15 July 2010 Volume 466 Number 7304, pp 295 - 406
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Nature Video: Another piece in the monkey puzzle
The discovery of the fossilized remains of a previously unknown
primate from Saudi Arabia could bring us one step closer to dating
the divergence between hominoids and Old World monkeys.
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EDITORIALS
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Brazil's biotech boom p295
Ten years ago, Brazilian bioscience was transformed by a bold
initiative. Scientists and the government must develop and extend
the progress that has resulted.
doi:10.1038/466295a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=394&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Out in the cold pp295-296
The parlous state of the US icebreaker fleet could soon put a
freeze on the country's polar research.
doi:10.1038/466295b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=396&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Value-adding enterprise p296
In today's tough climate, UK science must produce evidence to
affirm its worth to the nation.
doi:10.1038/466296a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=390&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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Behaviour: Brain-changing battles p298
doi:10.1038/466298a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=392&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Plant taxonomy: Flower and be counted p298
doi:10.1038/466298b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=401&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Atmospheric science: More rain or less? p298
doi:10.1038/466298c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=403&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Nanoscience: Polymerization to order p298
doi:10.1038/466298d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=398&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Immunology: HIV in the cross hairs p298
doi:10.1038/466298e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=292&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Ecology: Predators attract p299
doi:10.1038/466299a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=293&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Stem cells: Blood source p299
doi:10.1038/466299b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=294&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Cell biology: Live-action lipids p299
doi:10.1038/466299c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=295&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Neuroscience: Memories preserved p299
doi:10.1038/466299d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=288&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
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JOURNAL CLUB
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Journal club p299
Jean Braun
doi:10.1038/466299e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=289&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS
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News briefing: 15 July 2010 pp300-301
The week in science
doi:10.1038/466300a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=349&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Japanese monkey deaths puzzle pp302-303
Researchers claim outbreaks of unknown haemorrhagic illness are no
threat to humans.
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/466302a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=342&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Questions raised over Korean torpedo claims pp302-303
Researchers challenge view of Cheonan sinking.
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/466302b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=344&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Start-up model patently flawed p303
Study shows more US professors go into business as consultants than
as inventors.
Zoe Corbyn
doi:10.1038/466303a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=345&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
The lost legacy of the last great oil spill pp304-305
Some ecosystems bounced back after the 1979 Ixtoc I oil spill, but
research quickly withered.
Mark Schrope
doi:10.1038/466304a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=346&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Ancient Italian artefacts get the blues pp306-307
Scientists accuse officials of neglect as chemicals discolour
stored relics.
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/466306a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=314&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Universities shun Europe's drug initiative pp306-307
Intellectual-property rules push researchers away.
Natasha Gilbert
doi:10.1038/466306b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=311&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
China faces up to groundwater crisis p308
Researchers call for effective monitoring and management of
water resources.
Jane Qiu
doi:10.1038/466308a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=308&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS FEATURES
----------------------
Topological insulators: Star material pp310-311
A new class of materials is poised to take condensed-matter physics
by storm. Geoff Brumfiel looks at what is making topological
insulators all the rage.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/466310a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=302&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Seismology: The secret chatter of giant faults pp312-313
An imminent swarm of tiny quakes beneath western North America could
help seismologists prepare for a big one — but only if they can learn
to interpret the tremors, finds Naomi Lubick.
Naomi Lubick
doi:10.1038/466312a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=304&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
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COLUMN
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World view: ERA of austerity p314
The economic crisis is a setback to the European Research Area,
warns Colin Macilwain — and the research community is ill-placed
to respond.
Colin Macilwain
doi:10.1038/466314a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=300&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
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CORRESPONDENCE
----------------------
Questioning the timeline of H1N1 flu vaccination contracts p315
Deborah Cohen and Philip Carter
doi:10.1038/466315a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=290&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Gender agenda: positive steps taken in Germany p315
Hajo Zeeb, Jacob Spallek and Ingeborg Jahn
doi:10.1038/466315b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=291&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Assessing effects of afforestation projects in China p315
Xiaohui Yang, Zhiqing Jia and Longjun Ci
doi:10.1038/466315c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=297&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Assessing effects of afforestation projects in China: Cao and
colleagues reply p315
Shixiong Cao, Guosheng Wang and Li Chen
doi:10.1038/466315d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=299&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
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OPINION
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A new strategy for energy innovation pp316-317
The US government must make the Department of Defense a key customer
for energy technologies and make greenhouse-gas reductions a public good,
say John Alic, Daniel Sarewitz, Charles Weiss and William Bonvillian.
doi:10.1038/466316a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=301&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
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BOOKS AND ARTS
----------------------
Does diversity always grow? p318
Samir Okasha is intrigued by a proposed universal law of biology:
that complexity inevitably increases in the absence of other
evolutionary forces.
