Science X Newsletter Monday, Jun 17

Dear Reader ,

Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for June 17, 2019:

Spotlight Stories Headlines

Inducing an osteoarthritic (OA) phenotype in a cartilage-on-a-chip (COC) model

This assistive robot is controlled via brain-computer interface

Researchers develop new method for deriving 3-D protein structures from lab-designed DNA sequences, mutant genes

Meteors help Martian clouds form

First lung map uncovers new insights into asthma

How certain antibiotic combinations could defeat 'superbugs'

Rules of brain architecture revealed in large study of neuron shape and electrophysiology

Breakthrough paves way for new Lyme disease treatment

Researchers solve mystery of how gas bubbles form in liquid

Boaty McBoatface mission gives new insight into warming ocean abyss

Çatalhöyük: 9,000 years ago, a community with modern urban problems

A simple formula that could be useful for air purification, space propulsion, and molecular analyses

Toward artificial intelligence that learns to write code

Climate change had significant impact on Amazon communities before arrival of Europeans

The evolution of puppy dog eyes

Astronomy & Space news

	Meteors help Martian clouds form How did the Red Planet get all of its clouds? CU Boulder researchers may have discovered the secret: just add meteors.
	Womankind's giant leap: who will be the first female moonwalker? Who will take the giant leap for womankind?
	What happened to the Apollo goodwill moon rocks? US President Richard Nixon gave moon rocks collected by Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 astronauts to 135 countries around the world and the 50 US states as a token of American goodwill.
	'Moon Rock Hunter' on quest to track down Apollo gifts After Neil Armstrong took a "giant leap for mankind" on the Moon nearly 50 years ago and collected rocks and soil along the way, Richard Nixon presented lunar souvenirs to every nation—135, at the time.
	Scientists find sun's history buried in moon's crust The Sun is why we're here. It's also why Martians or Venusians are not.
	Apollo moon rocks help transform understanding of the universe Moon rocks look rather nondescript—they are often gray in color—but for NASA planetary scientist Samuel Lawrence, they are the "most precious materials on Earth."
	Man's first steps on the Moon, reported live by AFP It was 10:56 pm at mission control in Houston on July 20, 1969 when Neil Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon.
	Dust storms on Mars Dust is a critical component in the Martian atmosphere. It influences the atmosphere's circulation by heating or cooling it and is in turn redistributed around the planet by atmospheric winds. In this dust cycle, dust storms play a particularly important role. Storms are traditionally classified into local, regional and planet-encircling dust storms, with small, local storms occurring throughout the year but global storms being most active during the northern fall and winter seasons. A dust storm that spreads over a large enough region and that lasts long enough can significantly affect the visibility, thermal structure and atmospheric circulation. Such major dust storms often result from dust storm sequences that follow specific trajectories and display coherent development histories.
	This is what the ground looked like after inSight landed on Mars When InSight landed on Mars on Nov. 26th, 2018, it deployed a parachute to slow its descent through the thin Martian atmosphere. As it approached the surface, it fired its retro rocket to slow it even more, and then gently touched down on the surface. As it did so, its retro rockets excavated two small pits in the Martian soil.
	Image: Instant space selfies How many times have you taken a selfie and posted it instantly to your favourite social media channel? The Mercury Transfer Module of the BepiColombo spacecraft, currently en route to Mercury, is equipped with three 'selfie-cams' and this morning captured a series of snapshots and subsequently posted them to its Twitter account.
	Melting a satellite, a piece at a time Researchers took one of the densest parts of an Earth-orbiting satellite, placed it in a plasma wind tunnel then proceeded to melt it into vapour. Their goal was to better understand how satellites burn up during reentry, to minimise the risk of endangering anyone on the ground.
	NASA's Webb Sunshield undergoes rocket fitting, more testing NASA's James Webb Space Telescope's spacecraft element, which consists of the observatory's spacecraft bus and the sunshield, was put in the same folded-up configuration that it will be in when mounted on atop a rocket for launch in 2021.
	JFK Library launches app to celebrate Apollo 11 mission The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston is celebrating the 50th anniversary of the first moon landing with a new app that helps users relive the 1969 launch of the Apollo 11 mission.

