Nature contents: 12 January 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 481 Number 7380      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       The ORCA-Flash4.0 camera is here! This game changer in the world of scientific imaging has many features to offer. With its combination of low noise and high quantum efficiency, the ORCA-Flash4.0 delivers unprecedented sensitivity as well as high dynamic range, blazing fast speeds, large field of view, and excellent resolution simultaneously.             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   The genetic basis of early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia   Whole genome sequencing is used here to clarify the genetic basis of the early T-cell precursor subtype of childhood acute T-lymphoblastic leukaemia, a condition that is resistant to standard chemotherapy. The results point to myeloid-directed drugs, such as high-dose cytarabine, as potential therapeutics.       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations   An analysis of gravitational microlensing data suggests that it is the rule, rather than the exception, for stars in our Galaxy to host one planet or more. 'Super-Earths' are the most abundant type, associated with more than 60% of stars.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Modelling the rheology of MgO under Earth's mantle pressure, temperature and strain rates   Numerical modeling has been used to assess the flow of magnesium oxide at the pressure, temperature and strain rates of the Earth's mantle, conditions that are notoriously difficult to recreate in the lab.                   Nature Outlook: Influenza Our centuries-old battle against influenza occasionally erupts into mass death - the 1918 pandemic alone killed at least 50 million people. Can new research offer hope for defeating this pathogen for good? Access the Outlook free online for six months. Produced with support from: Sanofi Pasteur, Crucell, Baxter                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: a whale hunting quota, a new exercise hormone and how complexity evolves. Plus, the best of the rest from this week's Nature.       Special: Mutant flu     Scientists have created a form of the H5N1 avian flu virus that is transmissible between mammals, raising fears that it could trigger a human pandemic if it escapes from the lab - either through accidental release or as part of a bioterror attack. As debate rages over how much of the research should be published, and whether there is sufficient oversight of such work, you can follow all Nature's coverage of the issue here.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   Get tough on nuclear safety ▶     A refreshingly frank and forward-looking report on the safety of French nuclear power plants in the wake of Fukushima should spur other countries to take a hard look at regulation of their own reactors.             A long stretch ▶     The UK government hopes to squeeze even more out of science — without paying a penny extra.             Whales for sale ▶     A quota-trading scheme could end conflict between whalers and conservationists.             World View                   Don't censor life-saving science ▶     Controlling who is allowed access to information about mutations in the H5N1 bird flu virus is unacceptable, says Peter Palese.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 6–12 January 2012 ▶     The week in science: China cracks down on stem-cell clinics; United States restricts use of antibiotics in farm animals; and a sequencing machine promises US$1,000 genome.           NEWS IN FOCUS           France 'imagines the unimaginable' ▶     Regulator demands safety upgrades for nuclear plants to guard against a Fukushima-like disaster.             Greek science on the brink ▶     Financial woes spur controversial reforms of the country's research system.             Disaster toll tallied ▶     The soaring cost of natural catastrophes is due more to socio-economic than climatic factors.             Rules tighten on use of antibiotics on farms ▶     Clampdown aims to stop spread of drug-resistant microbes.             Radio array starts work ▶     Giant low-frequency sensor system on track to probe the birth of the first stars.             US translational-science centre gets under way ▶     Mission of newly formed NCATS is to dramatically speed up production of drugs and other therapies, but sceptics question agency's ability to deliver.             Features                   Stem-cell research: Never say die ▶     With a history of public blunders, can Advanced Cell Technology make embryonic stem-cell therapies a reality?             Research ethics: Zero tolerance ▶     A university cracks down on misconduct in China.           COMMENT           Climate policy: Deadline 2015 ▶     A summit meeting of heads of government is needed to strengthen global ambition on climate change — we should start preparing now, says Michael Jacobs.             Conservation science: A market approach to saving the whales ▶     The future of the International Whaling Commission is tenuous. A 'whale conservation market' might rescue it, say Christopher Costello, Leah R. Gerber and Steven Gaines.             