Nature contents: 26 April 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 484 Number 7395      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       Academy of Military Medical Sciences - Celebrating 60 years of research at one of China's leading organizations for medical science The Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS) in Beijing has developed beyond its military heritage to become a world leader in medical science with a string of achievements in both military and civilian applications that have resonated around the globe. Find out more about the AMMS in Part 3 of the five-part series of this special sponsor feature on nature.com.             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Allergic host defences   Have we got it wrong about allergy? Allergic reactions tend to be seen as the result of a misfire from an immune system that evolved to repel invasive parasites. In a Perspective article this week Palm et al. suggest a rather different model, in which allergic reactions are excessive or exaggerated responses of a system that serves a necessary function, protecting the body from environmental toxins such as noxious substances, venoms and xenobiotics.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex during sensorimotor learning   Although it is known that many neurons in a circuit experience plasticity changes during long-term learning, the limitations of electrophysiological methodology mean that these changes are usually examined in only a few neurons at a time. This study uses genetically encoded neural activity markers to simultaneously follow large populations of motor cortex neurons during learning in mice.       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Systematic variation of the stellar initial mass function in early-type galaxies   A survey of 260 early galaxies reveals considerable variation in the stellar initial mass function or IMF, which describes the mass distribution of stars at the time of their formation. The IMF had been thought to be independent of galaxy type, but this evidence suggests that stars somehow sense what kind of galaxy they are in the process of creating.                   THE TARA OCEANS EXPEDITION A Special Podcast In a 2.5 year journey across the globe's oceans, the TARA OCEANS expedition has collected unique information on the biodiversity and biogeography of the marine ecosystem. Project co-director Eric Karsenti shares his excitement about this exceptional human and scientific adventure and explains how researchers will analyze the data to better understand life on our planet. Listen to our FREE podcast now!                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: organic versus inorganic farming, a long-running study of development comes of age and experiments on the edge of acceptability.       Specials - Outlook: Malaria     The war against the malaria parasite has raged for millennia, and still claims hundreds of thousands of lives each year. Resistance is a growing issue — for both the parasite to current therapy, and the mosquito to pesticides. Past attempts to eradicate malaria have failed. What will it take to finally subdue this deadly disease? ▼ more         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   For better or worse ▶     Frank debate is needed about the balance between beneficial and detrimental uses of research. Scientists must be the first to open discussions.             Chase the dragon ▶     A planned commercial trip to the space station shows a future direction for NASA.             Suckers for success ▶     The use of leeches is making a comeback, and not just in medicine.             World View                   Commercial space flight takes wing ▶     The first private-sector flight to the International Space Station opens up a myriad of opportunities for science, says Alan Stern.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 20-26 April 2012 ▶     The week in science: Roche drops pursuit of Illumina; UN ecosystems panel launches; and a venture to mine asteroids launches.           NEWS IN FOCUS           Europe loses sight of Earth ▶     Envisat crisis rekindles row over funding for its successors.             A bloody boon for conservation ▶     Leeches provide traces of DNA from other species.             Space-station rendezvous set to spur research push ▶     Upcoming docking of commercial supply craft heralds easier access to orbiting laboratory.             RNA studies under fire ▶     High-profile results challenged over statistical analysis of sequence data.             Ancient asteroids kept on coming ▶     Two-billion-year barrage hit Earth when life was beginning.             