Nature contents: 09 August 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 488 Number 7410      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       RIKEN RESEARCH - The latest in news and research from RIKEN, Japan's flagship research organization Research highlights: Making live cell microscopy affordable | Seeking a splice for better rice Organic electronics edge closer News, research highlights and in-depth interviews with RIKEN's leading researchers, updated weekly and all completely free. Keep up to date by registering for the weekly email alert!             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Quantum teleportation and entanglement distribution over 100-kilometre free-space channels   Here a Shanghai-based team reports the quantum teleportation of independent qubits over a 97-kilometre one-link free-space channel with multiphoton entanglement. Using a two-link channel, they also demonstrate entanglement distribution over 101.8 kilometres. This feat represents an important step towards a global quantum network. In particular, the high-frequency and high-accuracy acquiring, pointing and tracking techniques developed in the experiment could be used for future satellite-based quantum communication and large-scale tests of quantum foundations.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   A new atmospherically relevant oxidant of sulphur dioxide   It is thought that ozone, the hydroxyl radical and nitrate are main agents acting to remove trace gases, including pollutants, from the atmosphere. Now another compound has been found to serve a similar function. It has a significant capacity to oxidize sulphur dioxide and potentially other trace gases, and appears to be a stabilized Criegee intermediate — a carbonyl oxide with two free- radical sites or its derivative.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint   In many parts of the world, groundwater is being extracted for agricultural use and human consumption at a greater rate than the Earth's natural systems can replace it. Tom Gleeson and colleagues use a newly developed concept, 'groundwater footprint', to estimate the true scale of the problem. They find that globally, the groundwater footprint exceeds the aquifer area by a factor of about 3.5. Overexploitation centres predominantly on a few agriculturally important aquifers in arid or semiarid climates, especially in Asia and North America.                   'How to get published?' session at ICSB 2012, Toronto, 19-23 August The session will be hosted by the Chief Editor of Molecular Systems Biology and take place on Tuesday, August 21 @12:00 pm, in the Carlu (bring along your conference lunch). Invitation is open to all attendees! Find out more                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: the Mars rover lands on the red planet, first signs of cancer stem cells, and our groundwater footprint. Plus, the best of the rest from this week's Nature.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorial                   Who calls the shots? ▶     US law-makers need to encourage research on firearms-related violence so that gun laws can be based on facts rather than ideology.             Take a look ▶     Enjoy Curiosity on Mars. We may not see its like again.             World View                   Arab liberals must stay in the game ▶     Islamist academics are gaining power in the Middle East and North Africa. But to build science needs liberal input, argues Ehsan Masood.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 3–9 August 2012 ▶     The week in science: Setback for Alzheimer's drug; Higgs particle papers posted online; and astronomer Bernard Lovell dies.           NEWS IN FOCUS           Mars rover sizes up the field ▶     After a picture-perfect landing, Curiosity's science team ponders its first moves at Gale Crater.             Stem-cell pioneer banks on future therapies ▶     Japanese researcher plans cache of induced stem cells to supply clinical trials.             Britain's big bet on graphene ▶     Manchester institute will focus on commercial applications of atom-thick carbon sheets.             Heatwaves blamed on global warming ▶     Unusually high frequency points to human influence.             Physics prize dwarfs all others ▶     Theorists left reeling after billionaire reveals massive prize.             Features                   Extreme mechanics: Buckling down ▶     Mechanical instability is usually a problem that engineers try to avoid. But now some are using it to fold, stretch and crumple materials in remarkable ways.             Cancer research: Open ambition ▶     Jay Bradner believes that cancer can be defeated through control of epigenetics — and he is not shy about spreading the word.           COMMENT           Science journalism: Let's talk about sex ▶     The media loves to sensationalize research on animal sexual behaviour — so be careful what you say, warn Andrew B. Barron and Mark J. F. Brown.             Books and Arts                   Pandemics: A deadly business ▶     Andy Tatem traces the global tracks of pathogens that have clung to the coat-tails of trade over the centuries.             Technology: Beyond the body ▶     Ewen Callaway finds immersion in human enhancement to be both unsettling and uplifting.             