10 June 2010 Volume 465 Number 7299, pp 665 - 836
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EDITORIALS
----------------------
Putting gender on the agenda p665
Biomedical research continues to use many more male subjects than
females in both animal studies and human clinical trials. The
unintended effect is to short-change women's health care.
doi:10.1038/465665a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=90&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Unknown quantities pp665-666
It is in researchers' interests to help funding agencies quantify
the economic benefits of their work.
doi:10.1038/465665b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=100&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
A question of trust p666
The re-auditing of accounts from the closed Sixth Framework
Programme is generating hostility.
doi:10.1038/465666a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=98&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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Animal behaviour: Mongoose traditions p668
doi:10.1038/465668a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=64&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Metabolism: Obese cells 'self-undereat' p668
doi:10.1038/465668b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=69&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Neuroscience: Drug shrinks brain p668
doi:10.1038/465668c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=75&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Nanotechnology: Aquatic speakers p668
doi:10.1038/465668d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=80&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Biochemistry: Picture protein p668
doi:10.1038/465668e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=125&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Genomics: Genetic editing pp668-669
doi:10.1038/465668f
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=95&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Virology: Back-up resistance p669
doi:10.1038/465669a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=108&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Biophysics: Molecular carnival ride p669
doi:10.1038/465669b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=102&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Biomaterials: Surgical solution p669
doi:10.1038/465669c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=120&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Animal cognition: Colder is cleverer p669
doi:10.1038/465669d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=114&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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JOURNAL CLUB
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Journal club p669
Zhe-Xi Luo
doi:10.1038/465669e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=38&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS
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News briefing: 10 June 2010 pp670-671
The week in science.
doi:10.1038/465670a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=309&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Flu experts rebut conflict claims pp672-673
Reports throw unsubstantiated suspicion on scientific advice given
to the World Health Organization.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/465672a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=258&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Engineer set to run NSF p673
MIT's Subra Suresh poised to take top job.
Eric Hand
doi:10.1038/465673a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=256&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
High hopes for Brazilian science pp674-675
As President Lula prepares to leave office, researchers expect that
innovation will invigorate the economy.
Anna Petherick
doi:10.1038/465674a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=254&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Endangered-porpoise numbers fall to just 250 pp674-675
Time is running out for vanishing vaquitas.
Rex Dalton
doi:10.1038/465674b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=252&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Glaciers' wane not all down to humans p677
Natural climate swings have had a major role in eroding Alpine ice.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/465677a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=286&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
US students pay for downturn pp678-679
Tuition fees have risen, but public universities still face a shortfall,
and students are feeling the squeeze.
Emma Marris
doi:10.1038/465678a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=283&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
NEWS FEATURES
----------------------
Ecology: Emergency medicine for frogs pp680-681
With chytrid fungus rapidly spreading around the world, researchers
are testing an extreme approach to saving endangered amphibian
populations. Naomi Lubick reports from a rescue site.
Naomi Lubick
doi:10.1038/465680a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=281&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Science economics: What science is really worth pp682-684
Spending on science is one of the best ways to generate jobs and
economic growth, say research advocates. But as Colin Macilwain
reports, the evidence behind such claims is patchy.
Colin Macilwain
doi:10.1038/465682a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=268&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
CORRESPONDENCE
----------------------
OPINIONS
UK scientific societies need support to increase their impact p685
Jonathan Cowie
doi:10.1038/465685a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=33&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
On the occurrence of similar traits in related organisms p685
R. John Ellis
doi:10.1038/465685b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=35&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Adaptive strategy recommended for US ocean planning p685
Mark T. Gibbs, Rodrigo Bustamante and Anthony J. Richardson
doi:10.1038/465685c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=29&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Reward research that benefits society, with kudos or even cash p685
Laurens K. Hessels and Harro van Lente
doi:10.1038/465685d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=31&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Nature Europe site should highlight most productive countries p685
Chris T. Evelo and Andra Waagmeester
doi:10.1038/465685e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=55&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
OPINIONS
----------------------
Defeating the merchants of doubt pp686-687
As climate scientists battle climate sceptics, they should note that
we have been here before, say Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway.