Mexico sets climate targets ▶     But a plan to ramp up wind power could spark more conflict with indigenous groups.             Features                   Controversial research: Good science bad science ▶     Work on mutant flu caused a furore, but is far from the only subject in which risks might outweigh benefits.             Superstars of botany: Rare specimens ▶     A handful of plant collectors has shaped the field of botany. Now they are disappearing, and there are no clear successors.           COMMENT           Research tools: A recipe for disaster ▶     Manufacturers of commercial reagents should follow scientific norms and be open about the ingredients of their products, says Anna Git.             Research tools: Understand how it works ▶     Over-reliance on automated tools is hurting science, says David W. Piston.             Global issues: Make social sciences relevant ▶     We need to turn the efforts of social scientists towards global challenges, argues Luk Van Langenhove.             Books and Arts                   Psychology: The aesthetic brain ▶     Simon Mawer relishes a masterful mix of neuroscience and art that focuses on the early twentieth century.             Oceanography: Ultra marine ▶     Stephen R. Palumbi finds both stark warnings and buoyant optimism in an encyclopaedic take on the state of the oceans.             Philosophy: What we don't know ▶     Michael Shermer enjoys a reminder that cutting-edge research is a step into the unknown.             New in paperback ▶     Highlights of this season's releases             Behaviour: Life interwoven ▶     James H. Fowler applauds a master biologist's model of the evolution of sociality.             Robotics: Enter the evolvabot ▶     Noel Sharkey is engaged by a take on the intriguing overlap between biology and robotics.             Fiction: Wondrous machines ▶     A multilayered tale centred on a nineteenth-century automaton grips Minsoo Kang.             Ecology: Trashed world ▶     Sonja Vermeulen ponders two takes on the twinned global issues of consumption and waste.             Corvid cognition: Feathered apes ▶     Nicola Clayton is fascinated by the mind of the crow, and the bird's ancient links with humankind.             Correspondence                   Conservation: Reaping the benefits of no-tillage farming Howard G. Buffett | Molecular biology: Protect the DNA of museum specimens Lara Shepherd & Leon Perrie | Traditional Chinese medicine: China's bear farms prompt public outcry Xia Sheng, Haolin Zhang & Qiang Weng | Biobanks: Validate gene findings before telling donors Mats G. Hansson | Indian science: Enhance visibility of India's academies Abhay Sharma           Correction                   Correction ▶                         Events @ EMBL The 2012 EMBL Autumn Course and Conference Programme is now available online! To view complete listing visit www.embl.org/events               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Molecular mechanism of ATP binding and ion channel activation in P2X receptors ▶     Motoyuki Hattori & Eric Gouaux     The X-ray crystal structure of the zebrafish P2X4 receptor in the presence and absence of ATP is determined, revealing an ATP-binding site and an open ion channel pore.             Mitochondrial DNA that escapes from autophagy causes inflammation and heart failure ▶     Takafumi Oka, Shungo Hikoso, Osamu Yamaguchi, Manabu Taneike, Toshihiro Takeda et al.     Mitochondrial DNA escaping from the autophagy pathway can trigger inflammation through Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, leading to abnormalities in cardiac structure and function, and increased mortality.             Extended leaf phenology and the autumn niche in deciduous forest invasions ▶     Jason D. Fridley     A 3-year study of 73 deciduous understory species from the Eastern USA shows that non-native species retain leaf function 4 weeks longer into autumn than natives, which may be shifting seasonal patterns of forest carbon and nutrient dynamics.             Stereospecific binding of a disordered peptide segment mediates BK channel inactivation ▶     Vivian Gonzalez-Perez, Xu-Hui Zeng, Katie Henzler-Wildman & Christopher J. Lingle     Two-step BK channel inactivation mediated by an intrinsically disordered BK β-subunit peptide involves a stereospecific binding interaction that precedes blockade.             Evidence of non-random mutation rates suggests an evolutionary risk management strategy ▶     Iñigo Martincorena, Aswin S. N. Seshasayee & Nicholas M. Luscombe     The local mutation rate in Escherichia coli has evolved to reduce the risk of deleterious mutations, leading to a non-random occurrence of mutations and suggesting that DNA protection and repair mechanisms preferentially target more important genes.             