Books and Arts                   Conservation: Harpoons and heartstrings ▶     A history of cetacean research highlights its precarious place between whaling and politics, finds Philip Hoare.             Energy: Curbing urban greed ▶     An overview of resource-guzzling US cities has lessons for us all, finds David Orr.             Books in brief ▶             Q&A: Maestro of the swarm ▶     Swiss acoustic artist Robin Meier manipulates the sounds of insects and birds to create ethereal soundscapes. As his mosquito-inspired musical installation Truce is aired in the French city of Nantes, he talks about firefly synchrony and setting up feedback loops in nature.             Correspondence                   Sequencing data: A genomic network to monitor Earth Neil Davies, Dawn Field & The Genomic Observatories Network | Water management: Reduce urban flood vulnerability Alan D. Ziegler | Nuclear power: India should exploit renewable energy Govindasamy Agoramoorthy | Scientific misconduct: Latest MMR 'dispute' is a straw man Brian Deer           Corrections                   Clarification ▶             Correction ▶                         The Kenneth Rainin Foundation Announces 2012 Innovator Awards Program for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) Research What: $100,000 Grants for Transformative IBD Research Projects. When: January 15 - February 15, 2012. Where: KRFoundation.org - 1-Page Online Letter of Inquiry. Why: Accelerate IBD Research to Find Causes & Cures. Visit: KRFoundation.org for more information and to apply               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Cell cycle: A division duet ▶     Curt Wittenberg             A novel retinoblastoma therapy from genomic and epigenetic analyses ▶     Jinghui Zhang, Claudia A. Benavente, Justina McEvoy, Jacqueline Flores-Otero, Li Ding et al.     The retinoblastoma genome is shown to be stable, but multiple cancer pathways are identified that are epigenetically deregulated, providing potential new therapeutic targets.             Complete subunit architecture of the proteasome regulatory particle ▶     Gabriel C. Lander, Eric Estrin, Mary E. Matyskiela, Charlene Bashore, Eva Nogales et al.     Determination of the proteasome regulatory particle structure by electron microscopy.             A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis ▶     Pontus Boström, Jun Wu, Mark P. Jedrychowski, Anisha Korde, Li Ye et al.     In mice, expression of PGC1-α in muscles is shown to stimulate expression of FNDC5, which is cleaved and secreted in the circulation as the newly identified hormone irisin; on exercise, this hormone stimulates browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue.             Clonal evolution in relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia revealed by whole-genome sequencing ▶     Li Ding, Timothy J. Ley, David E. Larson, Christopher A. Miller, Daniel C. Koboldt et al.     The sequencing of AML genomes of eight patients before and after relapse reveals two major patterns of clonal evolution, with chemotherapy appearing to have a role in both patterns.             Evolutionary biology: A ratchet for protein complexity ▶     W. Ford Doolittle             Structure of HDAC3 bound to co-repressor and inositol tetraphosphate ▶     Peter J. Watson, Louise Fairall, Guilherme M. Santos & John W. R. Schwabe     The crystal structure of histone deacetylase HDAC3 bound to the co-repressor SMRT is reported, and suggests that inositol tetraphosphate could act as a regulator of HDAC3; this has therapeutic implications, because HDACs are emerging targets of anti-cancer drugs.             X-ray structures of LeuT in substrate-free outward-open and apo inward-open states ▶     Harini Krishnamurthy & Eric Gouaux     The X-ray crystal structure of LeuT, the bacterial homologue of the neurotransmitter sodium symporter family, is reported in the outward-open and inward-open states.             Evolution of increased complexity in a molecular machine ▶     Gregory C. Finnigan, Victor Hanson-Smith, Tom H. Stevens & Joseph W. Thornton     Increased complexity in an essential molecular machine evolved through simple, high-probability genetic mechanisms.             Cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptor desensitization sustains Ca2+-dependent gene expression ▶     Siaw-Wei Ng, Daniel Bakowski, Charmaine Nelson, Ravi Mehta, Robert Almeyda et al.     Rather than turning off the biological response, desensitization of the cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptor sustains long-term signalling in the immune system.             Structure of the carboxy-terminal region of a KCNH channel ▶     Tinatin I. Brelidze, Anne E. Carlson, Banumathi Sankaran & William N. Zagotta     The function of the KCNH family of potassium channels is critical for the repolarization of the cardiac action potential and the regulation of neuronal excitability; here, the X-ray crystal structure of the cyclic-nuclotide-binding homology domain of the zebrafish ELK channel is reported.             Molecular recognition of a single sphingolipid species by a protein’s transmembrane domain ▶     F.-Xabier Contreras, Andreas M. Ernst, Per Haberkant, Patrik Björkholm, Erik Lindahl et al.     A sphingomyelin-binding motif is identified in the membrane-spanning domain of p24, a COPI machinery protein.             