Nature contents: 09 February 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 482 Number 7384      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       RIKEN RESEARCH - The latest in news and research from RIKEN, Japan''s flagship research organization Research highlights: Unraveling the Chinese cabbage genome | Channeling into cell control | A shorter road to growth News, research highlights and in-depth interviews with RIKEN's leading researchers, updated weekly and all completely free. Keep up to date by registering for the weekly email alert!             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity   In a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the leading cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries, alterations of the intestinal microbiota associated with the NLRP6 and NLRP3 inflammasomes enhance the signs of disease. This highlights the role of gut flora in the development of autoinflammatory and metabolic disorders.       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Two Earth-sized planets orbiting Kepler-20   The planet-hunting space observatory Kepler has discovered two extrasolar planets of close to Earth's size. Planet Kepler-20f has a radius almost identical to that of Earth, and Kepler-20e is slightly smaller, at 0.87 times Earth's radius. The indications are that the outer planet, Kepler-20f, has a thick water vapour atmosphere.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Supercontinent cycles and the calculation of absolute palaeolongitude in deep time   Geological models have predicted that the next supercontinent to form - to be called Amasia - will amalgamate either where Pangaea rifted apart, or on the opposite side of the world. An alternative model proposed here places the next supercontinent at right-angles to these two positions.                   ZEISS on Your Campus is a free global workshop series aimed at educating scientists and students in the fundamentals of microscopy and emerging technologies in both light and electron microscopy. ZOYC 2012 will focus on the basics of acquiring images for scientific publication. The program includes lectures and hands-on sessions guided by microscopy experts. Please register: www.zeiss.com/zoyc                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: a Guatemalan case history of unethical research, where the next supercontinent will form, and doing science in museums. Plus, the best of the rest from this week's Nature.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   Facing up to flu ▶     The potential for mutant-flu research to improve public health any time soon has been exaggerated. Timely production of sufficient vaccine remains the biggest challenge.             Gas and air ▶     Natural-gas operations could leak enough methane to tarnish their clean image.             Hypocritical oaths ▶     History judges some research as unethical, despite approval at the time.             World View                   Finding the true value of US climate science ▶     A new strategy for addressing climate change takes a realistic approach to the challenge of making science useful, says Ryan Meyer.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 3–9 February 2012 ▶     The week in science: hope for drilling breakthrough to Antarctic lake; AstraZeneca's neuroscience cuts; and how land-grabs threaten Africa's sustainable development.           NEWS IN FOCUS           Air sampling reveals high emissions from gas field ▶     Methane leaks during production may offset climate benefits of natural gas.             Fission power back on NASA's agenda ▶     Space-technology report prioritizes nuclear propulsion.             Lab flu may not aid vaccines ▶     Game-changing vaccine technologies are needed to strengthen global pandemic defences.             Japan finds a key to unlock philanthropy ▶     Latest Kavli centre beats legal hurdle to using endowments.             Drug bests cystic-fibrosis mutation ▶     First treatment to tackle protein behind the disease wins approval — but only a small fraction of patients will benefit.             Duplicate-grant case puts funders under pressure ▶     Critics call for tighter checks to stop researchers being funded twice for the same work.             Feature                   Human experiments: First, do harm ▶     In the 1940s, US doctors deliberately infected thousands of Guatemalans with venereal diseases. The wound is still raw.           COMMENT           Policy: Adaptations of avian flu virus are a cause for concern ▶     Members of the US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity explain its recommendations on the communication of experimental work on H5N1 influenza.             H5N1: Flu transmission work is urgent ▶     Yoshihiro Kawaoka explains that research on transmissible avian flu viruses needs to continue if pandemics are to be prevented.             