Dear Reader ,
Here is your customized Phys.org Newsletter for August 27, 2012:
Spotlight Stories Headlines
- Going up? Kickstarter hopefuls raise space elevator cash- Researchers find absorption features in spectrum of ordinary pulsar
- Turning on key enzyme blocks tumor formation
- Prehistoric bugs from 230 million years ago found in amber (Update)
- Researchers show how probiotics boost plant immunity
- Cooled coal emissions would clean air and lower health and climate-change costs
- Ray of light could lead to next generation of superconductors
- Fossil skeleton of strange, ancient digging mammal clears up 30-year evolutionary debate
- Vitamin B3 may offer new tool in fight against 'superbugs'
- Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent ever recorded (Update 2)
- Nutrition tied to improved sperm DNA quality in older men
- Darwin discovered to be right: Eastern Pacific barrier is virtually impassable by coral species
- What Apple's $1B victory means for consumers
- Study: Adolescent marijuana use leaves lasting mental deficits
- Research refutes long-held theory: Mother's metabolism, not birth canal size, limits gestation
Space & Earth news
Sri Lanka says oil spill 'contained'
An oil slick from a sunken cargo vessel has been contained and is no longer a threat to beach resorts popular with foreign tourists, Sri Lankan authorities declared on Sunday.
Attitudes could hamper hurricane evacuations
(Phys.org)—With Hurricane Isaac threatening the U.S. mainland, emergency management personnel might soon have to confront some of the misinformed mindsets of potential evacuees. If South Carolinians are any indication, the attitudes of coastal residents facing oncoming hurricanes might pose an obstacle to safe evacuations.
Robots to rescue coral reefs
Researchers at Heriot-Watt are developing a swarm of intelligent robots to help save coral reefs.
Something fishy about proposed dams
(Phys.org)—Millions of people are in danger of going hungry if the construction of dams on the lower Mekong River in South-East Asia goes ahead, according to research from The Australian National University.
New polymer research aims to boost dryland crop productivity
The fact that 30 per cent of Australia's cropping land does not retain water and produces only 10 per cent of the nation's broad-acre crops could be about to change.
NASA looking at dozens of advanced technology concepts
All the media focus surrounding the recent landing of NASA'S rover Curiosity has brought increased attention to space technology. Just in time to bask in the limelight, NASA has delivered a tech enthusiast's dream in terms of astounding new concepts that have recently been funded. They range in scope from nanosatellite technology to the exploration under the ice of Europa.
"Pirate Broadcaster" on Jupiter—radio emissions conceal surprise
The discovery of a new radio emission from Jupiter is among the highlights of a three-year Austrian Science Fund FWF project. This project actually investigated the planetary radio-frequency emissions of the Earth and Saturn—and a strange radio emission from the planet Jupiter was discovered. Further results of the project, which has now been completed, included the identification of a new modulation in terrestrial radio emissions, as well as analysis of particular components of Saturn's radio emissions. External reviewers assessed the project as outstanding in the closing evaluation.
Water research thrives as new report highlights spiralling growth year on year
Research into water is growing faster than the average 4% annual growth rate for all research disciplines, claims a new report presented by Elsevier and Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) during the 2012 World Water Week in Stockholm. The report, "The Water and Food Nexus: Trends and Development of the Research Landscape" analysed the major trends in water and food-related article output at international, national and institutional levels. Elsevier and SIWI worked closely together on creating the report, which is based on the analysis of Scopus citation data by Elsevier's SciVal Analytics team.
Earthquake swarm puts California town on edge
(AP)—Aftershocks continue to shake the Southern California desert a day after moderate earthquakes knocked farming town trailer homes off foundations and shattered windows in a swarm that scientists say could last for days.
Strong earthquake hits off El Salvador coast
(AP)—A strong magnitude-7.4 earthquake struck off the coast of El Salvador and a tsunami warning was issued but there were no immediate reports of damages or injuries, authorities said early Monday.
Series of earthquakes rattle Southern California
(AP)—Dozens of small to moderate earthquakes struck southeastern California on Sunday, knocking trailer homes off their foundations, shattering windows and rattling nerves in a small farming town east of San Diego.
Armstrong's small step a giant leap for humanity
(AP)—When man first harnessed fire, no one recorded it. When the Wright Brothers showed man could fly, only a handful of people witnessed it. But when Neil Armstrong took that first small step on the moon in July 1969, an entire globe watched in grainy black-and-white from a quarter million miles (400,000 kilometers) away
How China may be the next to land on the moon
Neil Armstrong's 1969 lunar landing marked a pinnacle of US technological achievement, defining what many saw as the American century, but the next person to set foot on the moon will likely be Chinese.
Richard Branson hails 'extraordinary' Neil Armstrong
British tycoon Richard Branson, whose company is launching a space tourism programme, on Sunday hailed the late US astronaut Neil Armstrong as "an extraordinary individual".
A chemistry tale of two carbons: Field study of urban, natural emissions interacting to affect climate change
(Phys.org)—City carbons and country carbons regularly mix in the atmosphere, but how do they get along? That is essentially the question being tackled by a team of scientists led by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. In the 2010 Carbonaceous Aerosols and Radiative Effects Study (CARES) research campaign they amassed a rich data set that will shed light on key science questions: how do these carbons meet, mix, travel, grow old, and affect the Earth's climate? The scientific overview of the field research was published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics in August 2012.
Sun has "eureka!" moment
(Phys.org)—At the onset of a series of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) on August 20, 2012, this bulbous CME certainly resembled a light bulb. It has the thin outer edge and a bright, glowing core at its center. CMEs are often bulbous, but it has been years since we've seen one with the elements (pun intended) of a light bulb.
New satellite has begun taking the Earth's temperature
(Phys.org)—The temperature of the Earth, through its thermal and reflected energy, is now being measured more accurately than ever thanks to the operation of a new satellite based and UK developed detector called GERB 3. This device will be key to the tracking of climate trends over the next 5 years.