Samir Okasha reviews Biology's First Law: The Tendency for Diversity
and Complexity to Increase in Evolutionary Systems
by Daniel W. McShea and Robert N. Brandon
doi:10.1038/466318a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=321&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Silk evolution untangled p319
Fritz Vollrath reviews Spider Silk: Evolution and 400 Million Years
of Spinning, Waiting, Snagging, and Mating by Leslie Brunetta and
Catherine L. Craig
doi:10.1038/466319a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=323&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Books in brief p319
Joanne Baker
doi:10.1038/466319b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=317&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Q&A: Tod Machover on personal music p320
The inventor and composer, whose group at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology's Media Lab developed the technology behind Guitar Hero,
has electronically customized instruments for musicians from Prince
to Yo-Yo Ma. As Machover prepares for the world premiere of his
robotic opera Death and the Powers in Monaco in September, he
explains how his interactive performance techniques might lead to
personalized therapies.
Jascha Hoffman reviews Death and the Powers by
doi:10.1038/466320a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=319&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
OUTLOOK
----------------------
HIV/AIDS pS1
Apoorva Mandavilli
doi:10.1038/466S1a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=312&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
On high alert ppS2-S3
HIV keeps the immune system in a hyperactive state, gradually
leading to its ruin,
reports Emma Marris.
doi:10.1038/nature09234
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=315&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Learning from the elite pS4
Researchers hope to unlock the secrets of the select few who rein in,
or even resist, HIV infection,
says Bijal Trivedi.
doi:10.1038/nature09235
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=306&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
The primate connection pS5
Studies comparing HIV infection and its simian counterpart in
different monkey species are filling gaps in knowledge,
explains Bijal Trivedi.
doi:10.1038/nature09236
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=309&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Dancing with an escape artist ppS6-S7
Sarah DeWeerdt describes the intricate relationship between HIV and
the host immune system, each influencing the other's next moves.
Sarah DeWeerdt
doi:10.1038/nature09237
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=331&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Tiny steps towards an HIV vaccine pS8
Recent successes are reinvigorating research into a vaccine for HIV,
reports Cassandra Willyard.
doi:10.1038/nature09238
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=96&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Joining forces ppS9-S10
No single strategy alone is likely to thwart HIV's spread. Researchers
are turning to 'prevention packages' of two or more approaches,
Cassandra Willyard reports.
doi:10.1038/nature09239
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=94&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
The outlook for a cure ppS11-S13
There is a formidable arsenal of drugs available to treat HIV.
Virginia Hughes finds that, for the first time in years, there is
also renewed hope of a cure.
Virginia Hughes
doi:10.1038/nature09240
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=95&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Forgotten lessons ppS14-S15
For many people in the developed world HIV is no longer the death
sentence it once was. Paroma Basu explores the consequences of
complacency.
Paroma Basu
doi:10.1038/nature09241
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=90&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Developing solutions ppS16-S17
There is more to combating HIV in the developing world than providing
affordable drugs. T. V. Padma looks at the innovative new strategies
being employed.
T. V. Padma
doi:10.1038/nature09242
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=92&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Fighting the monster ppS18-S19
Co-infection with HIV and tuberculosis is a potent combination.
Amy Maxmen investigates the impact of this deadly duo.
Amy Maxmen
doi:10.1038/nature09243
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=88&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Grassroots initiatives pS20
A Cambodian group has developed a pioneering community-based approach
to HIV and TB care and research. Amy Maxmen describes how this
powerful model is being expanded to other war-torn countries.
