Nature contents: 02 February 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 482 Number 7383      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       Speed. Resolution. Sensitivity. Accuracy. Hamamatsu's NanoZoomer 2.0 Series delivers all this and more. The ultimate scientific digital image-maker and virtual microscopy tool, the NanoZoomer converts glass slides into digital slides quickly and accurately, making it perfect for viewing and analyzing slide-mounted tissue at any resolution. Get reliable scanning 24/7/365 in brightfield or fluorescence at the touch of a button.             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Nonlinear material behaviour of spider silk yields robust webs   Spider silk has strength comparable to that of steel, but its nonlinear stress response - linear at low strain, suddenly softening as strain increases then stiffening prior to failure - is also critical to its role in creating the spiders' web.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Decadal to monthly timescales of magma transfer and reservoir growth at a caldera volcano   Lava from a caldera-forming eruption on the Greek island of Santorini in the late seventeenth century BC was a major contributor to the decline of the Minoan civilization. A study of crystals produced by this 'Minoan' eruption indicates that the magma reservoir recharged about 100 years prior to eruption and that magma mixing was still taking place during the final months. These observations have implications for monitoring strategies at long dormant, but potentially active caldera systems such as Long Valley in California, Yellowstone in Wyoming and Campi Flegrei in Italy.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Serial translocation by means of circular intermediates underlies colour sidedness in cattle   Colour-sidedness in cattle, a striking coat colour pattern that has been known since the Middle Ages, is mapped to two gene loci, one on chromosome 9 and another on chromosome 6. The alleles result from a serial translocation involving a circularization intermediate. Evidence from some T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients suggests that similar genetic alterations can occur in humans.                   GRANT Staying on the cutting edge is all about collaboration. That's why Expression Analysis & Illumina have combined forces to help fuel your research — 3 FULLY-FUNDED RNA-Seq Studies and data analysis at no cost to you. Apply on-line today or call 919-405-2248 * 866-293-6094.                 Podcast & Video     In This week humungous supervolcanoes, using elephants to control Australia's wildfires, and should we regulate sugar like we do alcohol and tobacco? Plus, the best of the rest from this week's Nature         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   The low-level nuclear threat ▶     Europe is making a good start on learning about the health risks of low-dose radiation with a programme to share cold-war data and set research priorities. But the effort needs to be global.             Poles apart ▶     Protecting the Arctic from pollution requires a binding agreement like the Antarctic Treaty.             Damage limitation ▶     Spider webs are designed to cope with stress and disruption, favouring repair over rebuilding.             World View                   Global health hits crisis point ▶     The Global Fund's drive to ensure sustainability and efficiency means that it may not be able to meet its commitments to combat disease, says Laurie Garrett.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 27 January–2 February 2012 ▶     The week in science: sequencing stock rebounds after takeover bid for Illumina; drug companies and nations team up against neglected diseases; and turmoil at the Global Fund.           NEWS IN FOCUS           The great Arctic oil race begins ▶     Conservationists fear spills in icy waters as Norway awards oil-production licences.             Diagnostics tome comes under fire ▶     Field tests of new criteria are flawed, critics argue.             Stem-cell agency faces budget dilemma ▶     The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine plans for a future without state support.             Informed consent on trial ▶     Lengthy, complicated documents leave many clinical-trial participants in the dark about the risks they face.             Dipole hunt stuck in neutral ▶     Physicists admit to delays as attempts to measure the neutron's charge are plagued by difficulties.             Genomics ace quits Japan ▶     Yusuke Nakamura blames government inertia for his move to the United States.             Japan plans to merge major science bodies ▶     Drive to save money could increase bureaucracy.             Features                   Marine ecology: Attack of the blobs ▶     Jellyfish will bloom as ocean health declines, warn biologists. Are they already taking over?             Vaccine development: Man vs MRSA ▶     For decades, Robert Daum has studied the havoc wreaked by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Now he thinks he can stop it for good.           