Articles and Letters                   The genetic basis of early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia ▶     Jinghui Zhang, Li Ding, Linda Holmfeldt, Gang Wu, Sue L. Heatley et al.     This work shows that treatments used for acute myeloid leukaemia and targeted therapies could be used for early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.             Tail-assisted pitch control in lizards, robots and dinosaurs ▶     Thomas Libby, Talia Y. Moore, Evan Chang-Siu, Deborah Li, Daniel J. Cohen et al.     Comparison of real lizards with a robotic version and a dinosaur model shows that lizards use their tails to control body pitch in aerial motion by means of transfer of angular momentum from the body to the tail.             Topoisomerase inhibitors unsilence the dormant allele of Ube3a in neurons ▶     Hsien-Sung Huang, John A. Allen, Angela M. Mabb, Ian F. King, Jayalakshmi Miriyala et al.     Cancer drugs that can potentially treat Angelman syndrome are identified.             A microRNA regulon that mediates endothelial recruitment and metastasis by cancer cells ▶     Kim J. Png, Nils Halberg, Mitsukuni Yoshida & Sohail F. Tavazoie     The microRNA miR-126 suppresses the formation of breast cancer metastases via the suppression of several novel pro-angiogenic genes that cooperate in the recruitment of endothelial cells, leading to the formation of metastatic colonies.             Ars2 maintains neural stem-cell identity through direct transcriptional activation of Sox2 ▶     Celia Andreu-Agullo, Thomas Maurin, Craig B. Thompson & Eric C. Lai     Mammalian zinc finger protein Ars2 is revealed as a sequence-specific transcription factor that promotes the self-renewal of postnatal and adult neural stem cells by directly activating transcription of the pluripotency factor Sox2.             Acquisition of a multifunctional IgA+ plasma cell phenotype in the gut ▶     Jörg H. Fritz, Olga Lucia Rojas, Nathalie Simard, Douglas D. McCarthy, Siegfried Hapfelmeier et al.     IgA secreting plasma cells in the lamina propria are shown to be an important source of iNOS and TNF required to maintain the homeostatic balance between intestinal microbes and the immune system.             Cysteine methylation disrupts ubiquitin-chain sensing in NF-κB activation ▶     Li Zhang, Xiaojun Ding, Jixin Cui, Hao Xu, Jing Chen et al.     A conserved protein from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, NleE, inhibits innate immune defence against infection by disrupting the NF-κB signalling pathway through methylation of ubiquitin-chain sensing proteins.             Basic amino-acid side chains regulate transmembrane integrin signalling ▶     Chungho Kim, Thomas Schmidt, Eun-Gyung Cho, Feng Ye, Tobias S. Ulmer et al.     Loss of a snorkelling residue in integrin β TMDs changes membrane embedding and affects transmembrane signalling, showing that snorkelling can have an important role in signal transduction             Subnanometre-resolution structure of the intact Thermus thermophilus H+-driven ATP synthase ▶     Wilson C. Y. Lau & John L. Rubinstein     Insights into the rotary mechanism of the Thermus thermophilus ATP synthase are obtained using electron cryomicroscopy to determine its three-dimensional structure calculated to subnanometre resolution.             An unanticipated architecture of the 750-kDa α6β6 holoenzyme of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase ▶     Christine S. Huang, Peng Ge, Z. Hong Zhou & Liang Tong     The crystal structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase is determined and found to be markedly different from that of propionyl-CoA carboxylase.             News & Views                   Biomechanics: Leaping lizards and dinosaurs ▶     R. McNeill Alexander             Angelman syndrome: Drugs to awaken a paternal gene ▶     Arthur L. Beaudet             50 & 100 years ago ▶             Cognition: Your face looks familiar ▶     Lars Chittka & Adrian Dyer             Evolutionary biology: A ratchet for protein complexity ▶     W. Ford Doolittle             Cell cycle: A division duet ▶     Curt Wittenberg             Research Highlights                   Evolution: Colour vision aids the hunt | Cardiovascular biology: Stranded cells fuel plaques | Cell biology: No centrosome, no problem | Climate-change ecology: Extinctions underestimated | Developmental biology: Stem cells of the eye | Cancer: Immune cell boosts cancer | Neurodevelopment: Culprit in deafness | Biotechnology: Silkworms spin spider-like silk | Neuroscience: How the brain slows with age         NEWS & COMMENT           Whales for sale | Don't censor life-saving science | Rules tighten on use of antibiotics on farms | US translational-science centre gets under way | Stem-cell research: Never say die | Conservation science: A market approach to saving the whales | Conservation: Harpoons and heartstrings | Books in brief | Q&A: Maestro of the swarm | Sequencing data: A genomic network to monitor Earth Neil Davies, Dawn Field & The Genomic Observatories Network | Scientific misconduct: Latest MMR 'dispute' is a straw man Brian Deer           CAREERS           New York fellowships             More Biological Sciences ▶                         Royal Society Pfizer Award 2012 - Call for nominations open We invite you to nominate for the Royal Society Pfizer Award 2012. It is open to any research scientist based in Africa, making an innovative contribution to the biological sciences that has led to a sustainable positive impact on Africa, and includes a £60,000 grant. Deadline for nominations is Monday 6 February 2012. For more information please click: royalsociety.org/pfizer-award               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Cell cycle: A division duet ▶     Curt Wittenberg             Complete subunit architecture of the proteasome regulatory particle ▶     Gabriel C. Lander, Eric Estrin, Mary E. Matyskiela, Charlene Bashore, Eva Nogales et al.     