A PPARγ–FGF1 axis is required for adaptive adipose remodelling and metabolic homeostasis ▶     Johan W. Jonker, Jae Myoung Suh, Annette R. Atkins, Maryam Ahmadian, Pingping Li et al.     PPARγ induces fibroblast growth factor 1 to remodel visceral adipose tissue in response to a high-fat diet to maintain metabolic homeostasis.             Articles and Letters                   Multiple dynamic representations in the motor cortex during sensorimotor learning ▶     D. Huber, D. A. Gutnisky, S. Peron, D. H. O’Connor, J. S. Wiegert et al.     Genetically encoded neural activity markers were used in mice to simultaneously follow large populations of motor cortex neurons during sensorimotor learning, revealing that spatially intermingled neurons represent either sensory or motor behaviour, with population-level representations of subsets of motor programs strengthening as training progressed.             Clonally dominant cardiomyocytes direct heart morphogenesis ▶     Vikas Gupta & Kenneth D. Poss     Using a conditional multicolour tracing approach, the contributions of individual cardiomyocytes to zebrafish heart morphogenesis are defined, revealing clonal dominance as a key mechanism.             Sexual selection enables long-term coexistence despite ecological equivalence ▶     Leithen K. M’Gonigle, Rupert Mazzucco, Sarah P. Otto & Ulf Dieckmann     A theoretical model shows how sexual selection, on its own, can maintain biodiversity, provided that two realistic assumptions are met: that carrying capacity varies spatially, and that females searching for mates incur costs in doing so.             NLRP10 is a NOD-like receptor essential to initiate adaptive immunity by dendritic cells ▶     Stephanie C. Eisenbarth, Adam Williams, Oscar R. Colegio, Hailong Meng, Till Strowig et al.     Dendritic cells in mice lacking NLRP10 are defective in exiting inflamed tissue, leading to impaired adaptive immunity; this could have a profound impact on the approach to treating allergic and autoimmune diseases.             Pathogen-induced human TH17 cells produce IFN-γ or IL-10 and are regulated by IL-1β ▶     Christina E. Zielinski, Federico Mele, Dominik Aschenbrenner, David Jarrossay, Francesca Ronchi et al.     Infection with Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus gives rise to TH17 cells with different properties; microbe-induced T-cell differentiation is shown here to depend on the balance between polarizing cytokines rather than absolute amounts.             IFITM3 restricts the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza ▶     Aaron R. Everitt, Simon Clare, Thomas Pertel, Sinu P. John, Rachael S. Wash et al.     Interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein 3 is shown to be an innate defence mechanism against viral infection in vivo; furthermore, a subset of the patients hospitalized during the H1N1 2009 pandemic carried a variant form of the IFITM3 gene.             Infection regulates pro-resolving mediators that lower antibiotic requirements ▶     Nan Chiang, Gabrielle Fredman, Fredrik Bäckhed, Sungwhan F. Oh, Thad Vickery et al.     Resolvins and protectins are anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators that are shown to resolve infections, and their administration lowers required doses of antibiotics and shortens infections.             Exploiting a natural conformational switch to engineer an interleukin-2 ‘superkine’ ▶     Aron M. Levin, Darren L. Bates, Aaron M. Ring, Carsten Krieg, Jack T. Lin et al.     Although IL-2 has been studied for its immune-stimulating activity against metastatic cancer, its side effects have limited its clinical use; here, an engineered IL-2 ‘superkine’ is shown to have increased activity, particularly in inducing antitumour T cells, but fewer side effects.             An inverse relationship to germline transcription defines centromeric chromatin in C. elegans ▶     Reto Gassmann, Andreas Rechtsteiner, Karen W. Yuen, Andrew Muroyama, Thea Egelhofer et al.     Centromere identity is thought to be epigenetically propagated by stable inheritance of nucleosomes containing the histone variant CENP-A; the authors propose a different model here in which germline transcription defines the genomic regions that exclude CENP-A incorporation during embryogenesis in the holocentric worm Caenorhabditis elegans.             The anti-Shine–Dalgarno sequence drives translational pausing and codon choice in bacteria ▶     Gene-Wei Li, Eugene Oh & Jonathan S. Weissman     Internal Shine–Dalgarno-like sequences in bacterial messenger RNA determine the elongation rate of protein synthesis and synonymous codon usage.             