COMMENT           Public health: The toxic truth about sugar ▶     Added sweeteners pose dangers to health that justify controlling them like alcohol, argue Robert H. Lustig, Laura A. Schmidt and Claire D. Brindis.             Conservation: Bring elephants to Australia? ▶     There's a solution to the continent's rampant fires and feral animals, says David Bowman — introduce large mammals and increase hunting pressure.             Policy: Adaptations of avian flu virus are a cause for concern ▶     Members of the US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity explain its recommendations on the communication of experimental work on H5N1 influenza.             Q&A: Reasons for proposed redaction of flu paper ▶     US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity explains recommendation to publish H5N1 work in a form that withholds essential data.             Books and Arts                   Neuroscience: The connected self ▶     Christof Koch tours the idea that the essence of the mind lies in the links between neurons.             Literature: Wonders and ologies ▶     In the week of the Dickens bicentennial, Alice Jenkins explores the literary giant's conflicted take on science.             Q&A: The instrumentalist ▶     Cognitive psychologist Gary Marcus researches language acquisition and the evolution of the brain at New York University. On the release of his latest book, Guitar Zero — a personal yet scientific investigation of how people become musical — he explains how a love of music and a computer game helped him to overcome a lack of rhythm and learn to play the guitar.             Correspondence                   Asian medicine: Japan's paradigm Silke Cameron, Heidrun Reissenweber & Kenji Watanabe | Asian medicine: A fungus in decline Uttam Babu Shrestha | Asian medicine: Many unique types Hoyun Lee | Asian medicine: Call for more safety data Juncai Xu, Min Liu & Zhijie Xia | Asian medicine: Protect rare plants Hua-Feng Zhang & Xiao-Hua Yang | Regulation: Safety-test initiatives for nanomaterials Juan Riego-Sintes           Obituary                   Philip D. Lawley (1927–2011) ▶     Chemist who discovered that cancer is caused by damage to DNA.                         KISSWIN.DE events in Berlin: KISSWIN.DE Multiplier Day and Conference took place on 17 and 18 January 2012 in Berlin. More than 700 young researchers and representatives from funding institutions, universities, non-university research institutions, industry and politics came together to discuss the situation of young researchers in Germany. Further information on www.kisswin.de!               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity ▶     Jorge Henao-Mejia, Eran Elinav, Chengcheng Jin, Liming Hao, Wajahat Z. Mehal et al.     An expansion of Porphyromonadaceae in the gut is linked to the pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in the mouse.             Enhancer decommissioning by LSD1 during embryonic stem cell differentiation ▶     Warren A. Whyte, Steve Bilodeau, David A. Orlando, Heather A. Hoke, Garrett M. Frampton et al.     In embryonic stem cells, the histone demethylase LSD1 occupies the enhancers of active genes and, together with the NuRD complex, decommissions the enhancers during differentiation.             G-protein-coupled receptor inactivation by an allosteric inverse-agonist antibody ▶     Tomoya Hino, Takatoshi Arakawa, Hiroko Iwanari, Takami Yurugi-Kobayashi, Chiyo Ikeda-Suno et al.     Determination of the crystal structure of the human A2A adenosine receptor in complex with an inverse-agonist antibody shows that the allosteric site of the receptor inhibits agonist binding and that the antibody locks the receptor in an inactive conformation.             Structural and functional conservation of key domains in InsP3 and ryanodine receptors ▶     Min-Duk Seo, Saroj Velamakanni, Noboru Ishiyama, Peter B. Stathopulos, Ana M. Rossi et al.     Structures of the amino-terminal region of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 with and without InsP3 bound reveal two discrete interfaces between the InsP3-binding core and suppressor domain that are similar to and functionally interchangeable with those in the equivalent domains of ryanodine receptor 1.             Hsp90 stress potentiates rapid cellular adaptation through induction of aneuploidy ▶     Guangbo Chen, William D. Bradford, Chris W. Seidel & Rong Li     Aneuploidy is shown to be induced by pleiotropic stress conditions (especially Hsp90 inhbition) in yeast, leading to stress adaptation.             Driver mutations in histone H3.3 and chromatin remodelling genes in paediatric glioblastoma ▶     Jeremy Schwartzentruber, Andrey Korshunov, Xiao-Yang Liu, David T. W. Jones, Elke Pfaff et al.     Recurrent histone mutations are linked to paediatric glioblastoma multiforme, an aggressive type of brain tumour.             Unresponsiveness of colon cancer to BRAF(V600E) inhibition through feedback activation of EGFR ▶     Anirudh Prahallad, Chong Sun, Sidong Huang, Federica Di Nicolantonio, Ramon Salazar et al.     Inhibition of activated BRAF has been ineffective in colon cancers with the mutation; here, this is shown to be due to the feedback activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in response to BRAF inhibition.             