Books in brief ▶             Correspondence                   Performance enhancement: To embrace doping in sport is absurd Ryan Purcell | Romania: Misconduct rule is not retroactive Dragoş Ciuparu | Alzheimer's: Put patients and researchers in touch Matt Murray | Publishing: Alarming shift away from sharing results Giovanni Boniolo & Thomas Vaccari | Science for the masses: Time for a Higgs metaphor upgrade Charles Packer               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Division and subtraction by distinct cortical inhibitory networks in vivo ▶     Nathan R. Wilson, Caroline A. Runyan, Forea L. Wang & Mriganka Sur     Use of a two-way optical system to activate subclasses of inhibitory neurons, while simultaneously monitoring responses in target cells within cortical circuits in vivo, reveals that parvalbumin-expressing and somatostatin-expressing neurons exert distinct effects on cellular responses across the network.             Activation of specific interneurons improves V1 feature selectivity and visual perception ▶     Seung-Hee Lee, Alex C. Kwan, Siyu Zhang, Victoria Phoumthipphavong, John G. Flannery et al.     Optogenetic activation of parvalbumin-expressing versus other classes of interneurons is found to have distinct effects on the response properties of individual and populations of excitatory cells, as well as on visual behaviour in awake mice, providing evidence that this specific interneuron subtype has a unique role in visual coding and perception.             Delayed phenology and reduced fitness associated with climate change in a wild hibernator ▶     Jeffrey E. Lane, Loeske E. B. Kruuk, Anne Charmantier, Jan O. Murie & F. Stephen Dobson     Delay in the hibernation emergence date of female Columbian ground squirrels in Canada over 20 years is related to climatic conditions other than increasing temperature, and as years of later emergence are associated with decreased individual fitness, plastic responses to climate change may be associated with declines in population viability.             Doubling of marine dinitrogen-fixation rates based on direct measurements ▶     Tobias Großkopf, Wiebke Mohr, Tina Baustian, Harald Schunck, Diana Gill et al.     A newly developed method of measuring oceanic nitrogen-fixation rates provides significantly higher estimates than a current widely applied technique, and could close gaps in the marine nitrogen budget.             Evidence for dietary change but not landscape use in South African early hominins ▶     Vincent Balter, José Braga, Philippe Télouk & J. Francis Thackeray     Analyses of strontium elemental and isotopic ratios in fossil teeth show that Australopithecus africanus—the presumed ancestor of early Homo and Paranthropus robustus—had a much more varied diet than Homo and Paranthropus; this sheds light on the diet and home ranges of fossil hominins.             NRT/PTR transporters are essential for translocation of glucosinolate defence compounds to seeds ▶     Hussam Hassan Nour-Eldin, Tonni Grube Andersen, Meike Burow, Svend Roesen Madsen, Morten Egevang Jørgensen et al.     Two high-affinity proton-dependent transporters of glucosinolates have been identified in Arabidopsis and termed GTR1 and GTR2; these transporters are essential for transporting glucosinolates to seeds, offering a means to control the allocation of defence compounds in a tissue-specific manner, which may have agricultural biotechnology implications.             The prokaryote messenger c-di-GMP triggers stalk cell differentiation in Dictyostelium ▶     Zhi-hui Chen & Pauline Schaap     The prokaryote signalling intermediate cyclic di-(3′:5′)-guanosine monophosphate is shown to be the morphogen responsible for stalk cell differentiation and, thus, the transition from slug migration to fructification in the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum.             Human ES-cell-derived cardiomyocytes electrically couple and suppress arrhythmias in injured hearts ▶     Yuji Shiba, Sarah Fernandes, Wei-Zhong Zhu, Dominic Filice, Veronica Muskheli et al.     A guinea-pig model of cardiac injury is used to show that human embryonic stem-cell-derived cardiomyocyte grafts can electrically integrate into the injured heart, improving mechanical function and reducing spontaneous and induced ventricular tachycardia; this is a major step towards clinical adoption of cell replacement therapies for cardiovascular diseases using human cardiomyocytes.             Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly ▶     Marcus J. Claesson, Ian B. Jeffery, Susana Conde, Susan E. Power, Eibhlís M. O’Connor et al.     The microbial communities in the human intestine vary between individuals, and this variation is greater in older people; here it is shown that diet is the main factor that drives microbiota variation, which correlates with health.             Articles and Letters                   Deconstruction of a neural circuit for hunger ▶     Deniz Atasoy, J. Nicholas Betley, Helen H. Su & Scott M. Sternson     Using optogenetic and pharmacogenetic techniques, the authors find that AGRP neurons suppress oxytocin-releasing neurons, which is a critical interaction for evoked feeding; thus they identify a circuit potentially involved in regulating hunger state.             