Nature contents: 21 July 2011

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 475 Number 7356      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       You design the experiment...We'll design the mouse. Custom generated, humanized mouse models from Taconic speed discovery, reduce timelines, help identify promising compounds, and can help get a new drug to market faster. Find out more from the market leader in humanization.             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Type VI secretion delivers bacteriolytic effectors to target cells   The human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses its type VI secretion system, a protein export machine found in about a quarter of all sequenced bacteria, to kill rival bacteria. It injects two peptidoglycan degradative enzymes, and protects itself by expressing immunity proteins that bind the two toxins.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing   A new DNA chip that does away with optical readout, instead directly sensing hydrogen ions produced by template-directed DNA synthesis, offers a route to low cost DNA sequencing. The system has been used to sequence three bacterial genomes and the genome of Gordon Moore of Moore's law fame.       Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Inkjet printing of single-crystal films   An inkjet-based printing technique involving the controlled mixing of two solutions - the semiconductor C8-BTBT in its solvent plus a liquid in which the semiconductor is insoluble - produces semiconducting 'ink' capable of producing thin films with exceptionally high and uniform crystallinity.                   A*STAR Research - Highlighting the best of research from A*STAR, Singapore's premier research organization Recent Highlights: Microfluidics: Bubble chemistry | Catalysis: Going green with steam | Cell biology: Preventing signal overload Innovation: Local environs explained, and marketed, in a click Register today for biweekly ealerts and never miss the latest in A*STAR Research.                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: catching cheating cyclists, making tiny brains from DNA and sharing in chimps and children. Plus, the best of the rest from Nature.       Specials - Insight: Dynamics of the cell     Developments such as super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and the ability to detect single molecules mean that molecular and organelle dynamics can now be studied with unprecedented precision. This week's Insight reviews report on the fruits of that work. ▼ more         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorials                   Don't blame the CIA ▶     Tales of fake vaccination drives are the least of Pakistan's public-health problems. A disjointed care system and lack of services are doing more damage.             Growing pains ▶     It is time to update decades-old regulation of genetically engineered crops.             With strings ▶     Researchers should shrug off their fears and welcome the concept of venture philanthropy.             World View                   Focus on quality, not just quantity ▶     China publishes huge amounts of scientific research. Now it must make more of it worth reading, says Changhui Peng.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 15-21 July 2011 ▶     The week in science           NEWS IN FOCUS           Cell signalling caught in the act ▶     Receptor imaged in embrace with its G protein.             Transgenic grass skirts regulators ▶     Technological advances remove basis for government oversight of genetically modified crops.             Charities seek cut of drug royalties ▶     Non-profits that support medical research are angling for a share of the proceeds and intellectual-property rights.             NASA telescopes face budget abyss ▶     Flagship missions at risk as astrophysics funding shrinks.             Chip chips away at the cost of a genome ▶     Ion-sensing method offers cheap sequencing in record time.             How to build a better mouse ▶     The Collaborative Cross project will boost diversity and help the hunt for disease genes.             Features                   High-temperature superconductivity at 25: Still in suspense ▶     A quarter of a century after the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity, there is still heated debate about how it works.             Sports doping: Racing just to keep up ▶     Anti-doping researchers are looking for new ways to catch cheaters. Can a biological passport help to save the sport?           COMMENT           Freeze the footprint of food ▶     Jason Clay identifies eight steps that, taken together, could enable farming to feed 10 billion people and keep Earth habitable.             Conservation science outside the comfort zone ▶     Researchers like to work on projects that start small and slowly scale up. They must think bigger and faster, says Sandy J. Andelman, to tackle today's problems in time.             Books and Arts                   Epidemiology: Charting the spread of sickness ▶     A history of disease mapping shows that despite technological developments, little has changed in 500 years, finds Andy Tatem.             Books in brief ▶             Technology: The spacesuit unpicked ▶     Margaret Weitekamp reflects on how fashion influenced astronautical attire for the Apollo missions.             