Articles and Letters                   Conditional modulation of spike-timing-dependent plasticity for olfactory learning ▶     Stijn Cassenaer & Gilles Laurent     In the locust olfactory system, spike-timing-dependent plasticity acts as a synaptic ‘tag’ that labels only the synapses active in response to specific odorants, thus priming them for subsequent modulation of the plasticity rule.             DNA breaks and chromosome pulverization from errors in mitosis ▶     Karen Crasta, Neil J. Ganem, Regina Dagher, Alexandra B. Lantermann, Elena V. Ivanova et al.     Chromosomes within micronuclei are shown to be damaged during S phase and become highly fragmented, and the damaged pieces can be reincorporated into the genome.             Nonlinear material behaviour of spider silk yields robust webs ▶     Steven W. Cranford, Anna Tarakanova, Nicola M. Pugno & Markus J. Buehler     Spider web deformation simulations, theory and experiments reveal how the nonlinear response of spider silk to strain and the discrete geometry of a web contribute to its robustness, integrity and performance.             Serial translocation by means of circular intermediates underlies colour sidedness in cattle ▶     Keith Durkin, Wouter Coppieters, Cord Drögemüller, Naima Ahariz, Nadine Cambisano et al.     Colour sidedness in cattle breeds is reported to be determined by two alleles, created as a result of a serial translocation involving circular intermediates.             Neuron-type-specific signals for reward and punishment in the ventral tegmental area ▶     Jeremiah Y. Cohen, Sebastian Haesler, Linh Vong, Bradford B. Lowell & Naoshige Uchida     Dopaminergic neurons in the mouse ventral tegmental area signal the difference between received and expected reward, whereas GABAergic neurons signal expected reward.             Vaccine protection against acquisition of neutralization-resistant SIV challenges in rhesus monkeys ▶     Dan H. Barouch, Jinyan Liu, Hualin Li, Lori F. Maxfield, Peter Abbink et al.     Protective efficacy of novel vaccine candidates in rhesus monkeys opens new paths for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine.             Maternal and paternal genomes contribute equally to the transcriptome of early plant embryos ▶     Michael D. Nodine & David P. Bartel     Transcriptome sequencing and analysis of hybrid embryos show that in contrast to early animal embryogenesis, early plant embryogenesis is mostly under zygotic control.             Mutations in kelch-like 3 and cullin 3 cause hypertension and electrolyte abnormalities ▶     Lynn M. Boyden, Murim Choi, Keith A. Choate, Carol J. Nelson-Williams, Anita Farhi et al.     Exome sequencing identifies mutations in kelch-like 3 and cullin 3 as causes of a syndrome featuring high blood pressure and electrolyte abnormalities.             A novel sensor to map auxin response and distribution at high spatio-temporal resolution ▶     Géraldine Brunoud, Darren M. Wells, Marina Oliva, Antoine Larrieu, Vincent Mirabet et al.     A new auxin sensor is used to reveal complex dynamic patterns of hormone distribution in development.             Adenylylation control by intra- or intermolecular active-site obstruction in Fic proteins ▶     Philipp Engel, Arnaud Goepfert, Frédéric V. Stanger, Alexander Harms, Alexander Schmidt et al.     FIC-domain-mediated adenylylation is controlled by inter- or intramolecular disturbance of the ATP binding site by an α-helix; such inhibition seems to be universal and conserved through evolution.             Cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptor desensitization sustains Ca2+-dependent gene expression ▶     Siaw-Wei Ng, Daniel Bakowski, Charmaine Nelson, Ravi Mehta, Robert Almeyda et al.     Rather than turning off the biological response, desensitization of the cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptor sustains long-term signalling in the immune system.             Structures of cytochrome P450 17A1 with prostate cancer drugs abiraterone and TOK-001 ▶     Natasha M. DeVore & Emily E. Scott     The structures of CYP17A1 with steroid inhibitors abiraterone or TOK-001 provide a better understanding of the enzyme’s catalytic capabilities and inhibition, and hence assist in understanding steroidogenic diseases and designing drugs to improve the treatment of prostate and other steroid-responsive cancers.             News & Views                   Neuroscience: Reward alters specific connections ▶     Timothy E. Holy             Plant biology: Equal-parenting policy ▶     Christopher J. Hale & Steven E. Jacobsen             Molecular motors: A staggering giant ▶     Wilhelm J. Walter & Stefan Diez             Corrigendum                   A reserve stem cell population in small intestine renders Lgr5-positive cells dispensable ▶     Hua Tian, Brian Biehs, Søren Warming, Kevin G. Leong, Linda Rangell et al.             