History holds lessons for how researchers can get their message across.
Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway
doi:10.1038/465686a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=53&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Sex bias in trials and treatment must end pp688-689
Gender inequalities in biomedical research are undermining patient care.
In the first of three related pieces, Alison M. Kim, Candace M. Tingen
and Teresa K. Woodruff call on journals, funding agencies and researchers
to give women parity with men, in studies and in the clinic.
Alison M. Kim, Candace M. Tingen and Teresa K. Woodruff
doi:10.1038/465688a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=51&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Pregnant women deserve better pp689-690
Clinical trials routinely exclude expectant mothers. This is unethical
and unscientific, and regulators must mandate change, says Francoise
Baylis, in the second of three related pieces on gender bias in
biomedicine.
Francoise Baylis
doi:10.1038/465689a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=49&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Males still dominate animal studies p690
Many researchers avoid using female animals. Stringent measures should
consign this prejudice to the past, argue Irving Zucker and
Annaliese Beery, in the third piece of three on gender bias in
biomedicine.
Irving Zucker and Annaliese K. Beery
doi:10.1038/465690a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=47&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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BOOKS AND ARTS
----------------------
Lessons in carbon trading pp691-692
The most extensive evaluation to date finds that the European Union
Emissions Trading Scheme is robust and successfully cut the region's
emissions in its first three years, explains Michael Grubb.
Michael Grubb reviews Pricing Carbon: The European Union Emissions
Trading Scheme by A. Denny Ellerman and Frank J. Convery
doi:10.1038/465691a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=8&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Predicting human activity p692
Philip Ball reviews Bursts: The Hidden Pattern Behind Everything We
Do by Albert-Laszlo Barabasi
doi:10.1038/465692a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=10&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
The crop circle evolves p693
A growing underground art movement combines mathematics, technology,
stalks and whimsy. Richard Taylor looks forward to a bumper batch
of intricate crop patterns this summer.
Richard Taylor
doi:10.1038/465693a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=2&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Stem cells: Cues from steroid hormones pp695-696
The steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone have a role in sickness
and in health. In breast tissue, both roles probably work through a
single mechanism: controlling the number and activity of mammary
stem cells.
John P. Lydon
doi:10.1038/465695a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=4&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Nonlinear dynamics: Chaotic billiard lasers pp696-697
The chaotic motion of light rays gives microlasers surprising emission
properties, enhancing quantum tunnelling by many orders of magnitude
and producing highly directional output beams.
A. Douglas Stone
doi:10.1038/465696a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=25&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Blood-vessel formation: Bridges that guide and unite pp697-699
To form new blood vessels, the endothelial tip cells of two existing
vessels come together by the process of anastomosis. But how do they
find each other? Macrophages seem to provide a bridge and mediate
their union.
Thomas Schmidt and Peter Carmeliet
doi:10.1038/465697a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=23&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
50 & 100 years ago p699
doi:10.1038/465699b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=17&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Quantum optics: Single-atom transistor for light pp699-700
A subtle quantum-interference effect has been used to control the
optical response of a single atom confined in a cavity. It could
offer a means to develop logic gates for an optical quantum computer.
Scott Parkins
doi:10.1038/465699a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=15&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Neuroscience: fMRI under the spotlight pp700-701
Analysis of a selected class of neuron in the brains of live animals
using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) opens the door to
mapping genetically specified neural circuits.
David A. Leopold
doi:10.1038/465700a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=289&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Fluid dynamics: Saliva at a stretch p701
Andrew Mitchinson
doi:10.1038/465701a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=295&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Planetary science: The birth of Saturn's baby moons pp701-702
Simulations show that Saturn's nearby moons, after forming on the
outskirts of the planet's main rings, get pushed clear of them.
This model reproduces the moons' orbital locations and remarkably
low densities.