Q&A: The sci-fi adviser ▶     Richard Berendzen is director of NASA's Space Grant Consortium in Washington DC, and advised on the science-fiction film Another Earth, winner of the Alfred P. Sloan Feature Film Prize for science at this year's Sundance Film Festival. On the film's North American release, he talks to Nature about parallel worlds and the future of human space exploration.             Correspondence                   End invasive chimp research now Andrew Rowan, Kathleen Conlee & Raija Bettauer | Indian vaccine study clarified Vivien Davis Tsu | Café science for kids Anne M. Dijkstra, Henk Van Voorthuizen & Mark Van Zijtveld | Rise in scientists returning to China Xiaoming Li           Correction                   Correction ▶               Specials - Insight: Dynamics of the cell ▲top               Insight: Dynamics of the Cell ▶             Dynamics of the cell ▶             Central dogma at the single-molecule level in living cells ▶             Dynamic molecular processes mediate cellular mechanotransduction ▶             Molecular chaperones in protein folding and proteostasis ▶             Nuclear export dynamics of RNA–protein complexes ▶                           Nature Medicine and the Volkswagen Foundation present: Herrenhausen Symposium on Reproductive Biology October 4-7, 2011 • Seeon, Germany A subset of leaders in the field will attend the Herrenhausen Symposium and participate in an interdisciplinary discussion that will point in the direction of solutions to the greatest challenges that the field of reproductive biology faces. For more information and to apply, visit: nature.com/natureconferences/hhs2011rb?WT.mc_id=NC1106TK010 Application deadline: July 31, 2011.               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   The landscape of recombination in African Americans ▶     Anjali G. Hinch, Arti Tandon, Nick Patterson, Yunli Song, Nadin Rohland et al.     Recombination, together with mutation, gives rise to genetic variation in popula...             DMRT1 prevents female reprogramming in the postnatal mammalian testis ▶     Clinton K. Matson, Mark W. Murphy, Aaron L. Sarver, Michael D. Griswold, Vivian J. Bardwell et al.     Sex in mammals is determined in the fetal gonad by the presence or absence of th...             Collaboration encourages equal sharing in children but not in chimpanzees ▶     Katharina Hamann, Felix Warneken, Julia R. Greenberg & Michael Tomasello     Humans actively share resources with one another to a much greater degree than d...             Crystal structure of the β2 adrenergic receptor–Gs protein complex ▶     Søren G. F. Rasmussen, Brian T. DeVree, Yaozhong Zou, Andrew C. Kruse, Ka Young Chung et al.     G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are responsible for the majority of cellular...             Photoentrainment and pupillary light reflex are mediated by distinct populations of ipRGCs ▶     S.-K. Chen, T. C. Badea & S. Hattar     Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) express the photopi...             The crystal structure of GXGD membrane protease FlaK ▶     Jian Hu, Yi Xue, Sangwon Lee & Ya Ha     The GXGD proteases are polytopic membrane proteins with catalytic activities aga...             Control of TH17 cells occurs in the small intestine ▶     Enric Esplugues, Samuel Huber, Nicola Gagliani, Anja E. Hauser, Terrence Town et al.     Interleukin (IL)-17-producing T helper cells (TH17) are a recently identified CD...             A two-step chemical mechanism for ribosome-catalysed peptide bond formation ▶     David A. Hiller, Vipender Singh, Minghong Zhong & Scott A. Strobel     The chemical step of natural protein synthesis, peptide bond formation, is catal...             Functional genomics reveal that the serine synthesis pathway is essential in breast cancer ▶     Richard Possemato, Kevin M. Marks, Yoav D. Shaul, Michael E. Pacold, Dohoon Kim et al.     Cancer cells adapt their metabolic processes to drive macromolecular biosynthesi...             Articles and Letters                   Type VI secretion delivers bacteriolytic effectors to target cells ▶     Alistair B. Russell, Rachel D. Hood, Nhat Khai Bui, Michele LeRoux, Waldemar Vollmer et al.     Peptidoglycan is the major structural constituent of the bacterial cell wall, fo...             An integrated semiconductor device enabling non-optical genome sequencing ▶     Jonathan M. Rothberg, Wolfgang Hinz, Todd M. Rearick, Jonathan Schultz, William Mileski et al.     The seminal importance of DNA sequencing to the life sciences, biotechnology and...             The crystal structure of a voltage-gated sodium channel ▶     Jian Payandeh, Todd Scheuer, Ning Zheng & William A. Catterall     Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels initiate electrical signalling in excitable ...             Neural network computation with DNA strand displacement cascades ▶     Lulu Qian, Erik Winfree & Jehoshua Bruck     The impressive capabilities of the mammalian brain—ranging from percepti...             Excitatory transmission from the amygdala to nucleus accumbens facilitates reward seeking ▶     Garret D. Stuber, Dennis R. Sparta, Alice M. Stamatakis, Wieke A. van Leeuwen, Juanita E. Hardjoprajitno et al.     The basolateral amygdala (BLA) has a crucial role in emotional learning irrespec...             