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| | | | | Biosignatures as revealed by spectropolarimetry of Earthshine | Earthshine - sunlight that has been first reflected by Earth and then reflected back here by the Moon - is a good model for astronomers interested in the atmospheres and surfaces of extrasolar planets. The spectra obtained in this study of Earthshine provide a benchmark for what to look for on other worlds - including the tell-tale signs of living organisms. | | | | | | | | | Re-emerging superconductivity at 48 kelvin in iron Chalcogenides | Reports of superconductivity at up to 32 K have boosted interest in a family of superconductors known as the iron chalcogenides. This report reveals a novel effect of extreme pressure on these compounds - superconductivity vanishes as pressure in a system increases but re-emerges in a second phase with a higher transition temperature at pressures above 11.5 GPa, or more than 110, 000 atmospheres. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance - Fellowships for Biomedical Science in India India Alliance is a partnership between the Wellcome Trust, UK and Department of Biotechnology, India. With the mandate to build capacity in biomedical research in India, it provides long-term and competitive fellowships across the full spectrum of biomedical science - from fundamental biology through to clinical and public health research at key stages of a research career. Find out more. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | In this week's podcast: a fossilised forest, a high-tech clinic in a low-tech community, deciphering the Rosetta Stone, and a mathematical model that could help avoid commuter snarl-ups. | | | | | | | Specials - Outlook: Chagas Lenses on biology | | | | Immersed in the details of the latest laboratory advances, it's easy to lose track of the enormous impact biological sciences are having on our world. In this special edition of Nature Outlook, five top scientists explain how research in their specialties - cancer, climate change, stem cells, oceanography and synthetic biology - has changed our lives. ▼ more | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The darker side of stem cells ▶ | | | An investigation by Nature has found that patients in Texas are receiving unproven stem-cell treatments. The state and the company involved need to ensure that they follow FDA guidelines. | | | | | | | | The great beyond ▶ | | | Progress on rare genetic diseases shows the medical value of outliers. | | | | | | | | Frozen out ▶ | | | Canada's government should free its scientists to speak to the press, as its US counterpart has. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Seven days: 24 February–1 March 2012 ▶ | | | The week in science: Fire destroys Brazil's Antarctic research station; Africa agricultural monitoring network launched; and World Bank partnership coordinates ocean conservation efforts. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Treating schizophrenia: Game on ▶ | | | Michael Merzenich has a plan for how to convince sceptics of the worth of his brain-training video games: prove that the software can help people with schizophrenia. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Archaeology: Golden boy ▶ | | | Jo Marchant uncovers a mixed hoard in a history of Tutankhamun and the discovery of his tomb. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Structural basis of ultraviolet-B perception by UVR8 ▶ | | | Di Wu, Qi Hu, Zhen Yan, Wen Chen, Chuangye Yan et al. | | | The X-ray crystal structure of ultraviolet-B-sensing protein UVR8 is determined, revealing that, unlike other known photoreceptors, the chromophore is not an external cofactor but rather two amino acids. | | | | | | | | Diverse transitional giant fleas from the Mesozoic era of China ▶ | | | Diying Huang, Michael S. Engel, Chenyang Cai, Hao Wu & André Nel | | | The morphology of the oldest definitive fleas—from the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods of China—suggests that they had ‘reptilian’ hosts before radiating to mammalian and avian hosts, and their stout and elongate sucking siphons suggest that they may be rooted among the scorpionflies of the Mesozoic era. | | | | | | | | Treatment of stroke with a PSD-95 inhibitor in the gyrencephalic primate brain ▶ | | | Douglas J. Cook, Lucy Teves & Michael Tymianski | | | Tat-NR2B9c, a PSD-95 inhibitor, is shown to reduce stroke-induced behavioural and neuroanatomical deficits in cynomolgous macaques when administered in the presence of an ischemic penumbra, suggesting the potential of PSD-95 inhibition as a neuroprotectant strategy for clinical investigation. | | | | | | | | An epigenetic blockade of cognitive functions in the neurodegenerating brain ▶ | | | Johannes Gräff, Damien Rei, Ji-Song Guan, Wen-Yuan Wang, Jinsoo Seo et al. | | | Histone deacetylase 2 is shown to suppress genes involved in cognitive function epigenetically, potentially opening the door to treatments for Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases by developing HDAC2-selective inhibitors. | | | | | | | | | | | Uncovering the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle ▶ | | | D. T. Johnston, F. A. Macdonald, B. C. Gill, P. F. Hoffman & D. P. Schrag | | | A quantitative mixing model coupled with new isotopic carbon data from Mongolia, northwest Canada and Namibia reveals that Neoproterozoic era carbonate isotopic anomalies can be accounted for by a primary perturbation to the surface carbon cycle, making other explanations unlikely. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gain control by layer six in cortical circuits of vision ▶ | | | Shawn R. Olsen, Dante S. Bortone, Hillel Adesnik & Massimo Scanziani | | | Layer six in the mouse primary visual cortex is a major mediator of cortical gain modulation and may be a node through which convergent inputs from several brain areas can regulate the earliest steps of cortical visual processing. | | | | | | | | Structural basis for iron piracy by pathogenic Neisseria ▶ | | | Nicholas Noinaj, Nicole C. Easley, Muse Oke, Naoko Mizuno, James Gumbart et al. | | | Structural analysis reveals the iron scavenging mechanism used by Neisseria species, involving TbpA and TbpB proteins, and sheds light on how human transferrin is specifically targeted. | | | | | | | | | | | Biosignatures as revealed by spectropolarimetry of Earthshine ▶ | | | Michael F. Sterzik, Stefano Bagnulo & Enric Palle | | | Sunlight that has been reflected first from the Earth and then from the Moon is known as ‘Earthshine’, and its linear polarization spectra are found to contain signatures of life, such as oxygen and vegetation. | | | | | | | | | | | Strict evolutionary conservation followed rapid gene loss on human and rhesus Y chromosomes ▶ | | | Jennifer F. Hughes, Helen Skaletsky, Laura G. Brown, Tatyana Pyntikova, Tina Graves et al. | | | The male-specific region of rhesus macaque and human Y chromosome (MSY) are sequenced and compared to the human MSY, showing that during the last 25 million years MSY gene loss in the rhesus and human lineages was limited to the youngest stratum (stratum 5), whereas gene loss in the older strata ceased more than 25 million years ago. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Circadian rhythms govern cardiac repolarization and arrhythmogenesis ▶ | | | Darwin Jeyaraj, Saptarsi M. Haldar, Xiaoping Wan, Mark D. McCauley, Jürgen A. Ripperger et al. | | | Circadian rhythmicity of cardiac ion-channel expression and of an index of myocardial repolarization is under the control of Klf15, a clock-dependent oscillator that is required for generating transient outward potassium current, and deficiencies or excesses of which cause loss of rhythmic variation in myocardial and abnormal repolarization, and an enhanced susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias. | | | | | | | | | | | Structural and functional conservation of key domains in InsP3 and ryanodine receptors ▶ | | | Min-Duk Seo, Saroj Velamakanni, Noboru Ishiyama, Peter B. Stathopulos, Ana M. Rossi et al. | | | Structures of the amino-terminal region of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 with and without InsP3 bound reveal two discrete interfaces between the InsP3-binding core and suppressor domain that are similar to and functionally interchangeable with those in the equivalent domains of ryanodine receptor 1. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Structural basis of ultraviolet-B perception by UVR8 ▶ | | | Di Wu, Qi Hu, Zhen Yan, Wen Chen, Chuangye Yan et al. | | | The X-ray crystal structure of ultraviolet-B-sensing protein UVR8 is determined, revealing that, unlike other known photoreceptors, the chromophore is not an external cofactor but rather two amino acids. | | | | | | | | | | | Structural basis for iron piracy by pathogenic Neisseria ▶ | | | Nicholas Noinaj, Nicole C. Easley, Muse Oke, Naoko Mizuno, James Gumbart et al. | | | Structural analysis reveals the iron scavenging mechanism used by Neisseria species, involving TbpA and TbpB proteins, and sheds light on how human transferrin is specifically targeted. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Structural and functional conservation of key domains in InsP3 and ryanodine receptors ▶ | | | Min-Duk Seo, Saroj Velamakanni, Noboru Ishiyama, Peter B. Stathopulos, Ana M. Rossi et al. | | | Structures of the amino-terminal region of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 1 with and without InsP3 bound reveal two discrete interfaces between the InsP3-binding core and suppressor domain that are similar to and functionally interchangeable with those in the equivalent domains of ryanodine receptor 1. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Uncovering the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle ▶ | | | D. T. Johnston, F. A. Macdonald, B. C. Gill, P. F. Hoffman & D. P. Schrag | | | A quantitative mixing model coupled with new isotopic carbon data from Mongolia, northwest Canada and Namibia reveals that Neoproterozoic era carbonate isotopic anomalies can be accounted for by a primary perturbation to the surface carbon cycle, making other explanations unlikely. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Biosignatures as revealed by spectropolarimetry of Earthshine ▶ | | | Michael F. Sterzik, Stefano Bagnulo & Enric Palle | | | Sunlight that has been reflected first from the Earth and then from the Moon is known as ‘Earthshine’, and its linear polarization spectra are found to contain signatures of life, such as oxygen and vegetation. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Uncovering the Neoproterozoic carbon cycle ▶ | | | D. T. Johnston, F. A. Macdonald, B. C. Gill, P. F. Hoffman & D. P. Schrag | | | A quantitative mixing model coupled with new isotopic carbon data from Mongolia, northwest Canada and Namibia reveals that Neoproterozoic era carbonate isotopic anomalies can be accounted for by a primary perturbation to the surface carbon cycle, making other explanations unlikely. | | | | | | | | | | | Biosignatures as revealed by spectropolarimetry of Earthshine ▶ | | | Michael F. Sterzik, Stefano Bagnulo & Enric Palle | | | Sunlight that has been reflected first from the Earth and then from the Moon is known as ‘Earthshine’, and its linear polarization spectra are found to contain signatures of life, such as oxygen and vegetation. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cancer: Solving an age-old problem ▶ | | | Is cancer ancient, or is it largely a product of modern times? And can the latest research on prevention and treatment strategies make cancer a disease of the past? | | | | | | | | Q&A: Controversy and intellect ▶ | | | Barbara Dunn is a programme director in the Division of Cancer Prevention at the National Cancer Institute (NCI). She tells Nature Outlook about the challenges of stopping the disease before it starts. | | | | | | | | | | | Q&A: Circuit capacity ▶ | | | A Boston University biomedical engineer, Collins reprograms organisms to endow them with novel or improved functions. Nature Outlook asks him how things are evolving. | | | | | | | | | | | Q&A: Regime change ▶ | | | A freshwater ecologist at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Smol studies lake sediments to understand climatic and environmental change. Nature Outlook asks him to share his experience. | | | | | | | | | | | Q&A: A slow-motion crisis ▶ | | | Nature Outlook talks to Rutgers University environmental scientist Paul Falkowski about the effects of human activity and climate change on communities of life-sustaining oceanic microorganisms. | | | | | | | | Stem Cells: Flexible friends ▶ | | | Stem cells are powerful tools in biology and medicine. What can scientists do with these cells to exploit their incredible potential? | | | | | | | | Q&A: Stemming the tide ▶ | | | As director of outreach experiences at the Morgridge Institute for Research in Madison, Wisconsin, Nirupama Shevde spreads the word about stem cells. Nature Outlook finds out what she has to say. | | | | | | | | | | | |
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