Smooth sailing: Space launch system giving Marshall, Langley wind tunnels a workout
Launching rockets is no easy or inexpensive task. Developers must consider the ground support infrastructure, fuel elements and flight hardware itself; not to mention the safety of everyone involved.
How methane becomes fish food
Methane is an organic carbon compound containing the fundamental building block of nearly all living material: carbon. It provides an important source of energy and nutrients for bacteria. Methane is produced in oxygen-free environments and is found in abundance at the bottom of lakes.
Private Neil Armstrong service planned for Friday (Update)
(AP)—A private service is planned in Cincinnati on Friday for astronaut Neil Armstrong, the first man on the moon.
How ocean currents affect global climate is a question oceanographer may be close to answering
Kevin Speer has a "new paradigm" for describing how the world's oceans circulate—and with it he may help reshape science's understanding of the processes by which wind, water, sunlight and other factors interact and influence the planet's climate.
NASA infrared time series of Tropical Storm Isaac shows consolidation
NASA's Atmospheric Infrared Sounder or AIRS instrument is an infrared "eye" that flies onboard NASA's Aqua satellite. AIRS has been providing the National Hurricane Center with valuable temperature data on Isaac's clouds and the surrounding sea surface temperatures, and a time series of data shows that Isaac is consolidating.
NASA sees Typhoon Bolaven dwarf Typhoon Tembin
NASA satellites are providing imagery and data on Typhoon Tembin southwest of Taiwan, and Typhoon Bolaven is it barrels northwest through the Yellow Sea. In a stunning image from NASA's Aqua satellite, Bolaven appears twice as large as Tembin.
Carbon efficiency failing to fight warming: study
A surge in carbon emissions from power demand in the developing world is overwhelming progress by nations including China and the United States in improving efficiency, new research shows.
Shell seeks more time to begin exploratory drilling off Alaska coast
As Shell Alaska's effort to begin exploratory offshore drilling in the Arctic Ocean runs up against a weather-related deadline in the Chukchi Sea, the company has asked to extend its drilling window there.
Cleaner cars credited for better LA air, but pollution is still the worst in US
The notoriously smoggy skies of Los Angeles are a little bit cleaner than you might expect, at least in one respect. According to a study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the levels of certain vehicle-related pollutants in Los Angeles have dropped by 98 percent since the 1960s. The study has been accepted for publication in the Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres but is not yet available online.
Apollo 11 capsule stirs Neil Armstrong memories, tributes
Coming upon the Apollo 11 capsule at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum on Monday, Matt Hehman did something that would have been unimaginable when Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon 33 years ago.
Hubble captures a collection of ancient stars
(Phys.org)—The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has produced this beautiful image of the globular cluster Messier 56 (also known as M 56 or NGC 6779), which is located about 33,000 light years away from the Earth in the constellation of Lyra (The Lyre). The cluster is composed of a large number of stars, tightly bound to each other by gravity.
Study finds increased biomass in West Africa despite forty year drought
(Phys.org)—Researchers from Ghana and the UK have found that contrary to what might be expected, biomass in West Africa has been increasing during the ongoing forty year drought, leading the trees there to harbor more carbon than has been theorized. The team has been looking at more than 10,000 trees in the area and have found, as they describe in their paper in Ecology Letters, that rather than succumbing to the drought, the area has prospered as the encroachment of more tolerant species has been taking over.
41 new transiting planets in Kepler field of view
(Phys.org)—Two newly submitted studies verify 41 new transiting planets in 20 star systems. These results may increase the number of Kepler's confirmed planets by more than 50 percent: to 116 planets hosted in 67 systems, over half of which contain more than one planet. The papers are currently under scientific peer-review.
Scientists use satellites to measure how pollution particles affect clouds
(Phys.org)—Grabbing a virtual tiger by the tail, scientists led by researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory directly linked a cloud's inclination to rain to its effects on the climate. Using global satellite data and complex calculations, they were able—for the first time—to develop a proxy measurement for one of the most vexing questions in atmospheric science: how tiny particles in the atmosphere affect the amount of cloud. Using this new metric, they showed that aerosols' effects on clouds are overestimated by as much as 30 percent in a global climate model.
Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent ever recorded (Update 2)
(Phys.org)—The blanket of sea ice floating on the Arctic Ocean melted to its lowest extent ever recorded since satellites began measuring it in 1979, according to the University of Colorado Boulder's National Snow and Ice Data Center.
New estimate of living biomass: One third less life on planet Earth
Previous estimates about the total mass of all life on our planet have to be reduced by about one third. This is the result of a study by a German-US science team published in the current online issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS).
Researchers find absorption features in spectrum of ordinary pulsar
(Phys.org)—An international team of astronomers and astrophysicists has found some unusual spectral activity involving an otherwise "normal" pulsar; it displayed some absorption lines, which generally only occurs with bodies that have some degree of an atmosphere. In studying stars that lay outside the normal galactic plane, the team found, as they describe in their paper published in the journal Science, spectra that was not as smooth as expected, along with absorption lines.
Going up? Kickstarter hopefuls raise space elevator cash
(Phys.org)—A Space Elevator Project has gone past its $8,000 goal on Kickstarter, although the group's ultimate goal is to raise a cooler $100,000 up to $3 million as the project achieves phase to phase progress. The company, LiftPort, has the idea for a space elevator that could take robots, cargo, and humans to the surface of the moon with a single launch rocket solution. The concept could become a reality in eight years. Michael Laine, CEO of the company, set as its first goal the draw of $8,000 to fund the early part of the project that will be placed on the moon, hopefully around the year 2020. Laine has been immersed in space elevator research for over ten years and is the president of the US Alumni Association for the International Space University.
Technology news
Cutting-edge Slovak media paywall seeks to expand abroad
Piano, a cutting-edge media paywall which seduced thrifty Slovaks into shelling out for online content, is looking to prove its model with an expansion to much larger Poland.
SwRI launches Robot Operating System-Industrial Consortium
Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) is launching a cooperative research consortium to accelerate the development of ROS-Industrial, an open-source extension of ROS focused on the needs of industrial users.
