mouse's trial-and-error learning in the Morris water maze is mediated by a stereotyped sequence of hippocampus activation along its ventral-to-dorsal axis. Using anatomical or molecular lesions and a previously validated morphological readout of mossy fiber circuit refinement, the authors show that the ventral hippocampus in mice has an early role in goal-oriented learning and searching. The spatial structure of a nonlinear receptive field   pp1572 - 1580 Gregory W Schwartz, Haruhisa Okawa, Felice A Dunn, Josh L Morgan, Daniel Kerschensteiner, Rachel O Wong and Fred Rieke doi:10.1038/nn.3225 The authors attempt to improve existing retinal models by incorporating measurements of the physiological properties and connectivity of only the primary excitatory circuitry of the retina. The resulting model predicts ganglion cell responses to a variety of spatial patterns and provides a direct correspondence between circuit connectivity and retinal output. Divergence of visual channels in the inner retina   pp1581 - 1589 Hiroki Asari and Markus Meister doi:10.1038/nn.3241 Different types of bipolar cells in the retina carry distinct visual signals to select types of amacrine cells and ganglion cells. The authors show that a single bipolar cell can evoke distinct responses in different ganglion cells and that this signal divergence is the result of interactions with amacrine cells. The dark side of gloss   pp1590 - 1595 Juno Kim, Phillip J Marlow and Barton L Anderson doi:10.1038/nn.3221 The authors show, for human observers, that glossy surfaces can generate both bright specular highlights and dark specular 'lowlights' and that the presence of either is sufficient to generate compelling percepts of gloss. These results suggest that the image structure generated by specular highlights and lowlights is used to construct our experience of surface gloss. More is not always better: adaptive gain control explains dissociation between perception and action   pp1596 - 1603 Claudio Simoncini, Laurent U Perrinet, Anna Montagnini, Pascal Mamassian and Guillaume S Masson doi:10.1038/nn.3229 Moving objects generate motion information at different scales, but it is not known how the brain pools all of this information to reconstruct object speed and whether pooling depends on the purpose for which the information will be used. Here the authors find task-dependent differences in pooling that can be explained by an adaptive gain control mechanism. Top Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. 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