Q&A: Reasons for proposed redaction of flu paper ▶     US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity explains recommendation to publish H5N1 work in a form that withholds essential data.             Books and Arts                   Primate cognition: Copy that ▶     The past decade has seen a revolution in our perception of primates' social brains, says Christian Keysers.             Books in brief ▶             History: Impractical magic ▶     A biography of alchemist John Dee sidesteps his impact on science, suggests Philip Ball.             Palaeontology: Beyond the Jurassic ▶     Brian Switek winds his way through prehistory at Utah's rehoused museum of natural history.             Correspondence                   Whaling: Quota trading won't work Diogo Veríssimo & Kristian Metcalfe | Policy-making: Scientists cannot compete as lobbyists Brett Favaro | Marine management: Expand Australia's sustainable fisheries Robert Kearney & Graham Farebrother | Public health: Use snail ecology to assess dam impact Stephen W. Attwood | Asian medicine: A way to compare data Kenji Watanabe, Xiorui Zhang & Seung-Hoon Choi                   Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Cancer exome analysis reveals a T-cell-dependent mechanism of cancer immunoediting ▶     Hirokazu Matsushita, Matthew D. Vesely, Daniel C. Koboldt, Charles G. Rickert, Ravindra Uppaluri et al.     Exome analysis of chemical-carcinogen-induced mouse tumours provides evidence for T-cell-mediated immunoselection as a mechanism of immunoediting.             Extrathymically generated regulatory T cells control mucosal TH2 inflammation ▶     Steven Z. Josefowicz, Rachel E. Niec, Hye Young Kim, Piper Treuting, Takatoshi Chinen et al.     Selective impairment of peripheral regulatory T-cell differentiation is found to result in spontaneous allergic TH2-type inflammation in the intestine and lungs, demonstrating the functional heterogeneity of regulatory T cells generated in the thymus and extrathymically in controlling immune mediated inflammation and disease.             Single-molecule imaging of DNA pairing by RecA reveals a three-dimensional homology search ▶     Anthony L. Forget & Stephen C. Kowalczykowski     The search for DNA homology is vital to recombinational DNA repair and occurs by intersegment contact sampling wherein the three-dimensional conformational state of the double-stranded DNA target and the length of the homologous RecA–single-stranded DNA filament have important roles.             Expression of tumour-specific antigens underlies cancer immunoediting ▶     Michel DuPage, Claire Mazumdar, Leah M. Schmidt, Ann F. Cheung & Tyler Jacks     This paper illustrates that immunosurveillance and immunoediting can occur in an oncogene-driven endogenous tumour model provided that the tumours carry strong neoantigens not present in the host.             Outgrowth of single oncogene-expressing cells from suppressive epithelial environments ▶     Cheuk T. Leung & Joan S. Brugge     The earliest stages of tumorigenesis are mimicked in a three-dimensional model of mammary epithelial cells, showing that oncogenes that can promote cell translocation can also drive clonal outgrowth.             DNA damage defines sites of recurrent chromosomal translocations in B lymphocytes ▶     Ofir Hakim, Wolfgang Resch, Arito Yamane, Isaac Klein, Kyong-Rim Kieffer-Kwon et al.     A genome-wide analysis determines the contribution of DNA breaks and nuclear interactions to the formation of random versus recurrent translocations; whereas random translocations follow nuclear interaction profiles, the frequency of recurrent translocations is directly proportional to the amount of DNA damage at translocation partners.             Brassinosteroid regulates stomatal development by GSK3-mediated inhibition of a MAPK pathway ▶     Tae-Wuk Kim, Marta Michniewicz, Dominique C. Bergmann & Zhi-Yong Wang     Brassinosteroid inhibits stomatal development by alleviating GSK3-mediated inhibition of a MAPK module, revealing a link between a plant MAPKKK and its upstream regulators, and between brassinosteroid and a specific developmental output.             DNase I sensitivity QTLs are a major determinant of human expression variation ▶     Jacob F. Degner, Athma A. Pai, Roger Pique-Regi, Jean-Baptiste Veyrieras, Daniel J. Gaffney et al.     In human lymphoblastoid cell lines, 8,902 loci were identified at which genetic variation is significantly associated with local DNase I sensitivity; these variants are responsible for a large fraction of expression quantitative trait loci.             Structural basis for recognition of H3K56-acetylated histone H3–H4 by the chaperone Rtt106 ▶     Dan Su, Qi Hu, Qing Li, James R. Thompson, Gaofeng Cui et al.     Direct binding of Rtt106 to H3K56-acetylated (H3–H4)2 histone tetramers contributes to nucleosome assembly with implications for DNA replication, gene silencing and maintenance of genomic stability.             Articles and Letters                   The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel ▶     Trudy F. C. Mackay, Stephen Richards, Eric A. Stone, Antonio Barbadilla, Julien F. Ayroles et al.     