Determination of the proteasome regulatory particle structure by electron microscopy.             A PGC1-α-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis ▶     Pontus Boström, Jun Wu, Mark P. Jedrychowski, Anisha Korde, Li Ye et al.     In mice, expression of PGC1-α in muscles is shown to stimulate expression of FNDC5, which is cleaved and secreted in the circulation as the newly identified hormone irisin; on exercise, this hormone stimulates browning of subcutaneous adipose tissue.             Structure of HDAC3 bound to co-repressor and inositol tetraphosphate ▶     Peter J. Watson, Louise Fairall, Guilherme M. Santos & John W. R. Schwabe     The crystal structure of histone deacetylase HDAC3 bound to the co-repressor SMRT is reported, and suggests that inositol tetraphosphate could act as a regulator of HDAC3; this has therapeutic implications, because HDACs are emerging targets of anti-cancer drugs.             Cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptor desensitization sustains Ca2+-dependent gene expression ▶     Siaw-Wei Ng, Daniel Bakowski, Charmaine Nelson, Ravi Mehta, Robert Almeyda et al.     Rather than turning off the biological response, desensitization of the cysteinyl leukotriene type I receptor sustains long-term signalling in the immune system.             Molecular recognition of a single sphingolipid species by a protein’s transmembrane domain ▶     F.-Xabier Contreras, Andreas M. Ernst, Per Haberkant, Patrik Björkholm, Erik Lindahl et al.     A sphingomyelin-binding motif is identified in the membrane-spanning domain of p24, a COPI machinery protein.             Articles and Letters                   Charge order and three-site distortions in the Verwey structure of magnetite ▶     Mark S. Senn, Jon P. Wright & J. Paul Attfield     X-ray diffraction is used to show that the structural distortion of magnetite below 125 kelvin is to a first approximation caused by charge ordering of its constituent iron ions, but that the localized electrons are distributed over three iron sites to form ‘trimeron’ quasiparticles.             Cysteine methylation disrupts ubiquitin-chain sensing in NF-κB activation ▶     Li Zhang, Xiaojun Ding, Jixin Cui, Hao Xu, Jing Chen et al.     A conserved protein from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, NleE, inhibits innate immune defence against infection by disrupting the NF-κB signalling pathway through methylation of ubiquitin-chain sensing proteins.             Subnanometre-resolution structure of the intact Thermus thermophilus H+-driven ATP synthase ▶     Wilson C. Y. Lau & John L. Rubinstein     Insights into the rotary mechanism of the Thermus thermophilus ATP synthase are obtained using electron cryomicroscopy to determine its three-dimensional structure calculated to subnanometre resolution.             An unanticipated architecture of the 750-kDa α6β6 holoenzyme of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase ▶     Christine S. Huang, Peng Ge, Z. Hong Zhou & Liang Tong     The crystal structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase is determined and found to be markedly different from that of propionyl-CoA carboxylase.             News & Views                   Cell cycle: A division duet ▶     Curt Wittenberg           NEWS & COMMENT           Q&A: Maestro of the swarm             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Astronomy: A new class of planet ▶     John Southworth             Transiting circumbinary planets Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 b ▶     William F. Welsh, Jerome A. Orosz, Joshua A. Carter, Daniel C. Fabrycky, Eric B. Ford et al.     Two double-sun exoplanets have been discovered by the Kepler spacecraft, establishing a new class of ‘circumbinary’ exoplanets and suggesting that at least several million such systems exist in our Galaxy.             Evolution of increased complexity in a molecular machine ▶     Gregory C. Finnigan, Victor Hanson-Smith, Tom H. Stevens & Joseph W. Thornton     Increased complexity in an essential molecular machine evolved through simple, high-probability genetic mechanisms.             Articles and Letters                   An absence of ex-companion stars in the type Ia supernova remnant SNR 0509−67.5 ▶     Bradley E. Schaefer & Ashley Pagnotta     The central region of the supernova remnant SNR 0509−67.5 in the Large Magellanic Cloud is shown to contain no ex-companion star, which suggests it was formed by an explosion resulting from the merger of two white dwarf stars.             