Live-cell delamination counterbalances epithelial growth to limit tissue overcrowding ▶     Eliana Marinari, Aida Mehonic, Scott Curran, Jonathan Gale, Thomas Duke et al.     To maintain homeostasis in epithelial cell layers in Drosophila, cell overcrowding causes a proportion of cells to undergo a loss of cell adhesive junctions and be squeezed out by neighbouring cells.             Crowding induces live cell extrusion to maintain homeostatic cell numbers in epithelia ▶     George T. Eisenhoffer, Patrick D. Loftus, Masaaki Yoshigi, Hideo Otsuna, Chi-Bin Chien et al.     Here it is shown that epithelia extrude live but not dying cells at sites of high strain, elucidating a mechanism for maintaining homeostatic cell numbers.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Allergic host defences ▶     Noah W. Palm, Rachel K. Rosenstein & Ruslan Medzhitov     A review of allergic host defences argues that allergic immunity has an important role in host defence against noxious environmental substances.             News & Views                   Forum: Immunology: Allergy challenged ▶     David Artis, Rick M. Maizels & Fred D. Finkelman             Developmental biology: Heart under construction ▶     Deborah Yelon             Protein engineering: Tighter ties that bind ▶     Eric T. Boder             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: DNA-binding factors shape the mouse methylome at distal regulatory regions ▶     Michael B. Stadler, Rabih Murr, Lukas Burger, Robert Ivanek, Florian Lienert et al.             Research Highlights                   Ecology: Savannah trees resist fires | Zoology: Mammal sings with syntax | Microbiology: Gene behind MRSA's menace | Neuroscience: Making morphine work better | Marine Microbiology: Microbe alliance with gutless worm | Microbiology: How gut flora can turn deadly | Stem Cells: Patient-specific heart cells         NEWS & COMMENT           Suckers for success | A bloody boon for conservation | RNA studies under fire | Controversial research: Good science bad science | Superstars of botany: Rare specimens | Psychology: The aesthetic brain | Oceanography: Ultra marine | New in paperback | Behaviour: Life interwoven | Robotics: Enter the evolvabot | Fiction: Wondrous machines | Corvid cognition: Feathered apes | Molecular biology: Protect the DNA of museum specimens Lara Shepherd & Leon Perrie | Traditional Chinese medicine: China's bear farms prompt public outcry Xia Sheng, Haolin Zhang & Qiang Weng | Biobanks: Validate gene findings before telling donors Mats G. Hansson             More Biological Sciences ▶                       The February 2012 issue of APS (Acta Pharmacologica Sinica) contains a special feature on Obesity including articles by leading experts on several topics that relate to obesity etiology, animal models, therapeutics and clinical implications. Access the APS Obesity focus today!               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Molecular mechanism of ATP binding and ion channel activation in P2X receptors ▶     Motoyuki Hattori & Eric Gouaux     The X-ray crystal structure of the zebrafish P2X4 receptor in the presence and absence of ATP is determined, revealing an ATP-binding site and an open ion channel pore.             Stereospecific binding of a disordered peptide segment mediates BK channel inactivation ▶     Vivian Gonzalez-Perez, Xu-Hui Zeng, Katie Henzler-Wildman & Christopher J. Lingle     Two-step BK channel inactivation mediated by an intrinsically disordered BK β-subunit peptide involves a stereospecific binding interaction that precedes blockade.             A PPARγ–FGF1 axis is required for adaptive adipose remodelling and metabolic homeostasis ▶     Johan W. Jonker, Jae Myoung Suh, Annette R. Atkins, Maryam Ahmadian, Pingping Li et al.     PPARγ induces fibroblast growth factor 1 to remodel visceral adipose tissue in response to a high-fat diet to maintain metabolic homeostasis.             Articles and Letters                   Infection regulates pro-resolving mediators that lower antibiotic requirements ▶     Nan Chiang, Gabrielle Fredman, Fredrik Bäckhed, Sungwhan F. Oh, Thad Vickery et al.     Resolvins and protectins are anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid mediators that are shown to resolve infections, and their administration lowers required doses of antibiotics and shortens infections.             Exploiting a natural conformational switch to engineer an interleukin-2 ‘superkine’ ▶     Aron M. Levin, Darren L. Bates, Aaron M. Ring, Carsten Krieg, Jack T. Lin et al.     Although IL-2 has been studied for its immune-stimulating activity against metastatic cancer, its side effects have limited its clinical use; here, an engineered IL-2 ‘superkine’ is shown to have increased activity, particularly in inducing antitumour T cells, but fewer side effects.             