Nature Neuroscience Contents: January 2012 Volume 15 Number 1, pp 1 - 170

TABLE OF CONTENTS January 2012 Volume 15, Issue 1 Editorial News and Views Review Brief Communications Articles Technical Report Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Nature Neuroscience Focus on Neurovascular Interactions Blood vessels in the nervous system are not simply neutral bystanders that only support the changing needs of neurons. This Focus from Nature Neuroscience discusses our emerging knowledge of how neurovascular interactions shape neuronal function both in health and disease. Read this Focus online: www.nature.com/neuro/focus/neurovascular   Editorial Top Overseeing research integrity p1 doi:10.1038/nn0112-1 The UK research establishment needs to ensure that there is a clear, transparent process for reporting and investigating accusations of scientific misconduct. Full Text | PDF News and Views Top An astrocyte TRP switch for inhibition pp3 - 4 Laura E Clarke and David Attwell doi:10.1038/nn.3010 Are astrocytes merely housekeeping cells that maintain the constant environment of neurons or are they important for CNS information processing? Intense debate over the function of calcium signaling in astrocytes will increase with the discovery of a previously unknown mechanism by which astrocyte [Ca2+]i is regulated. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Shigetomi et al. Moving bliss: a new anandamide transporter pp5 - 6 Giovanni Marsicano and Francis Chaouloff doi:10.1038/nn.3011 A study now identifies a protein that mediates the cellular transport of the lipophilic endocannabinoid anandamide in aqueous environments. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Fu et al. How to get on the right track pp7 - 8 Daniel M Suter and Peter J Hollenbeck doi:10.1038/nn.3015 CRMP and ankyrin have been implicated individually in the regulation of neuronal polarity. A study now identifies an interaction between them that controls microtubule organization and thereby protein sorting into axons and dendrites. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Maniar et al. Tune in to KCNQ pp8 - 10 Clare H Munns and Michael J Caterina doi:10.1038/nn.3012 A study finds that the voltage-gated K+ channel KCNQ4 is expressed in a subset of rapidly adapting, low-threshold mechanoreceptors, where it shapes the response profile to dynamic tactile stimuli. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Heidenreich et al. What's primary about primary olfactory cortex? pp10 - 12 Tali Weiss and Noam Sobel doi:10.1038/nn.3009 Learned odor discrimination and generalization are reflected in patterns of ensemble activity in anterior piriform cortex, where learned discrimination between two odors reduces the correlation between their induced patterns. Full Text | PDF See also: Article by Chapuis & Wilson Targets of your daily CA(2)ppuccino p12 Timothy Spencer doi:10.1038/nn0112-12 Full Text | PDF See also: Brief Communication by Simons et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctroal Fellow University of Louisville PhD scholarship Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig Postdoctoral Administrator Charles Yokoyama, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Neuroscience graduate program Ecole des Neuroscience de Paris Director of Structural Biology Dart Neuroscience LLC More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT The Traumatic Brain Injury Conference 06.-07.03.12 Washington DC, US More science events from Review Top Cross-species studies of orbitofrontal cortex and value-based decision-making pp13 - 19 Jonathan D Wallis doi:10.1038/nn.2956 Recent work in a number of species has emphasized the role of orbitofrontal cortex in value-based decision-making. However, discrepancies have arisen when comparing the findings from animal models to those from humans. In this review, the author examines several possibilities that might explain these discrepancies. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Brief Communications Top How the 'slow' Ca2+ buffer parvalbumin affects transmitter release in nanodomain-coupling regimes pp20 - 22 Emmanuel Eggermann and Peter Jonas doi:10.1038/nn.3002 The authors conduct direct measurements of parvalbumin concentration and paired recordings in rodent hippocampus and cerebellum and show that parvalbumin affects synaptic dynamics, exerting Ca2+-buffering effects only when expressed at high levels. First paragraph | Full Text | PDF Caffeine-induced synaptic potentiation in hippocampal CA2 neurons pp23 - 25 Stephen B Simons, Douglas A Caruana, Meilan Zhao and Serena M Dudek doi:10.1038/nn.2962 A1 adenosine receptor is antagonized by caffeine and is highly expressed in the CA2 layer of rodent hippocampus. This study now shows that caffeine can induce CA2 synaptic potentiation in a dosage-dependent manner. First paragraph | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Spencer Experience-dependent plasticity of mature adult-born neurons pp26 - 28 Yoav Livneh and Adi Mizrahi doi:10.1038/nn.2980 The authors report that the two main types of adult-born neurons in the mouse olfactory bulb show experience-dependent plasticity long after maturation and integration into the network. First paragraph | Full Text | PDF Articles Top miR-124 acts through CoREST to control onset of Sema3A sensitivity in navigating retinal growth cones pp29 - 38 Marie-Laure Baudet, Krishna H Zivraj, Cei Abreu-Goodger, Alistair Muldal, Javier Armisen, Cherie Blenkiron, Leonard D Goldstein, Eric A Miska and Christine E Holt doi:10.1038/nn.2979 Xenopus retinal ganglion cells show a switch in sensitivity to the guidance cue Sema3A during development. In this study, the authors show that the timing of this switch is determined by a mechanism in which miR-124 regulates the expression of Neuropilin-1 through modulation of the transcription-repressing cofactor CoREST. Abstract | Full Text | PDF α2-chimaerin controls neuronal migration and functioning of the cerebral cortex through CRMP-2 pp39 - 47 Jacque P K Ip, Lei Shi, Yu Chen, Yasuhiro Itoh, Wing-Yu Fu, Andrea Betz, Wing-Ho Yung, Yukiko Gotoh, Amy K Y Fu and Nancy Y Ip doi:10.1038/nn.2972 This study reveals a novel function of the Rho GTPase-activating protein called α2-chimerin in cortical development, where acute knockdown of α2-chimerin caused neuronal migration deficit and cortical circuit malformation in the developing mouse brain. This developmental defect was also associated with an impairment of circuit development causing epileptic discharges in adult animals. Abstract | Full Text | PDF UNC-33 (CRMP) and ankyrin organize microtubules and localize kinesin to polarize axon-dendrite sorting pp48 - 56 Tapan A Maniar, Miriam Kaplan, George J Wang, Kang Shen, Li Wei, Jocelyn E Shaw, Sandhya P Koushika and Cornelia I Bargmann doi:10.1038/nn.2970 Polarized transport to axons and dendrites is critical for neuronal function, but the molecular mechanisms and cytoskeletal cues for asymmetry are incompletely defined. Here the authors show that Caenorhabditis elegans CRMP (UNC-33) acts early in neuronal development, together with ankyrin (UNC-44), to polarize microtubule organization and kinesin-dependent axon-dendrite sorting. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Suter & Hollenbeck The transmembrane LRR protein DMA-1 promotes dendrite branching and growth in C. elegans  pp57 - 63 Oliver W Liu and Kang Shen doi:10.1038/nn.2978 In this study, the authors identify a cell-surface leucine-rich repeat protein, DMA-1, and show that it is both necessary and sufficient to promote dendritic branching in C. elegans sensory neurons. Endogenously, DMA-1 expression is maintained only in those neurons that exhibit elaborate dendritic branching. Abstract | Full Text | PDF A catalytically silent FAAH-1 variant drives anandamide transport in neurons pp64 - 69 Jin Fu, Giovanni Bottegoni, Oscar Sasso, Rosalia Bertorelli, Walter Rocchia, Matteo Masetti, Ana Guijarro, Alessio Lodola, Andrea Armirotti, Gianpiero Garau, Tiziano Bandiera, Angelo Reggiani, Marco Mor, Andrea Cavalli and Daniele Piomelli doi:10.1038/nn.2986 After its release, the endocannabinoid anandamide is taken up from the synaptic cleft by internalization by neurons and astrocytes. Although several lines of evidence suggest that the anandamide uptake itself is a carrier-mediated diffusion process, the molecular identity of the transporter was unknown until now. Here Fu et al. show that anandamide uptake is mediated by a novel protein named FAAH-like anandamide transporter (FLAT) that is generated as an alternative splicing product of the fatty acid amide hydrolase-1 (Faah) mRNA. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Marsicano & Chaouloff TRPA1 channels regulate astrocyte resting calcium and inhibitory synapse efficacy through GAT-3 pp70 - 80 Eiji Shigetomi, Xiaoping Tong, Kelvin Y Kwan, David P Corey and Baljit S Khakh doi:10.1038/nn.3000 Using a membrane-tethered, genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator, the authors describe a novel Ca2+ signal in hippocampal astrocytes. These 'spotty' Ca2+ signals were found to be mediated by astrocytic TRPA1 channels. Decreasing astrocyte resting Ca2+, regulated by TRPA1 channels, decreased interneuron inhibitory synapse efficacy by reducing GABA transport through GAT-3. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Clarke & Attwell Differential control of presynaptic efficacy by postsynaptic N-cadherin and β-catenin pp81 - 89 Nathalia Vitureira, Mathieu Letellier, Ian J White and Yukiko Goda doi:10.1038/nn.2995 In cultured hippocampal neurons, the authors show that postsynaptic N-cadherin is important to control the basal release probability, and that β-catenin acts via a different trans-synaptic pathway to control the gain adjustment of release probability. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Inactivity-induced increase in nAChRs upregulates Shal K+ channels to stabilize synaptic potentials pp90 - 97 Yong Ping and Susan Tsunoda doi:10.1038/nn.2969 The authors report that prolonged inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in Drosophila CNS results in a homeostatic increase in the α7 receptor, which then induces an increase in the A-type K+ current carried by Shal/Kv4 channels. This increase in Shal activity stabilizes postsynaptic potentials. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Cytosolic RIG-I-like helicases act as negative regulators of sterile inflammation in the CNS pp98 - 106 Angela Dann, Hendrik Poeck, Andrew L Croxford, Stefanie Gaupp, Katrin Kierdorf, Markus Knust, Dietmar Pfeifer, Cornelius Maihoefer, Stefan Endres, Ulrich Kalinke, Sven G Meuth, Heinz Wiendl, Klaus-Peter Knobeloch, Shizuo Akira, Ari Waisman, Gunther Hartmann and Marco Prinz doi:10.1038/nn.2964 This study demonstrates that the cytosolic helicases RIG-I and MDA5 act to negatively regulate the expansion of the encephalitogenic TH1 and TH17 T cells via a mechanism that induces type I interferon production specifically in dendritic cells. Activating this pathway leads to decreased pathology in response to CNS autoimmunity. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Nictation, a dispersal behavior of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, is regulated by IL2 neurons pp107 - 112 Harksun Lee, Myung-kyu Choi, Daehan Lee, Hye-sung Kim, Hyejin Hwang, Heekyeong Kim, Sungsu Park, Young-ki Paik and Junho Lee doi:10.1038/nn.2975 C. elegans show a dispersal behavior called nictation. The authors show that this is regulated by the ciliated neuron IL2 and requires cholinergic transmission. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Coactivation of thalamic and cortical pathways induces input timing-dependent plasticity in amygdala pp113 - 122 Jun-Hyeong Cho, Ildar T Bayazitov, Edward G Meloni, Karyn M Myers, William A Carlezon Jr, Stanislav S Zakharenko and Vadim Y Bolshakov doi:10.1038/nn.2993 The authors show that paired stimulation of thalamic and cortical auditory inputs to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala, with the interstimulus interval mimicking their activation in behaving animals during auditory fear conditioning, results in persistent potentiation of synaptic transmission in the cortico-amygdala pathway in rat brain slices. Abstract | Full Text | PDF GABAergic circuits mediate the reinforcement-related signals of striatal cholinergic interneurons pp123 - 130 Daniel F English, Osvaldo Ibanez-Sandoval, Eran Stark, Fatuel Tecuapetla, György Buzsáki, Karl Deisseroth, James M