One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations ▶     A. Cassan, D. Kubas, J.-P. Beaulieu, M. Dominik, K. Horne et al.     A statistical analysis of microlensing data from 2002–07 reveals that stars in the Milky Way are orbited by planets as a rule, rather than an exception.             Implementation of a Toffoli gate with superconducting circuits ▶     A. Fedorov, L. Steffen, M. Baur, M. P. da Silva & A. Wallraff     Use of a three-level system allows the Toffoli gate, an important primitive for quantum error correction schemes, to be implemented with many fewer elementary gates than was previously thought possible.             Charge order and three-site distortions in the Verwey structure of magnetite ▶     Mark S. Senn, Jon P. Wright & J. Paul Attfield     X-ray diffraction is used to show that the structural distortion of magnetite below 125 kelvin is to a first approximation caused by charge ordering of its constituent iron ions, but that the localized electrons are distributed over three iron sites to form ‘trimeron’ quasiparticles.             Tail-assisted pitch control in lizards, robots and dinosaurs ▶     Thomas Libby, Talia Y. Moore, Evan Chang-Siu, Deborah Li, Daniel J. Cohen et al.     Comparison of real lizards with a robotic version and a dinosaur model shows that lizards use their tails to control body pitch in aerial motion by means of transfer of angular momentum from the body to the tail.             News & Views                   Biomechanics: Leaping lizards and dinosaurs ▶     R. McNeill Alexander             Astrophysics: Progenitors of type Ia supernovae ▶     Pilar Ruiz-Lapuente             Applied physics: Nanowire electronics comes of age ▶     Tomás Palacios             Astronomy: A new class of planet ▶     John Southworth             Erratum                   Thermalization and its mechanism for generic isolated quantum systems ▶     Marcos Rigol, Vanja Dunjko & Maxim Olshanii             Research Highlights                   Physics: 'Nanoear' hears small sounds | Climate-change ecology: Extinctions underestimated | Biotechnology: Silkworms spin spider-like silk         NEWS & COMMENT           Radio array starts work | Climate policy: Deadline 2015 | Books in brief | Water management: Reduce urban flood vulnerability Alan D. Ziegler           CAREERS           Turning point: Saffron O'Neill | US–Russian pact             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations ▶     A. Cassan, D. Kubas, J.-P. Beaulieu, M. Dominik, K. Horne et al.     A statistical analysis of microlensing data from 2002–07 reveals that stars in the Milky Way are orbited by planets as a rule, rather than an exception.             Modelling the rheology of MgO under Earth’s mantle pressure, temperature and strain rates ▶     Patrick Cordier, Jonathan Amodeo & Philippe Carrez     Numerical modelling of the rheology of MgO at the pressure, temperature and strain rates of Earth's mantle shows that extremely low strain rates counteract the influence of pressure, so that MgO is generally a very weak phase in the mantle.             News & Views                   Earth science: Limits of the power law ▶     Andrew M. Walker             Research Highlights                   Climate-change ecology: Extinctions underestimated         NEWS & COMMENT           Disaster toll tallied | Climate policy: Deadline 2015 | Water management: Reduce urban flood vulnerability Alan D. Ziegler           CAREERS           Turning point: Saffron O'Neill             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                         Nature Reprint Collection: microRNAs This collection of recent papers from Nature and other NPG journals highlights developments in microRNA biology and effects on gene regulation. Access the reprint collection free online for six months. Produced with support from: Regulus Therapeutics Inc.               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Bridge funding: How to stay afloat ▶     When a lab runs out of money, there are a few strategies that it can use to get by.                   Turning point: Saffron O'Neill ▶     Social scientist hopes to engage the public with climate science.                   Call for more mobility ▶     Universities recommend measures to bring scientists to Europe.                   US–Russian pact ▶     Stage set for international partnerships in energy and nanotechnology.                   New York fellowships ▶     Tenure-track posts will focus on translational cancer research.                   Careers related news & comment                   A long stretch | France 'imagines the unimaginable' | Disaster toll tallied | Stem-cell research: Never say die | Research ethics: Zero tolerance             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Postdoctoral position     Northwestern University            Interdisciplinary MRC PhD Programme Funded by the Medical Resarch Council (MRC) 'Macromolecular machines of biomedical significance'     Birkbeck College            assistant professor in the field of Environmental Economics     Wageningen UR (University & Research centre)            Research fellow     Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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