Postnatal loss of Dlk1 imprinting in stem cells and niche astrocytes regulates neurogenesis ▶     Sacri R. Ferrón, Marika Charalambous, Elizabeth Radford, Kirsten McEwen, Hendrik Wildner et al.     The gene for the atypical NOTCH ligand delta-like homologue 1 (Dlk1) encodes mem...             Induction of functional hepatocyte-like cells from mouse fibroblasts by defined factors ▶     Pengyu Huang, Zhiying He, Shuyi Ji, Huawang Sun, Dao Xiang et al.     The generation of functional hepatocytes independent of donor liver organs is of...             Direct conversion of mouse fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells by defined factors ▶     Sayaka Sekiya & Atsushi Suzuki     The location and timing of cellular differentiation must be stringently controll...             Protein targeting and degradation are coupled for elimination of mislocalized proteins ▶     Tara Hessa, Ajay Sharma, Malaiyalam Mariappan, Heather D. Eshleman, Erik Gutierrez et al.     A substantial proportion of the genome encodes membrane proteins that are delive...             The ELF4–ELF3–LUX complex links the circadian clock to diurnal control of hypocotyl growth ▶     Dmitri A. Nusinow, Anne Helfer, Elizabeth E. Hamilton, Jasmine J. King, Takato Imaizumi et al.     The circadian clock is required for adaptive responses to daily and seasonal cha...             Structure and mechanism of the Swi2/Snf2 remodeller Mot1 in complex with its substrate TBP ▶     Petra Wollmann, Sheng Cui, Ramya Viswanathan, Otto Berninghausen, Melissa N. Wells et al.     Swi2/Snf2-type ATPases regulate genome-associated processes such as transcriptio...             Multi-domain conformational selection underlies pre-mRNA splicing regulation by U2AF ▶     Cameron D. Mackereth, Tobias Madl, Sophie Bonnal, Bernd Simon, Katia Zanier et al.     Many cellular functions involve multi-domain proteins, which are composed of str...             News & Views                   Neuroscience: Imprinting in the brain ▶     Edwin C. Oh & Nicholas Katsanis             Microbiology: Molecular syringes scratch the surface ▶     Peggy Cotter             Molecular programming: DNA and the brain ▶     Anne Condon             Structural biology: Peering into the spark of life ▶     Richard Horn             Corrigenda                   Migrastatin analogues target fascin to block tumour metastasis ▶     Lin Chen, Shengyu Yang, Jean Jakoncic, J. Jillian Zhang & Xin-Yun Huang             Structure of a bacterial quorum-sensing transcription factor complexed with pheromone and DNA ▶     Rong-guang Zhang, Katherine M. Pappas, Jennifer L. Brace, Paula C. Miller, Tim Oulmassov et al.             Research Highlights                   Ecology: Carbon parks in the city | Microbiology: Bacteria 'blink' to expel molecules | Animal behaviour: Learning lizards make smart moves | HIV: Antibody search hits gold | Vaccines: Mix-and-match for meningitis | Cancer: Tissues stretch to let tumours move | Palaeontology: Bridging the dino gap         NEWS & COMMENT           Don't blame the CIA | Growing pains | With strings | Freeze the footprint of food | Conservation science outside the comfort zone | Epidemiology: Charting the spread of sickness | Books in brief | End invasive chimp research now Andrew Rowan, Kathleen Conlee & Raija Bettauer | Indian vaccine study clarified Vivien Davis Tsu           CAREERS           Minnesota: Medicine and materials | Turning point: Christian Hackenberger             More Biological Sciences ▶                         Nature Insight: Dynamics of the cell This Insight explores some of the most exciting developments in cell biology, including how cells interpret mechanical forces, how RNA and protein can move between the nucleus and cytoplasm, how one molecule can affect the phenotype and how molecular ‘chaperones’ assist in the crucial process of protein folding. Access the Insight online.               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Crystal structure of the β2 adrenergic receptor–Gs protein complex ▶     Søren G. F. Rasmussen, Brian T. DeVree, Yaozhong Zou, Andrew C. Kruse, Ka Young Chung et al.     G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are responsible for the majority of cellular...             The crystal structure of GXGD membrane protease FlaK ▶     Jian Hu, Yi Xue, Sangwon Lee & Ya Ha     The GXGD proteases are polytopic membrane proteins with catalytic activities aga...             A two-step chemical mechanism for ribosome-catalysed peptide bond formation ▶     David A. Hiller, Vipender Singh, Minghong Zhong & Scott A. Strobel     The chemical step of natural protein synthesis, peptide bond formation, is catal...             Articles and Letters                   Type VI secretion delivers bacteriolytic effectors to target cells ▶     Alistair B. Russell, Rachel D. Hood, Nhat Khai Bui, Michele LeRoux, Waldemar Vollmer et al.     Peptidoglycan is the major structural constituent of the bacterial cell wall, fo...             Inkjet printing of single-crystal films ▶     Hiromi Minemawari, Toshikazu Yamada, Hiroyuki Matsui, Jun’ya Tsutsumi, Simon Haas et al.     The use of single crystals has been fundamental to the development of semiconduc...             The ELF4–ELF3–LUX complex links the circadian clock to diurnal control of hypocotyl growth ▶     Dmitri A. Nusinow, Anne Helfer, Elizabeth E. Hamilton, Jasmine J. King, Takato Imaizumi et al.     The circadian clock is required for adaptive responses to daily and seasonal cha...             