Joseph A. Burns
doi:10.1038/465701b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=306&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
INSIGHT
----------------------
EDITORIAL
Plasticity p703
Magdalena Skipper, Ursula Weiss and Noah Gray
doi:10.1038/465703a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=263&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
REVIEW ARTICLE
Nuclear reprogramming to a pluripotent state by three approaches pp704-712
Shinya Yamanaka and Helen M. Blau
doi:10.1038/nature09229
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=307&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=266&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Extrinsic regulation of pluripotent stem cells pp713-720
Martin F. Pera and Patrick P. L. Tam
doi:10.1038/nature09228
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=302&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=277&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
PERSPECTIVE ARTICLE
Epigenetics as a unifying principle in the aetiology of complex traits
and diseases pp721-727
Arturas Petronis
doi:10.1038/nature09230
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=213&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=240&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
REVIEW ARTICLE
Brain function and chromatin plasticity pp728-735
Catherine Dulac
doi:10.1038/nature09231
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=214&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=233&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Measurement of single-cell dynamics pp736-745
David G. Spiller, Christopher D. Wood, David A. Rand and Michael R. H. White
doi:10.1038/nature09232
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=215&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=227&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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ARTICLE
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Crystal structure of HIV-1 Tat complexed with human P-TEFb pp747-751
Here the 2.1 A crystal structure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Tat protein complexed with the positive transcription elongation factor
P-TEFb is reported. This shows that Tat binding changes the structure
of P-TEFb, which may suggest opportunities for developing inhibitors
that block only the form of P-TEFb used by the virus.
Tahir H. Tahirov et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09131
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=216&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=247&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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LETTERS
----------------------
The recent formation of Saturn's moonlets from viscous spreading of
the main rings pp752-754
A population of Saturn's small moons orbiting outside the main rings
are less than 107 years old, which is inconsistent with the formation
timescale for the regular satellites. They may have accreted at the
rings' edge, but hitherto it has been impossible to model the
accretion process. Here a simulation is reported in which the viscous
spreading of Saturn's rings beyond the Roche limit gives rise to the
small moons.
Sébastien Charnoz, Julien Salmon and Aurélien Crida
doi:10.1038/nature09096
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=209&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=259&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Electromagnetically induced transparency with single atoms in a cavity
pp755-758
Electromagnetically induced transparency enables the transmission of
a laser pulse through an optically dense medium to be manipulated
using a control beam. Here this technique is scaled down to a single
atom, which acts as a quantum-optical transistor with the ability to
coherently control the transmission of light through a cavity. This
may lead to novel quantum applications, such as dynamic control of
the photon statistics of propagating light fields.
Martin Mücke et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09093
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=210&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=291&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Daughter bubble cascades produced by folding of ruptured thin films
pp759-762
When a bubble on a liquid-gas or solid-gas interface ruptures, the
general expectation is that the bubble vanishes. Here, it is shown
that in many cases interfacial bubbles do not simply vanish when
they rupture, but rather create numerous small bubbles via unexpected
folding of the ruptured bubble as it retracts. The process may increase
the efficiency of rupture-induced aerosol dispersal.
James C. Bird, Rielle de Ruiter, Laurent Courbin and Howard A. Stone
doi:10.1038/nature09069
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=211&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=117&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Electron localization following attosecond molecular photoionization
pp763-766
Attosecond (10-18 s) laser pulses make it possible to peer into the
inner workings of atoms and molecules on the electronic timescale --
phenomena in solids have already been investigated in this way. Here,
an attosecond pump-probe experiment is reported that investigates the
ionization and dissociation of hydrogen molecules, illustrating that
attosecond techniques can also help explore the prompt charge
redistribution and charge localization that accompany photoexcitation
processes in molecular systems.
G. Sansone et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09084
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=212&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=61&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
The lead isotopic age of the Earth can be explained by core formation
alone pp767-770
It has been proposed that the age of the Earth deduced from lead isotopes
reflects loss of lead into space at the time of the Moon's formation
rather than partitioning into metallic liquids during core formation.