Soft maker Deltek to be taken private for $890.5M
(AP)—Deltek Inc. shares slid nearly 8 percent Monday after the business software company said that it was being bought by private equity firm Thoma Bravo LLC in a cash deal worth about $890.5 million.
Twitter files appeal in Occupy Wall Street case
Twitter on Monday filed an appeal of a court order to turn over tweets from one of its users being prosecuted over Occupy Wall Street protests, in a case being watched for free-speech implications.
Samsung takes 3 percent stake in ASML
(AP)—ASML Holding NV says that Samsung Electronics Co. has agreed to buy a 3 percent stake in it for €500 million ($625 million), following the lead of other key computer chip manufacturers Intel Corp. and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd.
Apple jurors grappled with complex patent issues
The youngest juror, a 24-year-old whose favorite court attire was T-shirts bearing the names of rock bands, chose a Beatles sweatshirt for Friday's dramatic unveiling of the $1.05 billion verdict in favor of computer titan Apple Inc. One of the oldest was a retired electrical engineer who, as foreman, signed the unanimous verdict that South Korea's Samsung Electronics Co. copied Apple's patented technology for the iPhone and iPad. Among the other seven jurors were a homemaker, a bicycle shop manager and a U.S. Navy veteran.
US in-depth journalism rebirth defies Twitter age
The Twitter age is killing in-depth journalism, while local newspapers are becoming extinct—right?
Microgrids: So much more than backup energy
(Phys.org)—Most Americans don't have to think much about energy reliability. We plug in a computer and it powers up; we flip a switch and the lights come on.
Apple hits new record after big US court victory
Apple shares soared to a new all-time high Monday after the US tech giant's big win in a patent lawsuit against South Korea's Samsung, which saw its own stock tumble.
Ask beats Answers with $300M bid for About.com
(AP)—The New York Times Co. is selling its troubled online information service, About.com, to the parent company of Ask.com for $300 million in cash.
Swedish pioneer launches networking site for top 1% users
Swedish social media entrepreneur Erik Wachtmeister on Monday announced the launch of a new social networking site targeting the "top one percent" of Internet users, called Best of All Worlds.
IBM buys Kenexa for $1.3B in latest software deal
(AP)—IBM is buying human resources management company Kenexa Corp. for about $1.3 billion, adding to its stable of cloud-based software.
AOL unveils buyback, special dividend
AOL said Monday it was launching a share buyback worth some $600 million and paying a special dividend as part of its plan to distribute proceeds from a billion-dollar patent sale.
German group gives Facebook privacy deadline
(AP)—A consumer protection group Germany has sent Facebook a 'cease and desist' letter that claims the social-networking website breaches German privacy law.
FAA to study use of electronics on planes
It's going to be a while before airline passengers can use iPads and other electronic devices during the whole flight.
Apple lists 8 Samsung products it wants banned (Update)
(AP)—Apple Inc. on Monday gave a federal judge a list of eight Samsung Electronics Co. products it wants pulled from shelves and banned from the U.S. market, including popular Galaxy model smartphones.
HP, Dell: PC makers in desperate need of a reboot
Hewlett-Packard Co. used to be known as a place where innovative thinkers flocked to work on great ideas that opened new frontiers in technology. These days, HP is looking behind the times.
What Apple's $1B victory means for consumers
Apple's $1 billion court victory over Samsung poses a lot of questions for consumers. Will Samsung phones still be available for sale? Will they be more expensive? Will owners of existing phones need to worry?
Medicine & Health news
UA surgeons first to remove whole pancreas combined with auto-islet transplant
(Medical Xpress)—University of Arizona surgeons at The University of Arizona Medical Center have performed the world's first fully robotic total pancreatectomy with a successful simultaneous autologous islet transplant on a woman suffering from chronic pancreatitis.
West Nile numbers up this year; UGA gives tips on mosquito protection
(Medical Xpress)—Entomologists and public health officials are worried that a near record number of Georgians will be sickened with West Nile virus in 2012. The virus usually peaks between Aug. 15 and Sep. 15 in Georgia but had an earlier start this year.
Renal denervation treats resistant hypertension in real world patient populations
Renal denervation successfully treats patients with resistant hypertension in real world patient populations, according to a study presented at ESC Congress 2012. The findings were presented by Dr Darren Mylotte from France.
Renal sympathetic denervation improves physical and mental health in resistant hypertension
Renal sympathetic denervation improves anxiety, depression, quality of life and stress in patients with resistant hypertension, according to research presented at ESC Congress 2012 by Dr Denise Fischer from Saarland University Hospital.
Renal denervation achieves significant and sustained blood pressure reduction
Renal denervation leads to significant and sustained blood pressure reduction for up to 18 months in patients with treatment resistant hypertension, according to research presented at ESC Congress 2012. The new clinical data from the Symplicity HTN-2 randomized clinical trial were presented by principal investigator Dr Murray Esler at the scientific session, associate director of the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute of Melbourne, Australia and by Prof Böhm for the ESC Press Conference.
Renal denervation improves blood pressure and arterial stiffness
Renal denervation improves blood pressure and arterial stiffness in patients with therapy resistant hypertension, according to research presented at ESC Congress 2012 by Mr Klaas Franzen from the University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein. The findings suggest that renal denervation regenerates blood vessels and could reduce cardiovascular events.
Median follow-up results from the ALTITUDE study
Preliminary results from the Aliskiren Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Using Cardio-Renal Endpoints (ALTITUDE) do not support administration of aliskiren on top of standard therapy with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) blockade in type 2 diabetics at high risk of cardiovascular and renal events, according to Professor Hans-Henrik Parving from Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Presenting results from the study today, he said the treatment "may even be harmful".
Non-invasive fractional flow reserve in the identification of flow-restricting arterial blockage
Data presented today from the prospective Determination of Fractional Flow Reserve by Anatomic Computed Tomographic Angiography (DeFACTO) study show that, when compared to standard coronary angiography (CT), the non-invasive assessment of fractional flow reserve by computed tomography (FFRct) provides a more accurate determination of which lesions require invasive evaluation.(1)
Sudden death less likely in exercise related cardiac arrests
People who have a cardiac arrest during or shortly after exercise are three times more likely to survive than those who have a cardiac arrest that is not exercise related, according to research presented at the ESC Congress 2012 today, August 26. The findings from the Amsterdam Resuscitation Study (ARREST) were presented by Dr Arend Mosterd from the Netherlands.
Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for ACS patients managed without revascularisation
The first trial to study the effect of platelet inhibition in patients with acute coronary syndromes managed medically without revascularisation has found no significant difference between prasugrel and clopidogrel in the prevention of death, myocardial infarction or stroke.
Efficacy of LCZ696 in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction
The novel angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, LCZ696, demonstrated beneficial effects in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), according to results of the PARAMOUNT (Prospective compArison of ARNI with ARB on Management Of heart failUre with preserved ejectioN fracTion) trial.
Zebra fish point the way towards new therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Leuven scientists (VIB/KU Leuven) are using zebrafish as a model in their search for genes that play a role in the mechanism of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). As a result, they have identified a molecule that could be the target for a future ALS treatment. ALS is a progressive degenerative motor neuron disease for which there currently is no treatment. Their study has been published in the prestigious journal Nature Medicine.
Women with acute heart failure have similar in-hospital mortality to men but are less treated
Women with acute heart failure have similar in-hospital mortality to men but are less treated in the real world, according to results from the global ALARM-HF registry presented today at the ESC Congress 2012. The findings were presented by Dr John T. Parissis from Greece.
The mechanistic effects of spironalactone in diastolic heart failure
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists should be considered as a treatment option in hypertensive patients with diastolic heart failure, said Professor Burkert Pieske presenting results today of the Aldosterone Receptor Blockade in Diastolic Heart Failure (Aldo-DHF) study at ESC Congress 2012.
Drug eluting stents used less often in women than men
Drug eluting stents (DES) are used less often in women treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for coronary artery disease than men treated with PCI for the same condition, according to research presented today, August 25, at the ESC Congress 2012. The findings from a country-wide Germany registry were presented by Dr Martin Russ.
Unexpected findings at multi-detector CT scans: Less reason to worry
A new study from Rhode Island Hospital reports that nearly seven percent of urologic multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) scans for hematuria result in incidental findings that may be clinically important for the patient. The study is published in the American Journal of Roentgenology.
Intraaortic balloon pump fails to improve mortality rate in cardiogenic shock patients: The IABP-SHOCK II study
A balloon pump inserted in the aorta is currently the most widely used support device in the treatment of cardiogenic shock and, since its introduction in 1968, has been used in several million people. However, there is still only limited evidence that the intraaortic balloon pump (IABP), one of the oldest medical devices in cardiology, is actually beneficial for the patient. Only a few registry studies and clinical trials have shown that the IABP can improve blood pressure and the perfusion of the coronary arteries.
ECG is a cost effective method for diagnosing cardiac abnormalities in young athletes
Cardiovascular screening with ECG in young athletes is a cost effective way of diagnosing cardiac abnormalities, at just 138 Swiss Francs (about €115) per athlete. The findings were presented today, August 26, at the ESC Congress 2012 by Dr Andrea Menafoglio from Switzerland.
Nigerian unrest harming anti-polio efforts
A deadly Islamist insurgency in northern Nigeria has harmed efforts to eradicate polio in the region, the WHO says, with a resurgence of the potentially paralysing virus reversing gains.
Low and comparable rates of stent thrombosis found with zotarolimus- and sirolimus-eluting stents
Rates of stent thrombosis at three years were low and comparable between zotarolimus-eluting and sirolimus-eluting stents, according to findings from the PROTECT study described here today at ESC Congress 2012.
Decrease in early mortality in STEMI attributed to changing patient profile and behavior
Data from four French nationwide registries of STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction) patients initiated five years apart and covering more than 15 years show that mortality rate decreased by 68% over this period, from 13.7% to 4.4%. Around one quarter of this mortality reduction could be attributed to a change in patient characteristics.
Effect of MitraClip therapy on mitral regurgitation
The percutaneous catheter-based treatment of mitral regurgitation with the MitraClip system improves symptoms and cardiac function at one-year, according to results of a prospective observational study presented here today at ESC Congress 2012.
Which valve disease treatment—TAVI or conventional valve replacement—is best for which patient
The German Aortic Valve Registry (GARY) was started in July 2010 and is the only registry so far to include both transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and conventional aortic valve replacements and repair.(1) The intention is to deliver a complete picture of current and future practice of treating aortic valve disease and to deliver reliable data on the short and long-term outcome of different treatment strategies. This specifically includes data about quality of life before and after treatment besides numerous medical variables.
The effect of insulin glargine and fish oil supplements on atherosclerosis progression
A sub-study of the Outcome Reduction with an Initial Glargine Intervention (ORIGIN) trial, designed to investigate the effect of insulin glargine and omega-3 fatty acids on atherosclerosis progression, has found that, compared to standard care, only insulin glargine (a long-acting insulin) had a "modest" statistically non-significant reducing effect on the primary outcome of rate of change in maximum carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) at 12 carotid sites.
Review of new evidence to treat colonic diverticulitis may help doctors
Recent evidence and new treatments for colonic diverticulitis that may help clinicians manage and treat the disease are summarized in a review in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal).
New model of muscular dystrophy provides insight into disease development
Muscular dystrophy is a complicated set of genetic diseases in which genetic mutations affect the various proteins that contribute to a complex that is required for a structural bridge between muscle cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) that provides the physical and chemical environment required for their development and function.
The effects of discrimination could last a lifetime
Given the well-documented relationship between low birth weight and the increased risk of health problems throughout one's lifespan, it is vital to reduce any potential contributors to low birth weight. A new study by Valerie Earnshaw and her colleagues from Yale University sheds light on one possible causal factor. Their findings, published online in Springer's journal, the Annals of Behavioral Medicine, suggest that chronic, everyday instances of discrimination against pregnant, urban women of color may play a significant role in contributing to low birth weight babies.