Technology news

	This assistive robot is controlled via brain-computer interface Researchers at the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, in Italy, have recently developed a cutting-edge architecture that enables the operation of an assistive robot via a P300-based brain computer interface (BCI). This architecture, presented in a paper pre-published on arXiv, could finally allow people with severe motion disabilities to perform manipulation tasks, thus simplifying their lives.
	Toward artificial intelligence that learns to write code Learning to code involves recognizing how to structure a program, and how to fill in every last detail correctly. No wonder it can be so frustrating.
	Researchers explore RAMBleed attack in pilfering data Do you remember Rowhammer, where an attacker could flip bits in the memory space of other processes?
	I, Chatbot: Getting your news from a talkative automaton "Do you ever lie to your friends?," Jam asks, popping up in a private message box at the bottom of your screen.
	Facebook research focuses on lifelike environments for AI-powered assistants Virtual Robots have moved up to an elite platform dedicated to stepping up their game. The platform is dubbed AI Habitat.
	Tiny probe that senses deep in the lung set to shed light on disease A hair-sized probe that can measure key indicators of tissue damage deep in the lung has been developed by scientists.
	Facebook to unveil new cryptocurrency Facebook is set Tuesday to unveil a bid to bring cryptocurrency payments into the mainstream, reportedly with the endorsement of governments and financial giants.
	'Self-healing' polymer brings perovskite solar tech closer to market A protective layer of epoxy resin helps prevent the leakage of pollutants from perovskite solar cells (PSCs), according to scientists from the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST). Adding a "self-healing" polymer to the top of a PSC can radically reduce how much lead it discharges into the environment. This gives a strong boost to prospects for commercializing the technology.
	Teaching artificial intelligence to connect senses like vision and touch In Canadian author Margaret Atwood's book The Blind Assassin, she says that "touch comes before sight, before speech. It's the first language and the last, and it always tells the truth."
	New time-banking system utilizes blockchain tech to measure one's value to society Citizens from the island of Aneityum in the Republic of Vanuatu are working with faculty from Binghamton University, State University of New York to test their true value as humans.
	Researchers have success in detecting if images of faces were manipulated Make some noise for Adobe in its effort to detect fakery. They unleashed the powers of machine learning to automatically detect when images of faces have been manipulated.
	Target's tech trouble clogs stores with long checkout lines A glitch stalled checkout lines at Target stores worldwide Saturday, exasperating shoppers and potentially eating into sales at a prime time for retailers, the day before Father's Day.
	Mindfulness profits as meditation apps mature From the Zen capital of LA to the Champs Elysees comes the calming voice of a British Buddhist monk-turned entrepreneur, introducing American-style online mindfulness to the stressed-out French.
	Boeing's embattled chief faces tough crowd at Paris Air Show Boeing CEO Dennis Muilenburg will have his work cut out for him at the Paris Air Show this week as he tries to reassure airlines and industry partners over the fate of its flagship 737 MAX plane, indefinitely grounded after two fatal crashes.
	CEO: Boeing made mistake in handling warning-system problem The chief executive of Boeing said the company made a "mistake" in handling a problematic cockpit warning system in its 737 Max jets before two crashes killed 346 people and he promised transparency as the aircraft maker works to get the grounded plane back in flight.
	Huawei says US sanctions will cost it billions in revenue Huawei's founder said Monday that the Chinese telecom giant's revenue will be $30 billion less than forecast over the next two years, as he compared the company to a "badly damaged plane" as a result of U.S. government actions against it.
	Boeing apologizes for Max crashes as Airbus rakes in sales Boeing executives apologized Monday to airlines and families of victims of 737 Max crashes in Indonesia and Ethiopia, as the U.S. plane maker struggles to regain the trust of regulators, pilots and the global traveling public.
	Safety and pollution top of the agenda as Paris Air Show opens Aviation executives descended on the Paris Air Show on Monday with pledges to improve transparency over plane safety in the wake of the Boeing 737 MAX crisis and to reduce emissions.
	Europe takes new step toward future combat jet France, Germany and Spain on Monday unveiled a next-generation combat jet for European air forces, an ambitious project aimed at bringing together the continent's disparate military forces while offering an alternative to American planes.
	Canada drug store chain to use blockchain to trace cannabis Canada's biggest drug store chain said Monday it plans to use blockchain technology to trace the source of the cannabis it distributes, as part of an effort to set standards for the flourishing industry.
	Interview: Airbus is ready for pilotless jets - are you? The chief salesman for Airbus says his company already has the technology to fly passenger planes without pilots at all—and is working on winning over regulators and travelers to the idea.
	US auto workers at VW plant reject bid to unionize The United Auto Workers union has suffered a fresh defeat at a Volkswagen plant in Tennessee, with workers narrowly voting down a move to organize the factory for a second time.
	Lufthansa shares plunge after profit warning Shares in German airline giant Lufthansa plunged more than 12 percent on Monday after the group posted a profit warning.
	Ethiopian Airlines rejects 'pilot error' claim in US A US politician who blamed pilot error for contributing to the deadly crash of a Boeing 737 MAX flown by Ethiopian Airlines was "seriously misinformed", the carrier's boss has said.
	Renewable transportation fuels from water and carbon dioxide The transition from fossil to renewable fuels is one of the most important challenges of the future. The SUN-to-LIQUID project takes on this challenge by producing renewable transportation fuels from water and CO2 with concentrated sunlight: The project, which is funded by the EU and Switzerland, now succeeded to demonstrate the first synthesis of solar kerosene. "The SUN-to-LIQUID core solar technology and the integrated chemical plant were experimentally validated under real field conditions relevant to industrial implementation," said Prof. Aldo Steinfeld of ETH Zurich, who leads the solar thermochemical reactor development. "This technological demonstration can have important implications for the transportation sectors, especially for the long-haul aviation and shipping sectors which are strongly dependent on drop-in hydrocarbon fuels," announced project coordinator Dr. Andreas Sizmann of Bauhaus Luftfahrt, "we are now a step closer to living on a renewable 'energy income' instead of burning our fossil 'energy heritage." This is a necessary step to protect our environment."
	Drones for early detection of forest fires The UC3M's researchers coordinating the scientific part of the project, Fernando García y Abdulla al-Kaff, from the Department of Systems Engineering and Automation, have developed the complete automatic flight system, as well as the interface with which the emergency service can access information about what is occurring in real time.
	Is Elon Musk closing troublesome Twitter account or teasing? (Update) Tesla CEO Elon Musk abruptly revealed that he is closing the popular Twitter account that has repeatedly landed him in legal trouble, but then proceeded to keep it open long after announced he had deleted it.
	Jet Airways lenders to go to bankruptcy court Lenders to crippled Jet Airways said Monday they would start bankruptcy court proceedings after failing to find someone to take over the Indian carrier.
	Frontera named 5th fastest supercomputer in the world The Frontera supercomputer at the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) earned the #5 spot on the twice-annual Top 500 list , which ranks the world's most powerful non-distributed computer systems. Located at The University of Texas at Austin, the National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported Frontera is the fastest university supercomputer in the world.