A new resource for the analysis of population genomics and quantitative traits, the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel is presented.             Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity ▶     Jorge Henao-Mejia, Eran Elinav, Chengcheng Jin, Liming Hao, Wajahat Z. Mehal et al.     An expansion of Porphyromonadaceae in the gut is linked to the pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the mouse.             Complete subunit architecture of the proteasome regulatory particle ▶     Gabriel C. Lander, Eric Estrin, Mary E. Matyskiela, Charlene Bashore, Eva Nogales et al.     Determination of the proteasome regulatory particle structure by electron microscopy.             Genetic contributions to stability and change in intelligence from childhood to old age ▶     Ian J. Deary, Jian Yang, Gail Davies, Sarah E. Harris, Albert Tenesa et al.     Using a unique and rich data set of lifetime cognitive measures, the contribution of genetics to differences in cognitive ageing is explored.             Probing sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s disease using induced pluripotent stem cells ▶     Mason A. Israel, Shauna H. Yuan, Cedric Bardy, Sol M. Reyna, Yangling Mu et al.     Induced pluripotent stem cells are shown to be useful for studying phenotypes relevant to familial and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, even though it can take decades for the disease to manifest in patients.             Enhancer decommissioning by LSD1 during embryonic stem cell differentiation ▶     Warren A. Whyte, Steve Bilodeau, David A. Orlando, Heather A. Hoke, Garrett M. Frampton et al.     In embryonic stem cells, the histone demethylase LSD1 occupies the enhancers of active genes and, together with the NuRD complex, decommissions the enhancers during differentiation.             Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma ▶     Jeremy Schwartzentruber, Andrey Korshunov, Xiao-Yang Liu, David T. W. Jones, Elke Pfaff et al.     Recurrent histone mutations are linked to paediatric glioblastoma multiforme, an aggressive type of brain tumour.             High-throughput decoding of antitrypanosomal drug efficacy and resistance ▶     Sam Alsford, Sabine Eckert, Nicola Baker, Lucy Glover, Alejandro Sanchez-Flores et al.     Five current human African trypanosomiasis drugs are used for genome-scale RNA interference target sequencing screens in Trypanosoma brucei, and reveal the transporters, organelles, enzymes and metabolic pathways that function to facilitate antitrypanosomal drug action.             G-protein-coupled receptor inactivation by an allosteric inverse-agonist antibody ▶     Tomoya Hino, Takatoshi Arakawa, Hiroko Iwanari, Takami Yurugi-Kobayashi, Chiyo Ikeda-Suno et al.     Determination of the crystal structure of the human A2A adenosine receptor in complex with an inverse-agonist antibody shows that the allosteric site of the receptor inhibits agonist binding and that the antibody locks the receptor in an inactive conformation.             Gated regulation of CRAC channel ion selectivity by STIM1 ▶     Beth A. McNally, Agila Somasundaram, Megumi Yamashita & Murali Prakriya     STIM1-mediated gating of CRAC channels occurs through a mechanism in which ion selectivity and gating are closely coupled, and the residue V102 is identified as a candidate for the channel gate.             Hsp90 stress potentiates rapid cellular adaptation through induction of aneuploidy ▶     Guangbo Chen, William D. Bradford, Chris W. Seidel & Rong Li     Aneuploidy is shown to be induced by pleiotropic stress conditions (especially Hsp90 inhbition) in yeast, leading to stress adaptation.             Functional dissection of lysine deacetylases reveals that HDAC1 and p300 regulate AMPK ▶     Yu-yi Lin, Samara Kiihl, Yasir Suhail, Shang-Yun Liu, Yi-hsuan Chou et al.     Genetic interaction profiles of human lysine deacetylases are generated by RNA interference knockdown to reveal the involvement of deacetylases in many critical biological processes, including metabolism, the cell cycle and development.             News & Views                   Genetics: How intelligence changes with age ▶     Robert Plomin             Infectious disease: Genomics decodes drug action ▶     Alan H. Fairlamb             Cell biology: Destruction deconstructed ▶     Geng Tian & Daniel Finley             Research Highlights                   Evolution: Glad rags for a blind mole | Marine metagenomics: Sequencing from scratch | Cancer drugs: Chemo spans generations | Human evolution: Hobbit small, but not stunted | Palaeontology: Early bird was black         NEWS & COMMENT           Facing up to flu | Hypocritical oaths | Seven days: 3–9 February 2012 | Lab flu may not aid vaccines | Drug bests cystic-fibrosis mutation | Human experiments: First, do harm | Policy: Adaptations of avian flu virus are a cause for concern | H5N1: Flu transmission work is urgent | Q&A: Reasons for proposed redaction of flu paper | Primate cognition: Copy that | Books in brief | Palaeontology: Beyond the Jurassic | Public health: Use snail ecology to assess dam impact Stephen W. Attwood | Asian medicine: A way to compare data Kenji Watanabe, Xiorui Zhang & Seung-Hoon Choi           CAREERS           Biostatistics: Revealing analysis             More Biological Sciences ▶                         Discover Wiley's Online World of Analytical Science • Catch up on the hottest articles in Analytical Science - freely available here. • Discover leading Journals in Analytical Science, including 4 of the top 10 journals within Spectroscopy and 6 of the top 25 journals within Analytical Chemistry • Access more than 4 million articles from 1,500 journals, 9,000 books, and hundreds of reference works and databases.               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Single-molecule imaging of DNA pairing by RecA reveals a three-dimensional homology search ▶     Anthony L. Forget & Stephen C. Kowalczykowski     The search for DNA homology is vital to recombinational DNA repair and occurs by intersegment contact sampling wherein the three-dimensional conformational state of the double-stranded DNA target and the length of the homologous RecA–single-stranded DNA filament have important roles.             Brassinosteroid regulates stomatal development by GSK3-mediated inhibition of a MAPK pathway ▶     Tae-Wuk Kim, Marta Michniewicz, Dominique C. Bergmann & Zhi-Yong Wang     Brassinosteroid inhibits stomatal development by alleviating GSK3-mediated inhibition of a MAPK module, revealing a link between a plant MAPKKK and its upstream regulators, and between brassinosteroid and a specific developmental output.             Structural basis for recognition of H3K56-acetylated histone H3–H4 by the chaperone Rtt106 ▶     Dan Su, Qi Hu, Qing Li, James R. Thompson, Gaofeng Cui et al.     Direct binding of Rtt106 to H3K56-acetylated (H3–H4)2 histone tetramers contributes to nucleosome assembly with implications for DNA replication, gene silencing and maintenance of genomic stability.             Articles and Letters                   Complete subunit architecture of the proteasome regulatory particle ▶     Gabriel C. Lander, Eric Estrin, Mary E. Matyskiela, Charlene Bashore, Eva Nogales et al.     Determination of the proteasome regulatory particle structure by electron microscopy.             G-protein-coupled receptor inactivation by an allosteric inverse-agonist antibody ▶     Tomoya Hino, Takatoshi Arakawa, Hiroko Iwanari, Takami Yurugi-Kobayashi, Chiyo Ikeda-Suno et al.     Determination of the crystal structure of the human A2A adenosine receptor in complex with an inverse-agonist antibody shows that the allosteric site of the receptor inhibits agonist binding and that the antibody locks the receptor in an inactive conformation.             Gated regulation of CRAC channel ion selectivity by STIM1 ▶     Beth A. McNally, Agila Somasundaram, Megumi Yamashita & Murali Prakriya     STIM1-mediated gating of CRAC channels occurs through a mechanism in which ion selectivity and gating are closely coupled, and the residue V102 is identified as a candidate for the channel gate.             Functional dissection of lysine deacetylases reveals that HDAC1 and p300 regulate AMPK ▶     Yu-yi Lin, Samara Kiihl, Yasir Suhail, Shang-Yun Liu, Yi-hsuan Chou et al.     Genetic interaction profiles of human lysine deacetylases are generated by RNA interference knockdown to reveal the involvement of deacetylases in many critical biological processes, including metabolism, the cell cycle and development.             Research Highlights                   Nanotechnology: Electrons explain zeolite complexity | Nuclear energy: Testing the waters for radionuclides           More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Climate change: Shrinking glaciers under scrutiny ▶     Jonathan Bamber             Recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise ▶     Thomas Jacob, John Wahr, W. Tad Pfeffer & Sean Swenson     Satellite measurements of Earth’s gravity field show that the mass loss of glaciers and ice caps contributed to sea level rise by approximately 0.4 millimetres per year between 2003 and 2010.             Articles and Letters                   A tidally distorted dwarf galaxy near NGC 4449 ▶     R. M. Rich, M. L. M. Collins, C. M. Black, F. A. Longstaff, A. Koch et al.     A dwarf galaxy companion to NGC 4449 is reported, and is found to be in a transient stage of tidal disruption.             Two Earth-sized planets orbiting Kepler-20 ▶     Francois Fressin, Guillermo Torres, Jason F. Rowe, David Charbonneau, Leslie A. Rogers et al.     Two exoplanets of Earth’s size have been discovered in orbit around the star Kepler-20.             Electromagnetically induced transparency with resonant nuclei in a cavity ▶     Ralf Röhlsberger, Hans-Christian Wille, Kai Schlage & Balaram Sahoo     Electromagnetically induced transparency is achieved with hard X-rays in a two-level system, using cooperative emission from ensembles of iron-57 nuclei in a special geometry in a low-finesse cavity.             