Study explores injury risk in military Humvee crashes
A new report by researchers from the Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy examines the risk factors for injuries to U.S. military personnel from crashes involving highly mobile multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWVs), more commonly known as Humvees. According to the study, involvement in combat and serving as the vehicle's operator or gunner posed the greatest risk for injury. It is the first published analysis of factors associated with Humvee injury risk in a deployed setting, and is in the August issue of the journal Military Medicine.
Accuracy of narrow band imaging with colonoscopy allows for distal non-cancerous polyps to be left in place
According to a new study, the use of narrow band imaging (NBI) during colonoscopy is sufficiently accurate to allow distal hyperplastic (non-cancerous) polyps to be left in place without removal and small, distal adenomas (pre-cancerous polyps) to be removed and discarded without pathologic assessment. These findings validate NBI criteria based on color, vessels and pit characteristics for predicting real-time colorectal polyp histology. The study appears in the August issue of GIE: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, the monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE).
ASGE initiative examines real-time imaging of Barrett's esophagus
The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy's (ASGE) Preservation and Incorporation of Valuable Endoscopic Innovations (PIVI) initiative examines real-time imaging of Barrett's esophagus in an article appearing in the August issue of GIE: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, ASGE's monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal. This PIVI is one in a series of statements defining the diagnostic or therapeutic threshold that must be met for a technique or device to become considered appropriate for incorporation into clinical practice.
Obese and overweight women face increased risk of recurrence of most common type of breast cancer
Extra pounds—even within the overweight but not obese range—are linked to a higher risk of recurrence of the most common type of breast cancer despite optimal cancer treatment, according to a new study published early online in Cancer. The study's results suggest that extra body fat causes hormonal changes and inflammation that may drive some cases of breast cancer to spread and recur despite treatment.
Study examines factors associated with improvement in survival from heart attack in France
The overall rate of death in patients hospitalized with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI; a certain pattern on an electrocardiogram following a heart attack) decreased from 1995 to 2010 in France, with possible factors associated with this decline including an increase in the proportion of STEMI patients who were women younger than age 60, and an increase in the use of reperfusion therapy and recommended therapeutic measures following a heart attack, according to a study being published online by JAMA. The study is being released early to coincide with its presentation at the European Society of Cardiology Congress.
Stress causes lower INR in VTE patients not on blood thinners
(HealthDay)—The effect of psychological distress on clotting times and clotting factors varies in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and depends on whether or not they are receiving oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy, according to a Swiss study published in the August issue of the Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis.
Circumcision pluses outweigh risks: Pediatricians
(AP)—The United States' most influential pediatricians group says the health benefits of circumcision in newborn boys outweigh any risks and insurance companies should pay for it.
Cholesterol study points to new drugs
(Medical Xpress)—Insight into how our bodies make cholesterol could lead to treatments with fewer side-effects than existing drugs.
West Nile outbreak—more questions than answers
The weather may not be the only culprit behind the country's worst outbreak of West Nile virus. Public health researchers are investigating whether the virus itself has changed.
5 Questions: Yvonne Maldonado on whooping cough
(Medical Xpress)—The United States is on track to have its biggest whooping cough epidemic in 60 years, with more than 21,000 cases already reported in 2012. The highly contagious and potentially fatal disease, officially known as pertussis, starts with cold symptoms and progresses to coughing bouts severe enough to leave patients gasping for air.
Precise and persistent cell sabotage: Control of siRNA could aid regenerative medicine, cancer therapy
Some of the body's own genetic material, known as small interfering RNA (siRNA), can be packaged then unleashed as a precise and persistent technology to guide cell behavior, researchers at Case Western Reserve University report in the current issue of the journal, Acta Biomaterialia.
Renal denervation gives better outcomes than drugs in advanced heart failure
Renal denervation leads to better outcomes than standard drug treatment in patients with advanced heart failure, according to research presented at ESC Congress 2012. The results of the Olomouc I pilot study were presented by Dr Miloš Táborský from the University Hospital Olomouc.
Breast milk promotes a different gut flora growth than infant formulas
The benefits of breast milk have long been appreciated, but now scientists at Duke University Medical Center have described a unique property that makes mother's milk better than infant formula in protecting infants from infections and illnesses.
Leg compressions may enhance stroke recovery
Successive, vigorous bouts of leg compressions following a stroke appear to trigger natural protective mechanisms that reduce damage, researchers report.
Non-smokers benefit most from smoking ban: study
After the smoking ban was introduced in Bremen, Germany, the rate of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) diminished by 26% in non-smokers but remained almost constant in active smokers, according to research presented today at the ESC Congress 2012. The results were presented by Dr Johannes Schmucker from Germany.
Adolescent smokers have artery damage
Adolescent smokers have thicker artery walls indicative of early development of atherosclerosis, according to research presented today at the ESC Congress. The findings from the Sapaldia Youth Study were presented by Dr Julia Dratva from Switzerland.
Novel anti-platelet therapy reduces risk of cardiac events in patients with history of heart attack
According to new research from Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), adding vorapaxar, an investigational platelet blocker, to standard antiplatelet therapy significantly reduces the long-term risk of recurrent cardiovascular events beyond one year in patients with a history of a prior heart attack. Researchers also identify a low-bleeding risk group among whom the clinical benefit of vorapaxar was particularly favorable. This research is presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2012 and published simultaneously in the Lancet.
Heart separation device improves 3 year outcomes in heart failure patients
A novel non-invasive device which separates healthy and damaged heart muscle and restores ventricle function improves 3 year outcomes in patients with ischemic heart failure, according to research presented at the ESC Congress 2012. The findings were presented by Professor William T. Abraham at an ESC press conference on 25 August and by Dr Marco Costa at an ESC Congress scientific session on 27 August.
Promising new drug target discovered for treatment and prevention of heart failure
A promising new drug target for the treatment and prevention of heart failure has been discovered by researchers at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York, NY, US. The study was presented at the ESC Congress 2012 by principal investigator Professor Roger J. Hajjar, MD.
Medical myth: Cutting carbs is the best way to lose weight
There seems to be an endless number of fad diets and "golden rules" for weight loss. One of the most popular of these rules is that cutting carbohydrates (carbs) is the best way to lose weight.