Medicine & Health news

	First lung map uncovers new insights into asthma For the first time, researchers have mapped the building blocks of the human lungs and airways, in both asthma patients and normal people. The research from the Wellcome Sanger Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, Open Targets, GSK and collaborators revealed the identity of each cell type, creating the first draft Human Cell Atlas of the lung. They also discovered an entirely new cell state that produces mucus in asthma patients.
	Rules of brain architecture revealed in large study of neuron shape and electrophysiology To understand our brains, scientists need to know their components. This theme underlies a growing effort in neuroscience to define the different building blocks of the brain—its cells.
	Breakthrough paves way for new Lyme disease treatment Virginia Tech biochemist Brandon Jutras has discovered the cellular component that contributes to Lyme arthritis, a debilitating and extremely painful condition that is the most common late stage symptom of Lyme disease.
	Breakthrough in understanding how human eyes process 3-D motion Scientists at the University of York have revealed that there are two separate 'pathways' for seeing 3-D motion in the human brain, which allow people to perform a wide range of tasks such as catching a ball or avoiding moving objects.
	Hypertension drug may hold promise for Alzheimer's disease Seeking new treatments to slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease, researchers found the blood pressure drug nilvadipine increased blood flow to the brain's memory and learning center among people with Alzheimer's disease without affecting other parts of the brain, according to new research in the American Heart Association's journal Hypertension.
	How to reinvigorate exhausted immune cells and stop cancer along the way The human immune system relies on a delicate balance of finely tuned cell types that keep germs and cancerous cells in check. In cancer and chronic infections this balance can be disrupted, resulting in immune system dysfunction or "exhaustion." An important protein called TOX, which varies in amount in different immune cell types, controls the identity of the cells that become exhausted, according to researchers in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. With this knowledge, investigators now have a way to accurately identify immune cells that are exhausted in a tumor or site of an infection, which could allow clinicians to improve the effectiveness of patients' immune response to cancer treatments by reinvigorating exhausted T cells. This work is published this week in Nature.
	Breastmilk antibody protects preterm infants from deadly intestinal disease A new study from the University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh finds that an antibody in breastmilk is necessary to prevent necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)—an often deadly bacterial disease of the intestine—in preterm infants.
	Bright lights outdoors may help treat lazy eye in children The maturation of visual acuity in both amblyopia and myopia may be closely associated with the development of pathways signaling bright features in the brain, according to research published in the Journal of Neuroscience by SUNY College of Optometry doctoral candidate Carmen Pons Torres and colleagues in the laboratory of distinguished professor Dr. Jose-Manuel Alonso.
	The brain consumes half of a child's energy—and that could matter for weight gain Weight gain occurs when an individual's energy intake exceeds their energy expenditure—in other words, when calories in exceed calories out. What is less well understood is the fact that, on average, nearly half of the body's energy is used by the brain during early childhood.
	Pomegranate compound with anti-aging effects passes human trial Urolithin A, a metabolite of biomolecules found in pomegranates and other fruits, could help slow certain aging processes. EPFL spin-off Amazentis, in conjunction with EPFL and the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, has published a paper in the journal Nature Metabolism outlining the results of their clinical trial.
	Most metastatic colorectal cancers have spread before diagnosis, researchers say Up to 80% of metastatic colorectal cancers are likely to have spread to distant locations in the body before the original tumor has exceeded the size of a poppy seed, according to a study of nearly 3,000 patients by researchers at the Stanford University School of Medicine.
	Research highlights possible targets to help tackle Crohn's disease Affecting around 115,000 people in the UK alone, Crohn's Disease is a lifelong condition which sees parts of the digestive system become inflamed. There is no precise cure and causes are believed to vary. But one indicator of the condition—an abnormal reaction of the immune system to certain bacteria in the intestines—has had new light shed on it thanks to scientists at the University of Plymouth.
