Nature Neuroscience Contents: April 2012 Volume 15 Number 4, pp 497 - 643

Advertisement Triangle BioSystems is here to provide the neuroscience community with wireless and tethered neural recording and stimulation solutions. We boast high channel counts and sampling rates as well as headstage biosensor options. Don't forget to ask us about our custom hardware and software development! TABLE OF CONTENTS April 2012 Volume 15, Issue 4 Editorial News and Views Commentary Perspective Reviews Brief Communications Articles Advertisement Smarter, larger animal models. Knockout rats are now available from SAGE® Labs for neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, including new models of autism spectrum disorders. Learn more. sageresearchmodels.com/research-models Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement 2012 Society for Neuroscience (SfN) Awards and Prizes SfN honors a wide range of achievements in research, education and mentoring. More than $500,000 in awards, prizes and honoraria. Learn more or nominate today. www.sfn.org/awards   Advertisement my.nature.com my.nature.com is a new site that will help you stay up-to-date with the latest research and let you personalize your nature.com experience. The test version is now online and we invite you to help us develop the site by giving us your feedback. Visit my.nature.com now and tell us what you think - you will need to login with your nature.com username and password.   Editorial Top Sip carefully p497 doi:10.1038/nn0412-497 A new line of relaxation drinks containing neurotransmitters and hormones purports to help consumers sleep and reduce stress. Scientists should raise awareness of the potential harms of these drinks and pressure industry and government to increase the regulation of their sale and use. Full Text | PDF News and Views Top Do cannabinoids reduce brain power? pp499 - 501 Bradley E Alger and Ai-Hui Tang doi:10.1038/nn.3072 Extracts from the Cannabis plants, or cannabinoids, bind to the same receptors as do endogenous cannabinoids. Although usually found on nerve terminals, where their activation inhibits transmitter release, cannabinoid receptors are now reported to exist on mitochondria, where their activation by endocannabinoids regulates energy metabolism. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Bénard et al. Sensing the long and the short of it pp501 - 503 Richard Benton doi:10.1038/nn.3073 How do sensory systems encode prolonged stimuli? A study reveals molecular and circuit mechanisms by which C. elegans interprets oxygen concentration to produce both transient and long-lasting behaviors. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Busch et al. Dendritic architecture: form and function pp503 - 505 Robyn M Javier and Anatol C Kreitzer doi:10.1038/nn.3076 A study now demonstrates how dendritic architecture and differential synaptic innervation can account for functional heterogeneity of dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Henny et al. One cell's poison is another cell's cure pp505 - 506 Raymond A Swanson doi:10.1038/nn.3071 A drug that promotes cell death in cancer cells prevents cell death in post-ischemic neurons. These contrasting effects stem from the distinct actions of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL and its cleavage product, ΔN-Bcl-xL. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Ofengeim et al. Deep thinking p506 Charvy Narain doi:10.1038/nn0412-506 Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Ban et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Associate Medical Director (MD)- Neuro Med Affairs Genentech Postdoctoral Scholar University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (UT Southwestern) (UTSW) Postdoctoral Fellowship in Stem Cell and Epithelial Biology National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Eye Institute (NEI) Professorship in Research on Dementia with Lewy Bodies University Of Toronto / Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases The GSK-TLGM Fellowship in Neurodegeneration Translational Lab in Genetic Medicine, SICS, A-STAR More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT FENS Forum of Neuroscience 14.-17.07.12 Barcelona, Spain More science events from Commentary Top From circuits to behavior: a bridge too far? pp507 - 509 Matteo Carandini doi:10.1038/nn.3043 Neuroscience seeks to understand how neural circuits lead to behavior. However, the gap between circuits and behavior is too wide. An intermediate level is one of neural computations, which occur in individual neurons and populations of neurons. Some computations seem to be canonical: repeated and combined in different ways across the brain. To understand neural computations, we must record from a myriad of neurons in multiple brain regions. Understanding computation guides research in the underlying circuits and provides a language for theories of behavior. Full Text | PDF Perspective Top Cortical oscillations and speech processing: emerging computational principles and operations pp511 - 517 Anne-Lise Giraud and David Poeppel doi:10.1038/nn.3063 This perspective describes how neural oscillations are likely to play an important role in speech processing, particularly in creating a discrete neural code. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Reviews Top Serotonergic transcriptional networks and potential importance to mental health pp519 - 527 Evan S Deneris and Steven C Wyler doi:10.1038/nn.3039 This review surveys the latest advances in the intrinsic regulatory programs directing the development and maintenance of vertebrate serotonin neurons. A new model of the regulatory program comprising a dynamic network of transcription factors is presented. The authors discuss the potential importance of network regulatory dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning pp528 - 536 Robert J Zatorre, R Douglas Fields and Heidi Johansen-Berg doi:10.1038/nn.3045 This review discusses human neuroimaging as well as cellular studies to describe how learning sculpts the brain. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Brief Communications Top Dense representation of natural odorants in the mouse olfactory bulb pp537 - 539 Roberto Vincis, Olivier Gschwend, Khaleel Bhaukaurally, Jonathan Beroud and Alan Carleton doi:10.1038/nn.3057 Using optical imaging and two-photon microscopy in awake mice, the authors show that natural odorants at their native concentrations can elicit dense activation of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb. The authors show that both anesthesia and odorant concentration can modulate the density of glomerular activation. First paragraph | Full Text | PDF Retinotopic activity in V1 reflects the perceived and not the retinal size of an afterimage pp540 - 542 Irene Sperandio, Philippe A Chouinard and Melvyn A Goodale doi:10.1038/nn.3069 This study uses fMRI to demonstrate that the retinotopic representation of an afterimage in primary visual cortex is dependent on its perceived size, not the size of retinal image. This provides a neural underpinning for the well known Emmert's law of size constancy. First paragraph | Full Text | PDF Articles Top Primary oligodendrocyte death does not elicit anti-CNS immunity pp543 - 550 Giuseppe Locatelli, Simone Wörtge, Thorsten Buch, Barbara Ingold, Friederike Frommer, Bettina Sobottka, Martin Krüger, Khalad Karram, Claudia Bühlmann, Ingo Bechmann, Frank L Heppner, Ari Waisman and Burkhard Becher doi:10.1038/nn.3062 The death of oligodendrocytes has been hypothesized to trigger the anti-myelin immunity observed in multiple sclerosis. In a mouse model, the authors show that diffuse oligodendrocyte death alone or in conjunction with immune activation does not initiate any anti-CNS immunity. Abstract | Full Text | PDF The growth factor SVH-1 regulates axon regeneration in C. elegans via the JNK MAPK cascade pp551 - 557 Chun Li, Naoki Hisamoto, Paola Nix, Shuka Kanao, Tomoaki Mizuno, Michael Bastiani and Kunihiro Matsumoto doi:10.1038/nn.3052 Following axonal injury in C. elegans, the growth factor SVH-1 and its cognate receptor tyrosine kinase, SVH-2, act to promote axonal regeneration via activation of the JNK-MAPK pathway. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Mitochondrial CB1 receptors regulate neuronal energy metabolism pp558 - 564 Giovanni Bénard, Federico Massa, Nagore Puente, Joana Lourenço, Luigi Bellocchio, Edgar Soria-Gómez, Isabel Matias, Anna Delamarre, Mathilde Metna-Laurent, Astrid Cannich, Etienne Hebert-Chatelain, Christophe Mulle, Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez, Mar Martín-Fontecha, Matthias Klugmann, Stephan Guggenhuber, Beat Lutz, Jürg Gertsch, Francis Chaouloff, María Luz López-Rodríguez, Pedro Grandes, Rodrigue Rossignol and Giovanni Marsicano doi:10.1038/nn.3053 The authors show that the type-1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) is present in mouse neuronal mitochondrial membranes. They show that mitochondrial CB1 receptors regulate cellular respiration and energy production in the brain and may contribute to synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Alger & Tang The voltage-gated proton channel Hv1 enhances brain damage from ischemic stroke pp565 - 573 Long-Jun Wu, Gongxiong Wu, M Reza Akhavan Sharif, Amanda Baker, Yonghui Jia, Frederic H Fahey, Hongbo R Luo, Edward P Feener and David E Clapham doi:10.1038/nn.3059 The authors show that the voltage-dependent proton channel Hv1 is required for NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species in microglia in mice. Hv1-/- mice were protected from NOX-mediated neuronal death and brain damage in a model of ischemia. Abstract | Full Text | PDF N-terminally cleaved Bcl-xL mediates ischemia-induced neuronal death pp574 - 580 Dimitry Ofengeim, Ying-bei Chen, Takahiro Miyawaki, Hongmei Li, Silvio Sacchetti, Richard J Flannery, Kambiz N Alavian, Fabrizio Pontarelli, Brian A Roelofs, John A Hickman, J Marie Hardwick, R Suzanne Zukin and Elizabeth A Jonas doi:10.1038/nn.3054 Inhibition of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL by ABT-737 is known to enhance tumor cell death. Here the authors find that it is actually protective against neuronal death in an animal model of ischemia via blockade of Bcl-xL-induced mitochondrial channel activity. These findings point to Bcl-xL as a potential therapeutic target. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Swanson Tonic signaling from O2 sensors sets neural circuit activity and behavioral state pp581 - 591 Karl Emanuel Busch, Patrick Laurent, Zoltan Soltesz, Robin Joseph Murphy, Olivier Faivre, Berthold Hedwig, Martin Thomas, Heather L Smith and Mario de Bono doi:10.1038/nn.3061 Using optogenetic and physiological imaging tools, Busch et al. show that C. elegans sensory neurons that detect ambient oxygen concentration are tonic receptors and modify behavior in a persistent manner. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Benton Slow oscillations in two pairs of dopaminergic neurons gate long-term memory formation in Drosophila  pp592 - 599 Pierre-Yves Plaçais, Séverine Trannoy, Guillaume Isabel, Yoshinori Aso, Igor Siwanowicz, Ghislain Belliart-Guérin, Philippe Vernier, Serge Birman, Hiromu Tanimoto and Thomas Preat doi:10.1038/nn.3055 Aversive long-term memory is formed after multiple conditioning sessions spaced by a rest interval. The authors identify specific dopaminergic neurons that display oscillatory calcium activity and are required during the rest interval to allow the formation of long-term memory in the mushroom body, the olfactory memory center. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Active dendrites support efficient initiation of dendritic spikes in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons pp600 - 606 Sooyun Kim, Segundo J Guzman, Hua Hu and Peter Jonas doi:10.1038/nn.3060 This study describes the properties of dendritic electrogenesis in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons and distinguishes the functional differences between proximal dendrites and distal dendrites, which receive differential inputs from the mossy fibers and the perforant pathways, respectively. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Unique functional properties of somatostatin-expressing GABAergic neurons in mouse barrel cortex pp607 - 612 Luc J Gentet, Yves Kremer, Hiroki Taniguchi, Z Josh Huang, Jochen F Staiger and Carl C H Petersen doi:10.1038/nn.3051 In this report, the authors demonstrate unique membrane potential dynamics of somatostatin-expressing (SOM) GABAergic neurons in layer 2/3 primary somatosensory barrel cortex of awake behaving mice. SOM neurons hyperpolarized and reduced action potential firing rates during sensorimotor processing, thereby reducing dendritic inhibition in nearby excitatory neurons during active neocortical computation. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Structural correlates of heterogeneous in vivo activity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons pp613 - 619 Pablo Henny, Matthew T C Brown, Augustus Northrop, Macarena Faunes, Mark A Ungless, Peter J Magill and J Paul Bolam doi:10.1038/nn.3048 With a combination of ultrastructural analysis, juxtacellular/immunolabeling reconstruction and in vivo recording of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, this study finds that the structural differences of dopaminergic neurons underlie heterogeneous dopaminergic response to aversive stimuli. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Javier & Kreitzer A cortical motor nucleus drives the basal ganglia-recipient thalamus in singing birds pp620 - 627 Jesse H Goldberg and Michale S Fee doi:10.1038/nn.3047 Thalamic activity is strongly inhibited by pallidal inputs from the basal ganglia, but the role of excitatory inputs from cortex is unclear. Recording from presynaptic pallidal axon terminals and connected postsynaptic thalamocortical neurons in zebra finches, the authors find that pallidal inputs control thalamic spike timing, whereas cortical inputs may be the principle drivers of thalamic activity during singing. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Decorrelation and efficient coding by retinal ganglion cells pp628 - 635 Xaq Pitkow and Markus Meister doi:10.1038/nn.3064 It has been proposed that the center-surround receptive fields encountered in the early visual system serve to reduce the redundancy that is always present in natural scenes. The authors test this idea by recording from salamander retinal ganglion cells. They find strong decorrelation that is primarily a result of non-linear processing in the retina, rather than center-surround interactions. These nonlinearities serve to enhance efficient coding in the presence of noise. Abstract | Full Text | PDF The integration of motion and disparity cues to depth in dorsal visual cortex pp636 - 643 Hiroshi Ban, Tim J Preston, Alan Meeson and Andrew E Welchman doi:10.1038/nn.3046 This study used fMRI to find that the dorsal visual area (V3B/KO) combines information about binocular disparity and relative motion cues to work out depth information. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Narain Top Advertisement Nature Outlook: Traditional Asian Medicine Using scientific techniques to investigate the claims of traditional medicine as practised in countries such as China and Japan can help sort effective treatments from unfounded superstitions. 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