Super glue: Tests show that adhesive could improve safety of lasik eye surgery
(Medical Xpress)—Kansas State University researchers have developed a glue mixture that may reduce risks after laser vision correction surgery.
Novel blood test predicts sudden death risk patients who would benefit from ICDs
A novel blood test that predicts sudden death risk in heart failure patients is set to help physicians decide which patients would benefit from implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). The findings were presented at the ESC Congress 2012 today, August 26, by Professor Samuel Dudley from Chicago, IL, US.
Copeptin predicts prognosis in HF patients
Copeptin predicts prognosis in patients with heart failure, according to research presented at the ESC Congress today, August 25, by Professor Stefan Störk from Germany.
Continuous spinal cord stimulation improves heart function
Spinal cord stimulation improves heart function and could become a novel treatment option for heart failure, according to research presented at the ESC Congress 2012 today, August 25, by Professor Hung-Fat Tse from Hong Kong.
Passive smoking increases platelet activation in healthy people
"It is well known that passive smoking is harmful for cardiovascular health, but the mechanism has not yet been discovered," said Dr Kaya. "We investigated the effects of passive smoking on the levels of three parameters – mean platelet volume (MPV), carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and lactate - in an effort to further understand this mechanism. We also looked at the correlation between the three parameters."
Female gender increases stroke risk in AF patients aged over 75 years by 20%
Female gender increases the risk of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) aged >75 years by 20%, according to a study presented today at the ESC Congress 2012. The findings were presented by Anders Mikkelsen, from Denmark.
Obesity triggers AF in fertile women
Obesity triggers atrial fibrillation in fertile women, according to research presented today at the ESC Congress 2012 by Dr Deniz Karasoy from Denmark.
Electrical storm is a potent risk factor for mortality and morbidity
Electrical storm (ES) is a potent risk factor for mortality and morbidity, according to research presented today, August 26, at the ESC Congress 2012 by Dr Federico Guerra from Italy. Data was also presented on which patients are prone to developing ES and how effective current treatments are.
Energy drinks improve heart function: study
Consuming energy drinks can exert acute positive benefits on myocardial performance, according to research presented today at the ESC Congress by Dr Matteo Cameli from University of Siena.
Psoriasis patients at high risk of diabetes
Patients with psoriasis are at high risk of new-onset diabetes mellitus, according to research presented at ESC Congress 2012. The findings were presented at the press conference by Dr Ole Ahlehoff from Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark and at the scientific session by Usman KHALID.
Healthy lifestyle reduces the risk of hypertension by two thirds
Healthy behaviours regarding alcohol, physical activity, vegetable intake and body weight reduce the risk of hypertension by two thirds, according to research presented at the ESC Congress today. The findings were presented by Professor Pekka Jousilahti from National Institute for Health and Welfare.
Lack of sleep found to be a new risk factor for aggressive breast cancers
Lack of sleep is linked to more aggressive breast cancers, according to new findings published in the August issue of Breast Cancer Research and Treatment by physician-scientists from University Hospitals Case Medical Center's Seidman Cancer Center and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center at Case Western Reserve University.
pH-sensitive liposomal cisplatin improves peritoneal carcinomatosis treatment without side-effects
Scientists at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation and Federal University of Minas Gerais, led by Dr. Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho and Dr. Mônica Cristina de Oliveira, have developed and characterized a circulating and pH-sensitive liposome containing cisplatin (SpHL-CDDP) aiming to promote the release of cisplatin near the tumor as well as decreasing toxicity. The development of analog drugs and new formulations are current strategies for increasing the effectiveness and safety of cisplatin as an anti-peritoneal carcinomatosis drug. The results, which appear in the August 2012 issue of Experimental Biology and Medicine demonstrate that the treatment of initial or disseminated Ehrlich ascitic tumor-bearing Swiss mice with SpHL-CDDP improved the antitumor efficacy and decreased renal and bone marrow toxicity of cisplatin-based therapy.
Limiting TV time—Effective strategy for preventing weight gain in children
Reducing television viewing may be an effective strategy to prevent excess weight gain among adolescents, according to a new study released in the September/October 2012 issue of the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior.
Fitting Kv potassium channels in the PIP2 puzzle
A recent study in the Journal of General Physiology brings new insights to an area of ion channel regulation: whether voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels can be regulated by physiological changes to PIP2.
Little evidence supports autism treatment options in adolescents
Vanderbilt University researchers studying interventions for adolescents and young adults with autism are reporting today that there is insufficient evidence to support findings, good or bad, for the therapies currently used.
Special international commission on media violence confirms aggression link
As president of the International Society for Research on Aggression (IRSA) and with consent of the organization's elected council, Craig Anderson appointed an international Media Violence Commission last December to prepare a public statement on the known effects of media violence exposure, based on the current state of scientific knowledge. The Iowa State University Distinguished Professor of psychology appointed 12 IRSA researchers to the commission, including Douglas Gentile, an ISU associate professor of psychology.
Midlife fitness staves off chronic disease at end of life: study
Being physically fit during your 30s, 40s, and 50s not only helps extend lifespan, but it also increases the chances of aging healthily, free from chronic illness, investigators at UT Southwestern Medical Center and The Cooper Institute have found.
Study questions validity of quality measure for stroke care
One of the key indicators of the quality of care provided by hospitals to acute stroke victims is the percentage of patients who die within a 30-day period. A new study shows that the decisions made by patients and their families to stop care may account for as many as 40 percent of these stroke-related deaths, calling into question whether it is a valid measure of a hospital's skill in providing stroke care.
Why some fats are worse than others
All dietary fats are not created equal. Some types of fats have been linked to ailments like heart disease and diabetes, while others, like those often found in plants and fish, have well documented health benefits. So why do our bodies respond so destructively to some fats but not others?
ICU misdiagnoses may account for as many annual deaths as breast cancer: study
Each year as many as 40,500 critically ill U.S. hospital patients die with an unknown medical condition that may have caused or contributed to their death, Johns Hopkins patient safety experts report in a recent study.