Thresholdless nanoscale coaxial lasers ▶     M. Khajavikhan, A. Simic, M. Katz, J. H. Lee, B. Slutsky et al.     A new family of resonators for nanoscale lasers is described that allows the size of the laser cavity to be scaled down without increasing the threshold power required to drive lasing.             News & Views                   Thermodynamics: The fridge gate ▶     Renato Renner             Extrasolar planets: An Earth-sized duo ▶     Didier Queloz             Quantum optics: Controlling the light ▶     Bernhard W. Adams             Climate change: Shrinking glaciers under scrutiny ▶     Jonathan Bamber             Research Highlights                   Materials: Printing tiny coiled antennas | Networks: Patchy communication | Astronomy: Core-collapse and star formation | Nuclear energy: Testing the waters for radionuclides         NEWS & COMMENT           Gas and air | Finding the true value of US climate science | Air sampling reveals high emissions from gas field | Fission power back on NASA's agenda | Japan finds a key to unlock philanthropy           CAREERS           Biostatistics: Revealing analysis             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Climate change: Shrinking glaciers under scrutiny ▶     Jonathan Bamber             Recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise ▶     Thomas Jacob, John Wahr, W. Tad Pfeffer & Sean Swenson     Satellite measurements of Earth’s gravity field show that the mass loss of glaciers and ice caps contributed to sea level rise by approximately 0.4 millimetres per year between 2003 and 2010.             Articles and Letters                   Two Earth-sized planets orbiting Kepler-20 ▶     Francois Fressin, Guillermo Torres, Jason F. Rowe, David Charbonneau, Leslie A. Rogers et al.     Two exoplanets of Earth’s size have been discovered in orbit around the star Kepler-20.             Supercontinent cycles and the calculation of absolute palaeolongitude in deep time ▶     Ross N. Mitchell, Taylor M. Kilian & David A. D. Evans     To determine the geometric pattern of the supercontinent cycle, a new ‘orthoversion’ model is suggested that matches the geologic evidence better than the traditional ‘introversion’ and ‘extroversion’ models, enabling the calculation of absolute palaeolongitude for the early Earth.             News & Views                   Extrasolar planets: An Earth-sized duo ▶     Didier Queloz             Climate change: Shrinking glaciers under scrutiny ▶     Jonathan Bamber           NEWS & COMMENT           Gas and air | Finding the true value of US climate science | Air sampling reveals high emissions from gas field | Japan finds a key to unlock philanthropy | Books in brief | Palaeontology: Beyond the Jurassic | Whaling: Quota trading won't work Diogo Veríssimo & Kristian Metcalfe | Marine management: Expand Australia's sustainable fisheries Robert Kearney & Graham Farebrother | Public health: Use snail ecology to assess dam impact Stephen W. Attwood             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶               Specials - Technology Feature ▲top               Functional genomics: The changes that count ▶     As more mutations are found across the genome, geneticists are focusing on learning which ones are likely to cause human disease, and how.                          Announcing Principles of Biology, a textbook for the 21st century from Nature Publishing Group Principles of Biology is a peer-reviewed, affordable textbook solution for university-level Introductory Biology courses, featuring 200+ customizable learning modules, 175+ interactive exercises, 3,000+ assessment questions, and access from laptops, smartphones, or tablets. Learn more.               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Biostatistics: Revealing analysis ▶     As the challenges of analysing genomic data evolve, statistical expertise has become more valuable than ever.                   Friend or foe? ▶     It is difficult to balance the benefits of collaboration and competition, argues Lydia Murray.                   Careers related news & comment                   Gas and air | Hypocritical oaths | Drug bests cystic-fibrosis mutation | Duplicate-grant case puts funders under pressure | Asian medicine: A way to compare data Kenji Watanabe, Xiorui Zhang & Seung-Hoon Choi             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Assistant / Associate Professors     Fox Chase Cancer Center            Postoctoral fellow     University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine            Postdoctoral fellow in Cancer Research     Weill Cornell Medical College            Post Doctoral Research Associate (Clinical Neurosciences)     University of Cambridge (Neurology Unit)          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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