New fossils from Koobi Fora in northern Kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in early Homo ▶     Meave G. Leakey, Fred Spoor, M. Christopher Dean, Craig S. Feibel, Susan C. Antón et al.     Three newly discovered hominin fossils—a well-preserved face of a late juvenile, a nearly complete mandible and a mandibular fragment—aged between 1.78 and 1.95 million years old, confirm the presence of two contemporary species of early Homo, in addition to H. erectus, in the early Pleistocene of eastern Africa.             A transitional snake from the Late Cretaceous period of North America ▶     Nicholas R. Longrich, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar & Jacques A. Gauthier     Previously undescribed material from the maxilla, dentary and spine of the Cretaceous Coniophis precedens shows that it is the most primitive known snake.             Atmospheric CO2 forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally ▶     Steven I. Higgins & Simon Scheiter     A model of the effects of climate change on African vegetation from 1850 to 2100 predicts increases in woody plant cover, but considerable heterogeneity in the timing of these shifts dampens the shock that these changes in land-surface properties may represent to the Earth system.             The banana (Musa acuminata) genome and the evolution of monocotyledonous plants  OPEN ▶     Angélique D’Hont, France Denoeud, Jean-Marc Aury, Franc-Christophe Baurens, Françoise Carreel et al.     The sequencing and analysis of the banana genome is reported; these results inform plant phylogenetic relationships and genome evolution, and provide a resource for future genetic improvement of this important crop species.             Human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex neurons mediate ongoing behavioural adaptation ▶     Sameer A. Sheth, Matthew K. Mian, Shaun R. Patel, Wael F. Asaad, Ziv M. Williams et al.     Functional imaging, single-cell recording and targeted surgical lesions were used in human patients undergoing cingulotomy to show that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex provides a continuously updated prediction of expected cognitive demand.             HVEM signalling at mucosal barriers provides host defence against pathogenic bacteria ▶     Jr-Wen Shui, Alexandre Larange, Gisen Kim, Jose Luis Vela, Sonja Zahner et al.     The TNF receptor HVEM is shown to control the innate immune response to pathogenic bacteria by regulating mucosal epithelial cells in the intestine and lung.             Programmed elimination of cells by caspase-independent cell extrusion in C. elegans ▶     Daniel P. Denning, Victoria Hatch & H. Robert Horvitz     Cells programmed to die during C. elegans embryogenesis can be eliminated from the embryo and undergo apoptosis in the absence of caspase activity via an extrusion mechanism that depends on activation of the AMPK-related kinase PIG-1 by an LKB1-like kinase complex.             Site-specific DICER and DROSHA RNA products control the DNA-damage response ▶     Sofia Francia, Flavia Michelini, Alka Saxena, Dave Tang, Michiel de Hoon et al.     Small non-coding RNAs have been implicated in the regulation of many processes; now a novel class of these RNAs is identified as having a role in the DNA-damage response.             Protein activity regulation by conformational entropy ▶     Shiou-Ru Tzeng & Charalampos G. Kalodimos     Some variants of the bacterial gene regulator CAP show marked differences in their affinity for DNA despite identical DNA-binding interfaces; NMR spectroscopy experiments now show that DNA binding is determined by the proteins’ internal dynamics over a broad range of timescales in a manner that cannot be predicted from the proteins’ ground-state structures.             News & Views                   Astrobiology: Frontier or fiction ▶     Antonio Lazcano & Kevin P. Hand             Palaeoanthropology: Facing up to complexity ▶     Bernard Wood             Structural biology: Dynamic binding ▶     Andrew J. Baldwin & Lewis E. Kay             Corrigenda                   Corrigendum: Atomic model of the type III secretion system needle ▶     Antoine Loquet, Nikolaos G. Sgourakis, Rashmi Gupta, Karin Giller, Dietmar Riedel et al.             Corrigendum: Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms ▶     Rachel S. Edgar, Edward W. Green, Yuwei Zhao, Gerben van Ooijen, Maria Olmedo et al.             Erratum                   Erratum: Non-invasive prenatal measurement of the fetal genome ▶     H. Christina Fan, Wei Gu, Jianbin Wang, Yair J. Blumenfeld, Yasser Y. El-Sayed et al.             Research Highlights                   Zoology: Bats sound out frisky flies | Archaeology: Modern thinking gets older | Medicine: Neighbours join the resistance | Biology: Pregnancy alters gut microbes | Neurobiology: Diabetes drug boosts neuron growth         NEWS & COMMENT           Stem-cell pioneer banks on future therapies | Cancer research: Open ambition | Science journalism: Let's talk about sex | Pandemics: A deadly business | Technology: Beyond the body | Books in brief | Performance enhancement: To embrace doping in sport is absurd Ryan Purcell | Alzheimer's: Put patients and researchers in touch Matt Murray             More Biological Sciences ▶                       Immunology and Cell Biology is proud to present a Special Feature and web focus on the role of type I IFNs in regulating immune responses, which include the reasons for the presence of IFNs, type I IFNs interactions with target cells in the immune system, and the roles and mechanisms of IFNs in specific organs or diseases. Access the Web Focus today!               