Rising cardiovascular incidence after Japanese earthquake 2011
The Japanese earthquake and tsunami of 11 March 2011, which hit the north-east coast of Japan with a magnitude of 9.0 on the Richter scale, was one of the largest ocean-trench earthquakes ever recorded in Japan. The tsunami caused huge damage, including 15,861 dead and 3018 missing persons, and, as of 6 June 2012, 388,783 destroyed homes.
Researcher documents links between nutrients, genes and cancer spread
More than 40 plant-based compounds can turn on genes that slow the spread of cancer, according to a first-of-its-kind study by a Washington State University researcher.
Speaking two languages also benefits low-income children
(Medical Xpress)—Living in poverty is often accompanied by conditions that can negatively influence cognitive development. Is it possible that being bilingual might counteract these effects? Although previous research has shown that being bilingual enhances executive functioning in middle-class children, less is known about how it affects lower income populations.
Working moms spend less time daily on kids' diet, exercise, study finds
When it comes to cooking, grocery shopping and playing with children, American moms with full-time jobs spend roughly three-and-half fewer hours per day on these and other chores related to their children's diet and exercise compared to stay-at-home and unemployed mothers, reports a new paper by a Cornell University health economist.
Divorced parents in hostile relationships use technology to sabotage communication, study finds
Separated and divorced couples are increasingly using emails, texting and social media to communicate with their ex-partners about their children. However, when ex-spouses use that technology to withhold or manipulate information, the children are the ones who suffer most, according to a University of Missouri family studies expert. A new study suggests divorce counselors should teach separated parents effective ways to use communication technology in order to maintain healthy environments for their children.
Mild cognitive decline in nearly half lacunar stroke patients
(HealthDay)—Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is present in nearly half of patients with lacunar stroke, according to a study published online Aug. 18 in the Annals of Neurology.
Poorer bone health seen in black children with fractures
(HealthDay)—African-American children with forearm fractures are more likely to have vitamin D deficiency and lower bone mineral density than their peers without fractures, according to a study published online Aug. 27 in Pediatrics.
Updated recommendations for sleep apnea in children
(HealthDay)—The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) is revising its recommendations for the diagnosis and management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children and adolescents, according to a clinical practice guideline published online Aug. 27 in Pediatrics.
Kyphoplasty superior to vertebroplasty for vertebral fx
(HealthDay)—For people with osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, kyphoplasty (KP) is superior to vertebroplasty (VP) for correcting kyphosis, restoring vertebral height, and preventing leakage of bone cement, according to research published in the August issue of the Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques.
Daily aspirin may help fight prostate cancer, but not breast cancer
(HealthDay)—Two new studies paint a complex portrait of aspirin's impact on cancer risk and mortality, with one suggesting the drug may lower the risk of dying from prostate cancer and the other seeing no significant drop in the risk for developing breast cancer.
Stopping controversial asthma drugs could have downside: study
(HealthDay)—It's OK for some patients with asthma to stick with a combination of medications instead of abandoning one because of concerns about complications, a new analysis of existing research suggests.
Two common blood pressure meds fare equally in preventing heart woes
(HealthDay)—In a review that compared two common heart drugs against each other, researchers found no difference between atenolol and metoprolol in terms of preventing stroke, heart attack or heart failure for patients with high blood pressure who were placed on the medications.
Study questions technique to repair ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms
A new study raises a cautionary note about the increasing use of a minimally invasive procedure to repair ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms, according to vascular surgeon Dr. Jae Sung Cho of Loyola University Medical Center.
US approves 4-in-1 HIV combination pill
(AP)—The U.S. Food and Drug Administration on Monday approved a new anti-HIV pill that combines four medicines to combat the virus that causes AIDS.
Light from self-luminous tablet computers can affect evening melatonin, delaying sleep
(Medical Xpress)—A new study from the Lighting Research Center (LRC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute shows that a two-hour exposure to electronic devices with self-luminous "backlit" displays causes melatonin suppression, which might lead to delayed bedtimes, especially in teens.
Nutrition tied to improved sperm DNA quality in older men
A new study led by scientists from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) found that a healthy intake of micronutrients is strongly associated with improved sperm DNA quality in older men. In younger men, however, a higher intake of micronutrients didn't improve their sperm DNA.
Behavioral test shows promise in predicting future problems with alcohol
(Medical Xpress)—By administering a simple behavioral test, Yale researchers were able to predict which mice would later exhibit alcoholism-related behaviors such as the inability to stop seeking alcohol and a tendency to relapse, the scientists report in the Aug. 26 issue of the journal Nature Neuroscience.
Researchers may have found a weak link in the flu virus
(Medical Xpress)—A team of researchers, led by scientists at the University of Rochester, has identified a location in a gene of the influenza A virus that could be used as a "switch" for disrupting replication of the virus. If a way can be found to manipulate the switch in an organism, the researchers believe it would have important implications for stopping the spread of influenza.
Researchers connect new genetic signature to leukemia
(Medical Xpress)—University of Rochester Medical Center scientists believe they are the first to identify genes that underlie the growth of primitive leukemia stem cell, and then to use the new genetic signature to identify currently available drugs that selectively target the rogue cells.
Alcohol by-product destroys blood stem cells
(Medical Xpress)—Scientists at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology have found that stem cells in the body's 'blood cell factory'—the bone marrow—are extremely sensitive to the main breakdown product of alcohol, which causes irreversible damage to their DNA.
Weighing your options? Thinking of less supportive relationships leads to wanting more choice
(Phys.org)—People who view their relationships as secure have less need to consider many options when making choices about purchases, a new University of Michigan study shows.
People of normal weight with belly fat at highest death risk: study
People who are of normal weight but have fat concentrated in their bellies have a higher death risk than those who are obese, according to Mayo Clinic research presented today at the European Society of Cardiology Congress in Munich. Those studied who had a normal body mass index but central obesity—a high waist-to-hip ratio—had the highest cardiovascular death risk and the highest death risk from all causes, the analysis found.