Here it is shown that lead partitioning into liquid iron depends strongly
on carbon content and that, given a core carbon content of about 0.2%,
there is evidence of strong partitioning of lead into the core throughout
the Earth's accretion.
Bernard J. Wood and Alex N. Halliday
doi:10.1038/nature09072
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=218&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=70&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Small mammal diversity loss in response to late-Pleistocene climatic
change pp771-774
Many large mammals became extinct worldwide at the end of the Pleistocene
epoch, around 12,000 years ago. Here, it is shown that smaller mammals,
which often provide much more comprehensive fossil records than large
mammals, were much less likely to respond to the Pleistocene-Holocene
transition by becoming extinct. Instead, diversity and evenness suffered,
so that less abundant species became rarer, with more generalist 'weedy'
species becoming more common.
Jessica L. Blois, Jenny L. McGuire and Elizabeth A. Hadly
doi:10.1038/nature09077
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=219&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=169&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Putting brain training to the test pp775-778
Millions of pounds per year are spent on various 'brain-training'
programs; however, the efficacy and performance of these training
regimes is still unclear. In collaboration with the BBC, a six-week
online study of brain training was conducted. Although improvements
were observed in the specific tasks used for training, in the authors'
view there was no evidence that these improvements transferred to
other untrained cognitive tasks.
Adrian M. Owen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09042
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=221&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=170&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Moonlighting bacteriophage proteins derepress staphylococcal pathogenicity
islands pp779-782
Staphylococcal superantigens can lead to toxic shock syndrome. They are
encoded on pathogenicity islands and with the aid of helper phages can
be excised and packaged into highly transmissable phage particles. Here
it is shown that a specific, non-essential helper phage protein is
responsible for derepression of the pathogenicity island, thereby
providing the mechanism for the first step of its mobilization.
Maria Angeles Tormo-Mas et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09065
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=237&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=174&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Distinct FGFs promote differentiation of excitatory and inhibitory
synapses pp783-787
Proper functioning of the brain requires a balance between the formation
of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, but how this is achieved during
development is unclear. Here FGF22 and FGF7, two fibroblast growth
factor cell-cell signalling molecules, are shown to promote the formation
of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, respectively, through their effect
on epilepsy in mice. These findings should inform other neurological and
psychiatric disorders involving defects in synapse formation.
Akiko Terauchi et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09041
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=239&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=202&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Global and local fMRI signals driven by neurons defined optogenetically
by type and wiring Pages: pp788–792
Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals are the basis for much
of the work on which regions of the human brain are active during
particular tasks or behaviours, but there is controversy over their
source and interpretation. Here a combination of optogenetics and BOLD
signal monitoring shows that specific excitatory neurons within a mixed
population are sufficient to produce positive BOLD signals, and could
be used to map connections.
Jin Hyung Lee et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09108
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=193&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=193&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Quiescent haematopoietic stem cells are activated by IFN-[gamma] in
response to chronic infection pp793-797
Using a mouse model of Mycobacterium avium infection, it is shown
here that interferon-[gamma] regulates the proliferation of
primitive haematopoietic cells during chronic infection.
Megan T. Baldridge et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09135
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=232&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=198&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Control of mammary stem cell function by steroid hormone signalling
pp798-802
The ovarian hormones oestrogen and progesterone increase breast
cancer risk but the cellular mechanisms are unclear. Here it is
shown that the size of the mammary stem cell pool in mice is
regulated by steroid hormone signalling, although these cells
lack the receptors for oestrogen and progesterone. The augmented
pool could lead to clonal expansion of a mutated cell, possibly
accounting for the increased incidence of breast cancer associated
with pregnancy.
Marie-Liesse Asselin-Labat et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09027
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=234&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=21&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Progesterone induces adult mammary stem cell expansion pp803–807
Reproductive history influences breast cancer risk but the cellular
mechanisms are unclear. Here it is shown that ovarian hormones
regulate the size of the mammary stem cell pool in mice. The size
of this pool increases when progesterone levels increase during the
reproductive cycle. Progesterone probably regulates stem cell
numbers through a paracrine mechanism involving induction of RANKL
and Wnt in luminal cells.