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   A new atmospherically relevant oxidant of sulphur dioxide ▶     R. L. Mauldin III, T. Berndt, M. Sipilä, P. Paasonen, T. Petäjä et al.     Atmospheric observations from a boreal forest region, laboratory experiments and theoretical considerations are combined, and another compound is identified that has a significant capacity to oxidize sulphur dioxide and potentially other trace gases.             Protein activity regulation by conformational entropy ▶     Shiou-Ru Tzeng & Charalampos G. Kalodimos     Some variants of the bacterial gene regulator CAP show marked differences in their affinity for DNA despite identical DNA-binding interfaces; NMR spectroscopy experiments now show that DNA binding is determined by the proteins’ internal dynamics over a broad range of timescales in a manner that cannot be predicted from the proteins’ ground-state structures.             News & Views                   Atmospheric chemistry: The X factor ▶     Dwayne Heard             Structural biology: Dynamic binding ▶     Andrew J. Baldwin & Lewis E. Kay             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms ▶     Rachel S. Edgar, Edward W. Green, Yuwei Zhao, Gerben van Ooijen, Maria Olmedo et al.             Research Highlights                   Chemistry: Nanorods all in a row           More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Delayed phenology and reduced fitness associated with climate change in a wild hibernator ▶     Jeffrey E. Lane, Loeske E. B. Kruuk, Anne Charmantier, Jan O. Murie & F. Stephen Dobson     Delay in the hibernation emergence date of female Columbian ground squirrels in Canada over 20 years is related to climatic conditions other than increasing temperature, and as years of later emergence are associated with decreased individual fitness, plastic responses to climate change may be associated with declines in population viability.             Articles and Letters                   Parity–time synthetic photonic lattices ▶     Alois Regensburger, Christoph Bersch, Mohammad-Ali Miri, Georgy Onishchukov, Demetrios N. Christodoulides et al.     Using techniques by analogy with parity–time symmetry allows a combination of optical gain and loss in large-scale synthetic lattices, which can lead, for example, to such a lattice being invisible when viewed from one side.             Quantum teleportation and entanglement distribution over 100-kilometre free-space channels ▶     Juan Yin, Ji-Gang Ren, He Lu, Yuan Cao, Hai-Lin Yong et al.     Quantum teleportation of independent qubits and entanglement distribution have been demonstrated over free-space channels of about 100 kilometres, representing an important step towards a global quantum network.             A III–V nanowire channel on silicon for high-performance vertical transistors ▶     Katsuhiro Tomioka, Masatoshi Yoshimura & Takashi Fukui     The fabrication of transistors using vertical, six-sided core–multishell indium gallium arsenide nanowires with an all-surrounding gate on a silicon substrate combines the advantages of a three-dimensional gate architecture with the high electron mobility of the III–V nanowires, drastically enhancing the on-state current and transconductance.             A new atmospherically relevant oxidant of sulphur dioxide ▶     R. L. Mauldin III, T. Berndt, M. Sipilä, P. Paasonen, T. Petäjä et al.     Atmospheric observations from a boreal forest region, laboratory experiments and theoretical considerations are combined, and another compound is identified that has a significant capacity to oxidize sulphur dioxide and potentially other trace gases.             Atmospheric CO2 forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally ▶     Steven I. Higgins & Simon Scheiter     A model of the effects of climate change on African vegetation from 1850 to 2100 predicts increases in woody plant cover, but considerable heterogeneity in the timing of these shifts dampens the shock that these changes in land-surface properties may represent to the Earth system.             News & Views                   Optics: Gain and loss mixed in the same cauldron ▶     Luca Razzari & Roberto Morandotti             50 & 100 years ago ▶             Errata                   Erratum: An origin of the radio jet in M87 at the location of the central black hole ▶     Kazuhiro Hada, Akihiro Doi, Motoki Kino, Hiroshi Nagai, Yoshiaki Hagiwara et al.             Erratum: Fractal morphology, imaging and mass spectrometry of single aerosol particles in flight ▶     N. D. Loh, C. Y. Hampton, A. V. Martin, D. Starodub, R. G. Sierra et al.             