Vitamin B3 may offer new tool in fight against 'superbugs'
A new study suggests that nicotinamide, more commonly known as vitamin B3, may be able to combat some of the antibiotic-resistance staph infections that are increasingly common around the world, have killed thousands and can pose a significant threat to public health.
Study: Adolescent marijuana use leaves lasting mental deficits
The persistent, dependent use of marijuana before age 18 has been shown to cause lasting harm to a person's intelligence, attention and memory, according to an international research team.
Research refutes long-held theory: Mother's metabolism, not birth canal size, limits gestation
New research by a University of Rhode Island professor suggests that the length of human pregnancy is limited primarily by a mother's metabolism, not the size of the birth canal. The research, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences the week of August 27, challenges the long-held notion of an evolutionary trade-off between childbirth and a pelvis adapted for walking upright.
Team finds biological indicator of aggressive, recurrent forms of prostate cancer
(Medical Xpress)—In a study to decipher clues about how prostate cancer cells grow and become more aggressive, Johns Hopkins urologists have found that reduction of a specific protein is correlated with the aggressiveness of prostate cancer, acting as a red flag to indicate an increased risk of cancer recurrence. Their findings are reported online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on Aug. 27, 2012.
Biology news
Diners willing to pay more for 'happy meals'
With increasing public awareness of animal welfare, how much more are people willing to pay for the happiness of the animals they eat?
New promise in sea lice-eating lumpfish
Ballan wrasse and goldsinny wrasse are currently the principal biological weapons to fight sea lice at fish farms in Trøndelag county and further south. As these two species are sensitive to cold temperatures, they would not be hardy enough to combat sea lice in Northern Norway.
Finicky young wrasse want shrimp
Ballan wrasse are picky eaters when young. As adults, they eat sea lice off the skin of salmon – which makes them valuable to fish farmers. But as juveniles, wrasse want to be served shrimp.
Super first feed soon ready to serve
They can be stored for months and then hatch in seawater within 24 hours. Production of copepods, the ultimate live feed for Ballan wrasse and the fry of other marine fish species, can soon be industrialised.
A greener way to fertilize nursery crops
A U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientist has found a "green" alternative to a type of fertilizer additive that is believed to contribute to the accumulation of heavy metals in waterways.
Wildlife forensics team reveals mountain lions' struggle to survive near L.A.
The news is out that there's a mountain lion living in Griffith Park these days, but what you may not know is why he branched out from his home in the west Santa Monica Mountains. Competition there is fierce—and, according to the family tree traced out by a UCLA lab, it's also a bit of a soap opera up there.
Imported 'bio-beetles' attack invasive saltcedar
(Phys.org)—Sometimes it takes a foreign ally to conquer a foreign invader. Such is the case with saltcedar, said a Texas AgriLife Extension Service entomologist.
Athletic field paint steals spotlight from the grass it covers
Professional athletic field managers maintain trimmed turfgrass with great precision, carefully painting crisp lines and colorful logos on their grass before each game. While these fields appear to be in perfect health, some field managers have noted deteriorating turfgrass beneath repeated paint applications.
Panda preferences influence trees used for scent marking
As solitary animals, giant pandas have developed a number of ways to communicate those times when they are ready to come into close contact. One means of this communication occurs through scent marking. A recent study by San Diego Zoo Global researchers, collaborating with researchers at the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, indicates that pandas make clear and specific choices about what trees are used for scent marking.
New maps may reduce tourism impacts on Hawaiian dolphins
Over-eager eco-tourists intent on seeing spinner dolphins up close may inadvertently be disturbing the charismatic animals' daytime rest periods and driving them out of safe habitats in bays along Hawaii's coast.
New Research Investigates How Diseases Spread in Primates
A new international study has investigated how diseases are shared among species of primates with a view to predicting what diseases may emerge in humans in the future. The findings aim to help in the fight against these diseases by enabling scientists to develop treatments before outbreaks occur. The findings are published online this week in the journal Ecology Letters.
Researchers discover the 'anternet'
(Phys.org)—On the surface, ants and the Internet don't seem to have much in common. But two Stanford researchers have discovered that a species of harvester ants determine how many foragers to send out of the nest in much the same way that Internet protocols discover how much bandwidth is available for the transfer of data. The researchers are calling it the "anternet."
To cap or not to cap: Scientists find new RNA phenomenon that challenges dogma
Some RNA molecules spend time in a restful state akin to hibernation rather than automatically carrying out their established job of delivering protein-building instructions in cells, new research suggests.
Scientists discover nerves control iridescence in squid's remarkable 'electric skin'
Squid's colorful, changeable skin enables the animal—and their close relatives, cuttlefish and octopus—to display extraordinary camouflage, the speed and diversity of which is unmatched in the animal kingdom.
Researchers show how probiotics boost plant immunity
(Phys.org)—With the help of beneficial bacteria, plants can slam the door when disease pathogens come knocking, University of Delaware researchers have discovered.
Darwin discovered to be right: Eastern Pacific barrier is virtually impassable by coral species
(Phys.org)—A coral species that is found in abundance from Indonesia eastward to Fiji, Samoa, and the Line Islands rarely crosses the Eastern Pacific Barrier toward the coast of the Americas, according to a team of researchers led by Iliana Baums, an assistant professor of biology at Penn State University. Darwin hypothesized in 1880 that most species could not disperse across the marine barrier, and Baums's study is the first comprehensive test of that hypothesis using coral. The results of the scientific paper, which will be published in the journal Molecular Ecology, has important implications for climate-change research, species-preservation efforts, and the economic stability of the eastern Pacific region, including the Galapagos, Costa Rica, Panama, and Ecuador.
Computational biologist solves 200-year-old oceanic mystery
(Phys.org)—The origin of Cerataspis monstrosa has been a mystery as deep as the ocean waters it hails from for more than 180 years. For nearly two centuries, researchers have tried to track down the larva that has shown up in the guts of other fish over time but found no adult counterpart. Until now.
Plants unpack winter coats when days get shorter
(Phys.org)—Mechanisms that protect plants from freezing are placed in storage during the summer and wisely unpacked when days get shorter.
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