Research Highlights                   Restoration ecology: New wetlands don't measure up | Cancer genetics: Genome shatters in brain cancer | Psychology: 'Brightness' fools the eye | Evolution: Why animals get bigger over time | Gene therapy: An eye for gene repair | Genomic medicine: Sequencing diagnoses disease | Cancer: Drug drives cancer stem cells | Animal behaviour: Hair defence against bed bugs         NEWS & COMMENT           The low-level nuclear threat | Global health hits crisis point | Diagnostics tome comes under fire | Stem-cell agency faces budget dilemma | Informed consent on trial | Genomics ace quits Japan | Marine ecology: Attack of the blobs | Vaccine development: Man vs MRSA | Public health: The toxic truth about sugar | Conservation: Bring elephants to Australia? | Policy: Adaptations of avian flu virus are a cause for concern | Q&A: Reasons for proposed redaction of flu paper | Neuroscience: The connected self | Literature: Wonders and ologies | Q&A: The instrumentalist | Asian medicine: Japan's paradigm Silke Cameron, Heidrun Reissenweber & Kenji Watanabe | Asian medicine: A fungus in decline Uttam Babu Shrestha | Asian medicine: Many unique types Hoyun Lee | Asian medicine: Call for more safety data Juncai Xu, Min Liu & Zhijie Xia | Asian medicine: Protect rare plants Hua-Feng Zhang & Xiao-Hua Yang | Philip D. Lawley (1927–2011)           CAREERS           Turning point: Ewan Birney | Postdoc stipend grows             More Biological Sciences ▶                         The Future of qPCR is here, and it's digital The QX10™ Droplet Digital™ PCR system from Bio-Rad provides an absolute measure of target DNA molecules, with unmatched precision and sensitivity. This new PCR technology delivers absolute quantitation for applications that include copy number variation, rare event detection and gene expression. Learn more now.               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   G-protein-coupled receptor inactivation by an allosteric inverse-agonist antibody ▶     Tomoya Hino, Takatoshi Arakawa, Hiroko Iwanari, Takami Yurugi-Kobayashi, Chiyo Ikeda-Suno et al.     Determination of the crystal structure of the human A2A adenosine receptor in complex with an inverse-agonist antibody shows that the allosteric site of the receptor inhibits agonist binding and that the antibody locks the receptor in an inactive conformation.             Structural and functional conservation of key domains in InsP3 and ryanodine receptors ▶     Min-Duk Seo, Saroj Velamakanni, Noboru Ishiyama, Peter B. Stathopulos, Ana M. Rossi et al.     Structures of the amino-terminal region of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 with and without InsP3 bound reveal two discrete interfaces between the InsP3-binding core and suppressor domain that are similar to and functionally interchangeable with those in the equivalent domains of ryanodine receptor 1.             Articles and Letters                   Adenylylation control by intra- or intermolecular active-site obstruction in Fic proteins ▶     Philipp Engel, Arnaud Goepfert, Frédéric V. Stanger, Alexander Harms, Alexander Schmidt et al.     FIC-domain-mediated adenylylation is controlled by inter- or intramolecular disturbance of the ATP binding site by an α-helix; such inhibition seems to be universal and conserved through evolution.             Cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptor desensitization sustains Ca2+-dependent gene expression ▶     Siaw-Wei Ng, Daniel Bakowski, Charmaine Nelson, Ravi Mehta, Robert Almeyda et al.     Rather than turning off the biological response, desensitization of the cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptor sustains long-term signalling in the immune system.             Structures of cytochrome P450 17A1 with prostate cancer drugs abiraterone and TOK-001 ▶     Natasha M. DeVore & Emily E. Scott     The structures of CYP17A1 with steroid inhibitors abiraterone or TOK-001 provide a better understanding of the enzyme’s catalytic capabilities and inhibition, and hence assist in understanding steroidogenic diseases and designing drugs to improve the treatment of prostate and other steroid-responsive cancers.             News & Views                   Surface chemistry: Crystal cuts on the nanoscale ▶     Peidong Yang             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Realization of three-qubit quantum error correction with superconducting circuits ▶     M. D. Reed, L. DiCarlo, S. E. Nigg, L. Sun, L. Frunzio et al.     A controlled-controlled NOT, or Toffoli, gate is used to develop a fast, high-fidelity, three-qubit error correction protocol with the potential to correct arbitrary single-qubit errors.             Articles and Letters                   Creation and diagnosis of a solid-density plasma with an X-ray free-electron laser ▶     S. M. Vinko, O. Ciricosta, B. I. Cho, K. Engelhorn, H.-K. Chung et al.     Experimental study of the interactions between intense X-rays and solid matter illustrate the generation of a solid-density plasma governed by electron–ion collisions; these results should inform future high-intensity X-ray experiments involving dense samples, such as X-ray diffractive imaging of biological samples, material science investigations, and the study of matter in extreme conditions.             