Amy Maxmen
doi:10.1038/nature09244
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=89&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
A call for collaboration ppS21-S22
Specialization has its place, but truly innovative advances in HIV
research usually come from interdisciplinary efforts,
reports Unmesh Kher.
doi:10.1038/nature09245
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=85&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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Cosmology forum: Is dark energy really a mystery? pp321-322
The Universe is expanding. And the expansion seems to be speeding up.
To account for that acceleration, a mysterious factor, 'dark energy',
is often invoked. A contrary opinion -- that this factor isn't at
all mysterious -- is here given voice, along with counter-arguments
against that view.
Eugenio Bianchi, Carlo Rovelli and Rocky Kolb
doi:10.1038/466321a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=84&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Conservation science: Trade-in to trade-up pp322-323
Nature reserves and protected areas enjoy sacred status in
conservation -- which translates into a 'do not touch' attitude.
But selling off some of the less worthy of them would pay
conservation dividends.
Peter Kareiva
doi:10.1038/466322a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=87&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Solid-state physics: U-turns strictly prohibited pp323-324
According to theory, electrons on the surface of a topological
insulator are not allowed to make U-turns. This notion, and some
of its main consequences, has now been tested experimentally.
Marcel Franz
doi:10.1038/466323a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=54&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
50 & 100 years ago p324
doi:10.1038/466324a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=56&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Protein synthesis: Translocation in slow motion pp325-326
Time-resolved electron microscopy can capture structural changes in
active macromolecular complexes, but detailed imaging is essential.
The dynamics of one step in protein synthesis has been deduced from
two million images.
Mans Ehrenberg
doi:10.1038/466325a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=57&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Earth science: Proposal with a ring of diamonds pp326-327
Plate reconstructions show that ancient eruptions of diamond-bearing
rocks occurred consistently above a ring-like region of plume-generation
zones deep in Earth's mantle. Do such zones remain stationary?
David A. D. Evans
doi:10.1038/466326a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=59&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
Ribosome dynamics and tRNA movement by time-resolved electron
cryomicroscopy pp329-333
During protein synthesis within the ribosome, transfer RNAs (tRNAs)
move sequentially through different sites as their attached amino
acids are transferred onto the growing protein chain. Large
conformational movements accompany this process. Here, a staggering
1.9 million electron cryomicroscopy images of the ribosome have been
processed to visualize these changes. The results reveal that the
ribosome functions as a Brownian machine that couples spontaneous
changes driven by thermal energy to directed movement.
Niels Fischer et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09206
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=50&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=51&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Viruses in the faecal microbiota of monozygotic twins and their
mothers pp334-338
The microbial content of the human gut has been the focus of much
research interest recently. Now another layer of complexity has
been added: the viral content of the gut. Virus-like particles were
isolated from faecal samples from four sets of identical twins and
their mothers, at three time points over a one-year period. The
viromes (metagenomes) of these particles were then sequenced. The
results show that there is high interpersonal variation in viromes,
but that intrapersonal diversity was very low over this time period.
Alejandro Reyes et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09199
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=52&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=53&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
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LETTERS
----------------------
A hot compact dust disk around a massive young stellar object
pp339-342
Circumstellar disks are an essential ingredient of the formation of
low-mass stars, but it is unclear whether they are also required for
the formation of stars more massive than about 10 solar masses.
Clear observational evidence is needed, for example the detection of
dusty disks around massive young stellar objects. Here, near-infrared
interferometric observations are reported that spatially resolve the
distribution of hot material around a high-mass young stellar object.
Stefan Kraus et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09174
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=147&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=146&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Transmission of topological surface states through surface barriers
pp343-346
Topological surface states are a class of electronic states that
might be of interest in quantum computing or spintronic applications.
They are predicted to be robust against imperfections, but so far
there has been no evidence that these states do transmit through
naturally occurring surface defects. Here, scanning tunnelling
microscopy has been used to show that topological surface states
of antimony can be transmitted through naturally occurring barriers
that block non-topological surface states of common metals.
Jungpil Seo et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09189
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=144&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=138&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Intra-unit-cell electronic nematicity of the high-Tc copper-oxide
pseudogap states pp347-351
In the high-transition-temperature superconductors, the pseudogap
phase becomes predominant when the density of doped holes is reduced.
In this phase it has been unclear which electronic symmetries (if any)
are broken, what the identity of any associated order parameter might
be, and which microscopic electronic degrees of freedom are active.