Purna A. Joshi et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09091
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=149&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=149&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived models of
LEOPARD syndrome pp808-812
The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients
with defined genetic disorders promises to help the basic understanding
of complex diseases and the development of therapeutics. Here iPSCs
have been generated from patients with LEOPARD syndrome, a developmental
disorder with pleiomorphic effects on several tissues and organs. The
iPSCs are characterized and the phenotype of cardiomyocytes derived
from these cells is investigated.
Xonia Carvajal-Vergara et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09005
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=228&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=150&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Tumour angiogenesis is reduced in the Tc1 mouse model of Down/'s syndrome
pp813-817
Down's syndrome is caused by trisomy of chromosome 21, and it is known
that the growth of certain tumours is reduced in this genetic disorder.
Using a mouse model of Down's syndrome, several individual genes on
chromosome 21 are now being proposed to mediate the effect on tumour
growth and angiogenesis.
Louise E. Reynolds et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09106
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=230&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=166&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Structural basis for 5'-nucleotide base-specific recognition of
guide RNA by human AGO2 pp818-822
The association of microRNAs with Argonaute proteins (AGOs) yields
complexes regulating gene expression. Although bacterial and archaeal
miRNAs show no sequence preference at their 5' ends, eukaryotic
miRNAs tend to have a 5' U or A. Here the structure of the human
AGO2 MID domain complexed with ribonucleotide monophosphates is solved,
revealing specific interaction of UMP and AMP with a loop that
discriminates against CMP or GMP, and explaining the observed preference.
Filipp Frank, Nahum Sonenberg and Bhushan Nagar
doi:10.1038/nature09039
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=225&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=162&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
TECHNOLOGY FEATURES
----------------------
Structural biology: The gatekeepers revealed pp823-826
Proteins in cell membranes are notoriously hard to crystallize, but
new techniques give scientists the means to map them. Monya Baker
scouts out the tools for cracking the structure of membrane proteins.
Monya Baker
doi:10.1038/465823a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=159&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Structural biology: Crystal-clear images pp824-825
doi:10.1038/465824a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=260&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Structural biology: Table of suppliers pp827-828
doi:10.1038/465827a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=264&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
Naturejobs
----------------------
News
Postdocs reap stem-cell funding benefits p831
Research grants offer new posts and routes to independence.
Karen Kaplan
doi:10.1038/nj7299-831a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=133&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Prospects
Faux scientist? p831
Having a laptop as a lab bench leads to mixed career prospects,
says Bryan Howie.
doi:10.1038/nj7299-831b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=135&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Special Report
Gender stop-gaps p832
Women are still underrepresented in academic science, and universities
are struggling to do something about it. But there are efforts afoot,
reports Robin Mejia.
doi:10.1038/nj7299-832a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=143&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
Penumbra p836
Welcome to the twilight zone.
Gregory Benford
doi:10.1038/465836a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=270&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
Advance Online Publication
----------------------
09 June 2010
The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people
Doron M. Behar et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09103
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=276&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=276&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Environmental context explains Levy and Brownian movement patterns of
marine predators
Nicolas E. Humphries et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09116
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=293&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=293&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism
spectrum disorders
Dalila Pinto et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09146
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=298&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=298&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
06 June 2010
Termination of autophagy and reformation of lysosomes regulated by mTOR
Li Yu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature09076
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=296&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=296&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
=========================== ADVERTISEMENT ===========================
Nature Chemistry – First anniversary highlights
To mark the first anniversary of Nature Chemistry, the editors have
put together their favourite articles from the first 12 issues.
The selection is free to view online until the end of June 2010.
Visit: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=22&m=34965574&r=MjA1NzcwMjE4MQS2&b=2&j=NzUzNTA5MTES1&mt=1&rt=0
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