Tepper and Tibor Koos doi:10.1038/nn.2984 The activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons is known to match phasic dopaminergic response to reinforcing stimuli. Here, the authors use optogenetic techniques to stimulate cholinergic interneurons and measured the response of striatal spiny projection neurons, and reveal an indirect inhibitory circuit in the striatum. Abstract | Full Text | PDF The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger NCKX4 governs termination and adaptation of the mammalian olfactory response pp131 - 137 Aaron B Stephan, Steven Tobochnik, Michele Dibattista, Crystal M Wall, Johannes Reisert and Haiqing Zhao doi:10.1038/nn.2943 Here the authors identify NCKX4, a potassium-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger as being necessary for rapid response termination and proper adaptation of vertebrate olfactory sensory neurons. They also report that Nckx4-/- mice have a reduced ability to locate an odorous source and have lower body weights. Abstract | Full Text | PDF KCNQ4 K+ channels tune mechanoreceptors for normal touch sensation in mouse and man pp138 - 145 Matthias Heidenreich, Stefan G Lechner, Vitya Vardanyan, Christiane Wetzel, Cor W Cremers, Els M De Leenheer, Gracia Aranguez, Miguel Ángel Moreno-Pelayo, Thomas J Jentsch and Gary R Lewin doi:10.1038/nn.2985 Heidenreich et al. show that KCNQ4—a gene encoding a K+ channel whose mutation is linked to progressive human deafness—is expressed in a subset of dorsal root ganglion neurons and mechanosensory touch neurons that serve tactile sensation. The authors show that KCNQ4 loss of function in mice causes a specific tactile dysfunction owing to altered touch sensitivity. The study also finds that human subjects with KCNQ4 mutations and progressive deafness are hypersensitive to tactile information and are able to discern minute high-frequency tactile vibrations. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Munns & Caterina Neural correlates of reliability-based cue weighting during multisensory integration pp146 - 154 Christopher R Fetsch, Alexandre Pouget, Gregory C DeAngelis and Dora E Angelaki doi:10.1038/nn.2983 Using a multisensory cue-conflict task, the authors report that monkeys employ the optimal strategy of weighting each cue in proportion to its reliability, and that population decoding of neural responses from area MSTd predicts behavioral cue weighting. This behavior is further linked to the specific computations by which single neurons combine their inputs, consistent with recent theories of optimal probabilistic neural computation. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Bidirectional plasticity of cortical pattern recognition and behavioral sensory acuity pp155 - 161 Julie Chapuis and Donald A Wilson doi:10.1038/nn.2966 The authors show that rats trained with overlapping complex odorant mixtures have improved behavioral discrimination ability and enhanced cortical ensemble pattern separation. Training to disregard normally detectable differences between overlapping mixtures impairs cortical pattern separation and behavioral discrimination. These results show that the balance between pattern separation and completion is experience dependent. Abstract | Full Text | PDF See also: News and Views by Weiss & Sobel Technical Report Top Optetrode: a multichannel readout for optogenetic control in freely moving mice pp163 - 170 Polina Anikeeva, Aaron S Andalman, Ilana Witten, Melissa Warden, Inbal Goshen, Logan Grosenick, Lisa A Gunaydin, Loren M Frank and Karl Deisseroth doi:10.1038/nn.2992 The authors describe the design of an optetrode, a device that allows for colocalized multi-tetrode electrophysiological recording and optical stimulation in freely moving mice. Abstract | Full Text | PDF Top Advertisement Nature Reviews Neuroscience FOCUS ON ADDICTION Read for FREE online at: www.nature.com/nrn/focus/addiction Produced with support from National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) National Institutes of Health U.S. Department of Health & Human Services   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

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