The anti-Shine–Dalgarno sequence drives translational pausing and codon choice in bacteria ▶     Gene-Wei Li, Eugene Oh & Jonathan S. Weissman     Internal Shine–Dalgarno-like sequences in bacterial messenger RNA determine the elongation rate of protein synthesis and synonymous codon usage.             Research Highlights                   Marine Microbiology: Microbe alliance with gutless worm         NEWS & COMMENT           New in paperback             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Systematic variation of the stellar initial mass function in early-type galaxies ▶     Michele Cappellari, Richard M. McDermid, Katherine Alatalo, Leo Blitz, Maxime Bois et al.     A study of the stellar kinematics of a large sample of early-type galaxies provides evidence that the stellar initial mass function depends on the galaxy’s stellar mass-to-light ratio and thus is strongly dependent on the galaxy’s formation history.             Engineered two-dimensional Ising interactions in a trapped-ion quantum simulator with hundreds of spins ▶     Joseph W. Britton, Brian C. Sawyer, Adam C. Keith, C.-C. Joseph Wang, James K. Freericks et al.     A trapped-ion quantum simulator is used to demonstrate tunable long-range spin-spin couplings in two dimensions, relevant to studies of quantum magnetism at a scale that is intractable for classical computers.             Thermal and electrical transport across a magnetic quantum critical point ▶     Heike Pfau, Stefanie Hartmann, Ulrike Stockert, Peijie Sun, Stefan Lausberg et al.     The heavy-fermion compound YbRh2Si2 possesses a quantum critical point, at which the standard theory of electron behaviour in metals is expected to break down; such anomalous behaviour has now been observed.             Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves ▶     H. D. Pritchard, S. R. M. Ligtenberg, H. A. Fricker, D. G. Vaughan, M. R. van den Broeke et al.     Using satellite laser altimetry, basal melting of ice shelves is determined to be the main driver of Antarctic ice-sheet loss, with changing climate the likely cause.             Live-cell delamination counterbalances epithelial growth to limit tissue overcrowding ▶     Eliana Marinari, Aida Mehonic, Scott Curran, Jonathan Gale, Thomas Duke et al.     To maintain homeostasis in epithelial cell layers in Drosophila, cell overcrowding causes a proportion of cells to undergo a loss of cell adhesive junctions and be squeezed out by neighbouring cells.             Crowding induces live cell extrusion to maintain homeostatic cell numbers in epithelia ▶     George T. Eisenhoffer, Patrick D. Loftus, Masaaki Yoshigi, Hideo Otsuna, Chi-Bin Chien et al.     Here it is shown that epithelia extrude live but not dying cells at sites of high strain, elucidating a mechanism for maintaining homeostatic cell numbers.             News & Views                   Quantum physics: Simulating magnetism ▶     Christian Roos             Astrophysics: Stars throw their weight in old galaxies ▶     Nate Bastian             50 & 100 years ago ▶             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: DNA-binding factors shape the mouse methylome at distal regulatory regions ▶     Michael B. Stadler, Rabih Murr, Lukas Burger, Robert Ivanek, Florian Lienert et al.             Research Highlights                   Materials: Could graphene be a laser? | Geoscience: Methane from the Arctic Ocean | Atmospheric Science: Arctic heat link to weather extremes         NEWS & COMMENT           Europe loses sight of Earth | Space-station rendezvous set to spur research push | RNA studies under fire | Ancient asteroids kept on coming | Mexico sets climate targets | Controversial research: Good science bad science | New in paperback           CAREERS           A lab app for that | Turning point: Lisa Kaltenegger             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Solar System: Focus on ancient bombardment ▶     Frank T. Kyte             An Archaean heavy bombardment from a destabilized extension of the asteroid belt ▶     William F. Bottke, David Vokrouhlický, David Minton, David Nesvorný, Alessandro Morbidelli et al.     The Late Heavy Bombardment lasted much longer than previously thought, up to 1.7 billion years ago on Earth, with impacts on the Moon and Earth coming mostly from the E-belt-survivor Hungaria asteroids.             Impact spherules as a record of an ancient heavy bombardment of Earth ▶     B. C. Johnson & H. J. Melosh     The fossilized remnants of vaporized asteroids, called spherules, can be used to infer that the flux of asteroid impacts on Earth 3.5 billion years ago was much greater than it is now.             Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture ▶     Verena Seufert, Navin Ramankutty & Jonathan A. Foley     A meta-analysis assessing the relative yields of organic and conventional agriculture shows that organic yields are on average lower, but that the magnitude of the difference is dependent on context.             Articles and Letters                   Deposition of 1.88-billion-year-old iron formations as a consequence of rapid crustal growth ▶     Birger Rasmussen, Ian R. Fletcher, Andrey Bekker, Janet R. Muhling, Courtney J. Gregory et al.     The reappearance of major iron formations at 1.88 billion years ago (after the rise in atmospheric oxygen) is puzzling because their deposition requires anoxic and iron-rich sea water, but is here explained as a consequence of major mantle activity and rapid crustal growth at that time.             Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves ▶     H. D. Pritchard, S. R. M. Ligtenberg, H. A. Fricker, D. G. Vaughan, M. R. van den Broeke et al.     Using satellite laser altimetry, basal melting of ice shelves is determined to be the main driver of Antarctic ice-sheet loss, with changing climate the likely cause.             News & Views                   50 & 100 years ago ▶             Solar System: Focus on ancient bombardment ▶     Frank T. Kyte             Research Highlights                   Geoscience: Methane from the Arctic Ocean | Atmospheric Science: Arctic heat link to weather extremes         NEWS & COMMENT           Chase the dragon | Commercial space flight takes wing | Europe loses sight of Earth | Ancient asteroids kept on coming | Mexico sets climate targets | Controversial research: Good science bad science | Oceanography: Ultra marine | New in paperback             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶               Special - Nature Outlook: MalariaFree Access ▲top               Malaria ▶     Michelle Grayson              The numbers game ▶     Nature Outlook maps the challenges in tackling the malaria epidemic.              Drug development: Holding out for reinforcements ▶     Signs of emerging drug resistance are turning the hunt for new malaria treatments into a race against the clock.              Public health: Death at the doorstep ▶     Even a cure is not preventing deaths from malaria in Uganda. Poor education and limited access to healthcare are among the reasons why.              Perspectives: The missing pieces ▶     Nine experts give their opinion on the 'known unknowns' in malaria research.              Vaccines: The take-home lesson ▶     The nearly century-long search for a malaria vaccine might end in the bottom of a cup.              Vector control: The last bite ▶     Preventing mosquitoes from transmitting the malaria parasite is a crucial piece of the eradication puzzle.          Sponsors                     Frontiers in Materials: Spintronics May 13, 2012 • Strasbourg, France This workshop will provide an overview of the most interesting developments in the field of spintronics, a technology that aims at controlling the electron spin beside the electron charge and that could provide efficient electronic devices with potentially new functionalities. The early booking cutoff is April 5, 2012. Online registration will close on May 4, 2012. Register today!               Careers & Jobs ▲top               A lab app for that ▶     Having a mobile device can save researchers a huge amount of time. It can also mean that they never switch off.                   Turning point: Lisa Kaltenegger ▶     International moves and multiple disciplines helped an astrophysicist to define her career path.                   Careers related news & comment                   Space-station rendezvous set to spur research push | Research tools: A recipe for disaster | Research tools: Understand how it works | Molecular biology: Protect the DNA of museum specimens Lara Shepherd & Leon Perrie | Traditional Chinese medicine: China's bear farms prompt public outcry Xia Sheng, Haolin Zhang & Qiang Weng | Indian science: Enhance visibility of India's academies Abhay Sharma             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Several PhD Fellowships in Life Sciences     Univeristy of Kaiserslautern and Saarland University            MRes in Vascular and Cellular Inflammation     Barts and The London Queen Mary's School of Medicine & Dentistry            Assistant Specialist     University of California, San Francisco (UCSF)gineering and Therapeutic Sciences            Department of Molecular Biosciences Associate Professor in Molecular Microbiology     University of Oslo          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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