Here, images of the intra-unit-cell states in underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8
+ [delta] are studied, revealing electronic nematicity of the states
close to the pseudogap energy.
M. J. Lawler et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09169
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=139&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=136&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Diamonds sampled by plumes from the core-mantle boundary pp352-355
Diamonds are formed under high pressure more than 150 kilometres deep
in the Earth's mantle, and are brought to the surface mainly by
volcanic rocks called kimberlites. Here, plate reconstructions and
tomographic images have been used to show that the edges of the largest
heterogeneities in the deepest mantle, stable for at least 200 million
years and possibly for 540 million years, seem to have controlled the
eruption of most Phanerozoic kimberlites. This has implications for
future exploration for kimberlites.
Trond H. Torsvik et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09216
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=137&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=142&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Striations, duration, migration and tidal response in deep tremor
pp356-359
Deep seismic tremor in subduction zones has been suggested to repeat
at a regular interval, migrate at various velocities and be modulated
by tidal stress. Here, evidence is presented that a time-invariant
interface property -- possibly the ratio of brittle to ductile areas
-- controls tremor behaviour in the Nankai subduction zone, Japan.
Where tremor duration is short, tremor is more strongly affected by
tidal stress and migration is inhibited. Where tremor lasts longer,
diffusive migration occurs with a constant diffusivity.
Satoshi Ide
doi:10.1038/nature09251
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=143&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=140&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
New Oligocene primate from Saudi Arabia and the divergence of apes
and Old World monkeys pp360-364
The fossil record of primates is sparse, and many gaps remain in our
knowledge. One gap relates to the divergence within the catarrhines
-- the ancestors of hominoids (apes and humans) and Old World monkeys.
The discovery of a previously unknown catarrhine in Saudi Arabia,
dated to 29-28 million years ago, helps to fill in some details.
This specimen shows very few catarrhine specializations, suggesting
that the divergence between Old World monkeys and hominoids must have
occurred after this date.
Iyad S. Zalmout et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09094
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=141&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=134&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Replacing underperforming protected areas achieves better conservation
outcomes pp365-367
Removing the protected status from poorly performing conservation areas,
selling the land and using the money better elsewhere is controversial,
but has a simplistic appeal. Here, it is shown that such degazetting
can reap significant conservation benefits, even for the well-designed
Australian network of protected areas, and even when there is a
significant economic cost to transferring protected status to a new area.
Richard A. Fuller et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09180
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=131&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=133&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism
spectrum disorders pp368-372
The autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) are highly heritable, yet the
underlying genetic determinants remain largely unknown. Here, a
genome-wide analysis of rare copy number variants (CNVs) has been
carried out, revealing that ASD sufferers carry a higher load of rare,
genic CNVs than do controls. Many of these CNVs are de novo and
inherited. The results implicate several novel genes in ASDs, and
point to the importance of cellular proliferation, projection and
motility, as well as specific signalling pathways, in these disorders.
Dalila Pinto et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09146
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=122&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=123&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Blindsight depends on the lateral geniculate nucleus pp373-377
The primary visual cortex (V1) is crucial for vision, yet people
with V1 injuries might still point to or avoid visual stimuli,
despite having no conscious perception of them. It has been thought
that this 'blindsight' relies on visual pathways that bypass the
usual route from lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to V1. But it is
shown here -- using a combination of permanent and reversible
lesions, behavioural testing and functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) mapping -- that a critical link in the alternative
pathway is in fact the LGN.
Michael C. Schmid et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09179
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=124&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=126&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Planar cell polarity breaks bilateral symmetry by controlling ciliary
positioning pp378-382
During vertebrate development, the dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior
(A-P) body axes are determined first, after which left-right (L-R)
asymmetry is established. But the molecular mechanism by which L-R
symmetry is broken in reference to the other two axes is poorly
understood. Here it is shown that two mouse genes, Vang1 and Vang2,
which belong to the planar cell polarity family, are required to
interpret the A-P patterning information and link it to L-R asymmetry.