Quantum-coherent coupling of a mechanical oscillator to an optical cavity mode ▶     E. Verhagen, S. Deléglise, S. Weis, A. Schliesser & T. J. Kippenberg     Demonstration of an optomechanical system that works as a quantum interface between light and micro-mechanical motion.             Direct frequency comb spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet ▶     Arman Cingöz, Dylan C. Yost, Thomas K. Allison, Axel Ruehl, Martin E. Fermann et al.     By coupling a high-power, high-repetition-rate near-infrared frequency comb to a femtosecond optical cavity, a frequency comb operating in the extreme-ultraviolet spectral range has been produced, by high harmonic generation, and provides high-resolution spectroscopy in this spectral region.             Nonlinear material behaviour of spider silk yields robust webs ▶     Steven W. Cranford, Anna Tarakanova, Nicola M. Pugno & Markus J. Buehler     Spider web deformation simulations, theory and experiments reveal how the nonlinear response of spider silk to strain and the discrete geometry of a web contribute to its robustness, integrity and performance.             News & Views                   Surface chemistry: Crystal cuts on the nanoscale ▶     Peidong Yang             50 & 100 years ago ▶             Precision measurement: A comb in the extreme ultraviolet ▶     Linda Young             Corrigendum                   The unusual γ-ray burst GRB 101225A from a helium star/neutron star merger at redshift 0.33 ▶     C. C. Thöne, A. de Ugarte Postigo, C. L. Fryer, K. L. Page, J. Gorosabel et al.             Research Highlights                   Physics: Quantum motion captured         NEWS & COMMENT           Damage limitation | Dipole hunt stuck in neutral | Literature: Wonders and ologies | Regulation: Safety-test initiatives for nanomaterials Juan Riego-Sintes             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Creation and diagnosis of a solid-density plasma with an X-ray free-electron laser ▶     S. M. Vinko, O. Ciricosta, B. I. Cho, K. Engelhorn, H.-K. Chung et al.     Experimental study of the interactions between intense X-rays and solid matter illustrate the generation of a solid-density plasma governed by electron–ion collisions; these results should inform future high-intensity X-ray experiments involving dense samples, such as X-ray diffractive imaging of biological samples, material science investigations, and the study of matter in extreme conditions.             Decadal to monthly timescales of magma transfer and reservoir growth at a caldera volcano ▶     T. H. Druitt, F. Costa, E. Deloule, M. Dungan & B. Scaillet     A study of pre-eruptive magmatic processes at a caldera volcano shows that, although such a volcano may have been dormant for a long period, its magma reserves may be replenished in a comparatively very short time and it may move rapidly from a quiescent state to one on the verge of eruption.             News & Views                   Volcanology: Greek inflation circa 1600 BC ▶     Jon Blundy & Alison Rust             50 & 100 years ago ▶             Research Highlights                   Geology: Explosion in Death Valley         NEWS & COMMENT           The great Arctic oil race begins | Marine ecology: Attack of the blobs             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                         Frontiers in Electronic Materials: Correlation Effects and Memristive Phenomena June 17-20, 2012 • Aachen, Germany This conference will bring together leaders in the field to discuss breakthroughs and challenges in fundamental research as well as prospects for future applications. To register and for more information, visit: http://www.nature.com/natureconferences/fem2012               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Global collaboration ▶     Mastering scientific protocols is only half the battle when it comes to conducting a clinical study in another country, says Andrew Fung.                   Turning point: Ewan Birney ▶     A bioinformatician's career benefits from good timing, hard work and trust in his colleagues.                   Pension values shrink ▶     Average pension contribution of Canadian faculty members set to rise by 2% to make up shortfall.                   Uncertain prospects ▶     Research under pressure despite steady job growth in the non-profit sector.                   Postdoc stipend grows ▶     NIH raises postdoc stipend for second consecutive year.                   Careers related news & comment                   The great Arctic oil race begins | Informed consent on trial | Dipole hunt stuck in neutral | Q&A: The instrumentalist | Regulation: Safety-test initiatives for nanomaterials Juan Riego-Sintes             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Lecturer / Senior Lecturer in Molecular / Cellular Biology     University of Southampton            Postdoctoral Fellow     Columbia University            Post-doc (ER) position in Signal Processing and Communications for the SMARTEN ITN project     CTI/RACTI            Head of Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences     The University of Bedfordshire           No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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