Research Highlights                   Climate science: Abrupt changes in Greenland ice cycles | Astronomy: Star dines on young planet | Materials: SLIPS blitz biofilms         NEWS & COMMENT           Britain's big bet on graphene | Physics prize dwarfs all others | Extreme mechanics: Buckling down | Science for the masses: Time for a Higgs metaphor upgrade Charles Packer             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Oceanography: The trouble with the bubble ▶     Angelicque E. White             Delayed phenology and reduced fitness associated with climate change in a wild hibernator ▶     Jeffrey E. Lane, Loeske E. B. Kruuk, Anne Charmantier, Jan O. Murie & F. Stephen Dobson     Delay in the hibernation emergence date of female Columbian ground squirrels in Canada over 20 years is related to climatic conditions other than increasing temperature, and as years of later emergence are associated with decreased individual fitness, plastic responses to climate change may be associated with declines in population viability.             Doubling of marine dinitrogen-fixation rates based on direct measurements ▶     Tobias Großkopf, Wiebke Mohr, Tina Baustian, Harald Schunck, Diana Gill et al.     A newly developed method of measuring oceanic nitrogen-fixation rates provides significantly higher estimates than a current widely applied technique, and could close gaps in the marine nitrogen budget.             Evidence for dietary change but not landscape use in South African early hominins ▶     Vincent Balter, José Braga, Philippe Télouk & J. Francis Thackeray     Analyses of strontium elemental and isotopic ratios in fossil teeth show that Australopithecus africanus—the presumed ancestor of early Homo and Paranthropus robustus—had a much more varied diet than Homo and Paranthropus; this sheds light on the diet and home ranges of fossil hominins.             Articles and Letters                   A new atmospherically relevant oxidant of sulphur dioxide ▶     R. L. Mauldin III, T. Berndt, M. Sipilä, P. Paasonen, T. Petäjä et al.     Atmospheric observations from a boreal forest region, laboratory experiments and theoretical considerations are combined, and another compound is identified that has a significant capacity to oxidize sulphur dioxide and potentially other trace gases.             Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint ▶     Tom Gleeson, Yoshihide Wada, Marc F. P. Bierkens & Ludovicus P. H. van Beek     A newly developed concept called ‘groundwater footprint’ is used to reveal the degree of sustainable use of global aquifers by calculating the area relative to the extractive demands; globally, this footprint exceeds aquifer area by a factor of about 3.5, and excess withdrawal is centred on just a few agriculturally important aquifers.             Atmospheric CO2 forces abrupt vegetation shifts locally, but not globally ▶     Steven I. Higgins & Simon Scheiter     A model of the effects of climate change on African vegetation from 1850 to 2100 predicts increases in woody plant cover, but considerable heterogeneity in the timing of these shifts dampens the shock that these changes in land-surface properties may represent to the Earth system.             News & Views                   Astrobiology: Frontier or fiction ▶     Antonio Lazcano & Kevin P. Hand             50 & 100 years ago ▶             Atmospheric chemistry: The X factor ▶     Dwayne Heard             Oceanography: The trouble with the bubble ▶     Angelicque E. White             Erratum                   Erratum: Fractal morphology, imaging and mass spectrometry of single aerosol particles in flight ▶     N. D. Loh, C. Y. Hampton, A. V. Martin, D. Starodub, R. G. Sierra et al.             Research Highlights                   Climate science: Abrupt changes in Greenland ice cycles | Geology: Plants changed water cycle         NEWS & COMMENT           Take a look | Mars rover sizes up the field | Heatwaves blamed on global warming             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                         Nature Communications #4 in multidisciplinary sciences with first Impact Factor Nature Communications has joined Nature at the top of the multidisciplinary sciences category with its first impact factor of 7.396* Launched in April 2010, Nature Communications is a multidisciplinary online journal publishing high quality research across all areas of the natural sciences. *2011 Journal Citation Reports® (Thomson Reuters, 2012)               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Job applications: Straight to the top of the pile ▶     The distinctions between a lengthy, technical CV and a snappy résumé can make a big difference in a job search.                   Turning point: Brian Fisher ▶     Political criticism prompts entomologist to explore crowd-funding.                   Careers related news & comment                   Arab liberals must stay in the game | Britain's big bet on graphene | Physics prize dwarfs all others | Pandemics: A deadly business             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       PhD Studentship     University College London            Postdoctoral fellowship in human cytotoxic lymphocyte immunobiology     Baylor College of Medicine (BCM)/ Texas Children's Hospital (TCH)            Postdoc postion in molecular biology at UCLA     UCLA            PhD Studentship - Quadruple Media Depth Filtration for Water Purification     Cranfield University          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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