Hai Song et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09129
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=127&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=128&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Members of the H3K4 trimethylation complex regulate lifespan in a
germline-dependent manner in C. elegans pp383-387
It is shown here that the methylation of histone proteins regulates
lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Deficiencies in members of the
ASH-2 complex, which trimethylates histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4),
extend worm lifespan. Meanwhile, the H3K4 demethylase RBR-2 is
required for normal lifespan. These findings are consistent with
the idea that an excess of H3K4 trimethylation reduces longevity.
The extension of lifespan caused by ASH-2 deficiency requires an
intact adult germline and the continuous production of mature eggs.
Eric L. Greer et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09195
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=129&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=130&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Relationship between nucleosome positioning and DNA methylation
pp388-392
Nucleosomes are composed of around 147 bases of DNA wrapped around
an octamer of histone proteins. Here, a genome-wide analysis of
nucleosome positioning in Arabidopsis thaliana has been combined
with profiles of DNA methylation at single base resolution, revealing
10-base periodicities in the DNA methylation status of nucleosome-bound
DNA. The results indicate that nucleosome positioning influences the
pattern of DNA methylation throughout the genome.
Ramakrishna K. Chodavarapu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09147
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=217&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=223&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Structure of the gating ring from the human large-conductance Ca2+-gated
K+ channel pp393-397
Large-conductance Ca2+-gated K+ (BK) channels are essential for many
biological processes, such as smooth muscle contraction and
neurotransmitter release. Here, the X-ray crystal structure is
presented of the entire cytoplasmic region of the human BK channel
in a Ca2+-free state. Moreover, a voltage-gated K+ channel pore of
known structure is 'docked' onto the gating ring to generate a
structural model for the full BK channel.
Yunkun Wu, Yi Yang, Sheng Ye and Youxing Jiang
doi:10.1038/nature09252
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=220&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=227&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
CORRIGENDA
----------------------
Skp2 targeting suppresses tumorigenesis by Arf-p53-independent
cellular senescence p398
Hui-Kuan Lin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09280
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=225&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Tumour angiogenesis is reduced in the Tc1 mouse model of Down's
syndrome p398
Louise E. Reynolds et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09281
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=231&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
NATUREJOBS
----------------------
Careers Q&A
Michael Ehlers p401
Michael Ehlers will become the chief scientific officer for neuroscience
research at drug firm Pfizer in August. He tells Nature why he decided
to trade in his post in academia to explore a career in industry.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7304-401a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=211&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
In Brief
Graduates wanted in UK p401
Job openings at pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering firms.
doi:10.1038/nj7304-401b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=210&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
In Brief
Ireland cuts awards p401
Economic woes force withdrawal of postdoc and PhD places.
doi:10.1038/nj7304-401c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=208&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
In Brief
Balancing gender p401
Report suggests how European scientists can reduce gender inequities.
doi:10.1038/nj7304-401d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=151&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Special Report
The way back p402
With traditional taboos receding, and the biotechnology and
pharmaceutical sectors in flux, some researchers are moving
from industry back to academia. Quirin Schiermeier looks at
the trade-offs.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/nj7304-402a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=152&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
Gravity's whispers p406
Proof positive.
Gregory Benford
doi:10.1038/466406a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=228&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
Advance Online Publication
----------------------
14 July 2010
Social learning promotes institutions for governing the commons
Karl Sigmund, Hannelore De Silva, Arne Traulsen and Christoph Hauert
doi:10.1038/nature09203
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=234&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=232&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Microtubule nucleating [gamma]-TuSC assembles structures with 13-fold
microtubule-like symmetry
Justin M. Kollman et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09207
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=235&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=244&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Regulation of heterochromatic DNA replication by histone H3 lysine
27 methyltransferases
Yannick Jacob et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09290
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=242&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=240&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
11 July 2010
Convergent evolution of chicken Z and human X chromosomes by expansion
and gene acquisition
Daniel W. Bellott et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09172
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=238&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=253&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Histone H4K20/H3K9 demethylase PHF8 regulates zebrafish brain
and craniofacial development
Hank H. Qi et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09261
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=251&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=249&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
A novel pathway regulates memory and plasticity via SIRT1 and miR-134
Jun Gao et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09271
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=247&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=257&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
PHF8 mediates histone H4 lysine 20 demethylation events involved
in cell cycle progression
Wen Liu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09272
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=256&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=266&m=35600224&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=Nzc2MTM0MTIS1&mt=1&rt=0
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