Structure and mechanism of the Swi2/Snf2 remodeller Mot1 in complex with its substrate TBP ▶     Petra Wollmann, Sheng Cui, Ramya Viswanathan, Otto Berninghausen, Melissa N. Wells et al.     Swi2/Snf2-type ATPases regulate genome-associated processes such as transcriptio...             Multi-domain conformational selection underlies pre-mRNA splicing regulation by U2AF ▶     Cameron D. Mackereth, Tobias Madl, Sophie Bonnal, Bernd Simon, Katia Zanier et al.     Many cellular functions involve multi-domain proteins, which are composed of str...             News & Views                   Microbiology: Molecular syringes scratch the surface ▶     Peggy Cotter             Molecular programming: DNA and the brain ▶     Anne Condon             Research Highlights                   Chemistry: DNA-inspired polymerization         CAREERS           Turning point: Christian Hackenberger             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Decoherence in crystals of quantum molecular magnets ▶     S. Takahashi, I. S. Tupitsyn, J. van Tol, C. C. Beedle, D. N. Hendrickson et al.     Quantum decoherence is a central concept in physics. Applications such as quantu...             Articles and Letters                   Sideband cooling of micromechanical motion to the quantum ground state ▶     J. D. Teufel, T. Donner, Dale Li, J. W. Harlow, M. S. Allman et al.     The advent of laser cooling techniques revolutionized the study of many atomic-s...             Inkjet printing of single-crystal films ▶     Hiromi Minemawari, Toshikazu Yamada, Hiroyuki Matsui, Jun’ya Tsutsumi, Simon Haas et al.     The use of single crystals has been fundamental to the development of semiconduc...             Neural network computation with DNA strand displacement cascades ▶     Lulu Qian, Erik Winfree & Jehoshua Bruck     The impressive capabilities of the mammalian brain—ranging from percepti...             News & Views                   Quantum physics: Spin flips with a single proton ▶     Rainer Blatt             Astroparticle physics: A multi-messenger story ▶     Dieter H. Hartmann             Molecular programming: DNA and the brain ▶     Anne Condon             Erratum                   Observation of the antimatter helium-4 nucleus ▶     The STAR Collaboration             Research Highlights                   Ecology: Carbon parks in the city | Materials: Graphene textiles for energy storage         NEWS & COMMENT           Books in brief | Technology: The spacesuit unpicked             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Coseismic and postseismic slip of the 2011 magnitude-9 Tohoku-Oki earthquake ▶     Shinzaburo Ozawa, Takuya Nishimura, Hisashi Suito, Tomokazu Kobayashi, Mikio Tobita et al.     Most large earthquakes occur along an oceanic trench, where an oceanic plate sub...             News & Views                   Earthquakes: The lessons of Tohoku-Oki ▶     Jean-Philippe Avouac             Research Highlights                   Ecology: Carbon parks in the city         NEWS & COMMENT           Freeze the footprint of food | Books in brief | Technology: The spacesuit unpicked | Q&A: The sci-fi adviser             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                         Announcing Principles of Biology, an interactive textbook from Nature Publishing Group Principles of Biology is a peer-reviewed, affordable textbook solution for university-level Introductory Biology courses, featuring 200+ customizable learning modules, 175+ interactive exercises, 3,000+ assessment questions, and access from laptops, smartphones, or tablets. Learn more.               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Minnesota: Medicine and materials ▶     Minnesota made its mark in medical devices and has green potential. But state funding woes could hamper progress.                   Turning point: Christian Hackenberger ▶     Bioorganic chemist Christian Hackenberger hopes to bring young investigators together in interdisciplinary collaborations.                   International funding ▶     US initiative will provide funding for investigators in developing nations.                   Support breeds patents ▶     University support boosts productivity for academic inventors.                   University outlooks ▶     Most US universities are unlikely to freeze hiring or mandate unpaid leave in the next year.                   Careers related news & comment                   Growing pains | With strings | Transgenic grass skirts regulators | Charities seek cut of drug royalties | Café science for kids Anne M. Dijkstra, Henk Van Voorthuizen & Mark Van Zijtveld | Rise in scientists returning to China Xiaoming Li             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Post doc position in Molecular Virology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology     Kansas University Medical Center Kansas, USA           Postdoc in Atomic Force Microscopy of Catalysts     Aarhus University, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Aarhus, Denmark           PhD Studentship in Biomaterials Modelling     University of Warwick, Department of Chemistry Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL           Professor of Medical Genetics     University of Basel Basel, Switzerland         No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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