	A single gut enterotype linked to both inflammatory bowel disease and depression In 2012, Professor Jeroen Raes (VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology) launched the Flemish Gut Flora Project. Sequencing fecal samples of over 3,000 healthy volunteers, Prof. Raes and his team defined the boundaries of a normal, health-associated gut microbiota. Next, the team turned to patient groups to identify microbiome alterations associated with diseases. Recently, they described the so-called B2 enterotype, deficient in some anti-inflammatory bacteria. Today, their results on the high prevalence of this particular enterotype across multiple diagnoses are published in Nature Microbiology.
	Stem cells reprogrammed into neurons could reveal drugs harmful to pregnancy Pregnant women are often advised to avoid certain drugs because of potential risks to their unborn infant's growing brain cells. Such risks are difficult to pinpoint, though, because there are few ways to track the cellular mechanisms of a drug while the fetus is developing.
	Your circle of friends, not your Fitbit, is more predictive of your health Wearable fitness trackers have made it all too easy for us to make assumptions about our health. We may look to our heart rate to determine whether we really felt the stress of that presentation at work this morning, or think ourselves healthier based on the number of steps we've taken by the end of the day.
	Researchers identify enzyme that suppresses immune system in breast cancer Immunotherapies have transformed cancer care, but their successes have been limited for reasons that are both complex and perplexing.
	Repurposing existing drugs or combining therapies could help in the treatment of autoimmune diseases Research led by the University of Birmingham has found re-purposing already existing drugs or combining therapies could be used to treat patients who have difficult to treat autoimmune diseases.
	Facebook posts better at predicting diabetes, mental health than demographic info Language in Facebook posts may help identify conditions such as diabetes, anxiety, depression and psychosis in patients, according to a study from Penn Medicine and Stony Brook University researchers. It's believed that language in posts could be indicators of disease and, with patient consent, could be monitored just like physical symptoms. This study was published in PLOS ONE.
	Maine legalizes assisted suicide (HealthDay)—Maine has become the eighth state to legalize medically assisted suicide.
	Dogs trained to offer support to troubled US veterans Michael Kidd, now 84 years old, fought in the Korean War. His young German shepherd Millie helps calm him down when things start to swirl, usually at night.
	Tanzania 'in danger' following Ebola cases in neighbour Uganda: minister Tanzania's health minister issued an Ebola 'alert' Sunday after the disease, which has killed over 1,400 people in the Democratic Republic of Congo, appeared in their shared neighbour, Uganda.
	Study finds personal care products send a child to the emergency room every two hours In homes across the country, there are dangerous products hidden in plain sight on bathroom counters and bedroom dressers. Personal care products like shampoo, lotion, makeup, nail polish and cologne seem like they should be safe since they are intended for use on our bodies. However, in the hands of young children, these products can quickly lead to trouble. A new study conducted by researchers at the Center for Injury Research and Policy at Nationwide Children's Hospital found that 64,686 children younger than five years of age were treated in U.S. emergency departments for injuries related to personal care products from 2002 through 2016—that is the equivalent of about one child every two hours.
	Sleep history predicts late-life Alzheimer's pathology Sleep patterns can predict the accumulation of Alzheimer's pathology proteins later in life, according to a new study of older men and women published in JNeurosci. These findings could lead to new sleep-based early diagnosis and prevention measures in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
	Cognitive decline may accelerate after heart attack, angina Adults with incident coronary heart disease (CHD) are at higher risk for faster cognitive decline in the long-term, according to a study published today in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
	Fathers need to care for themselves as well as their kids—but often don't If you had to choose, which would you rather have: a healthy father or a good father?
	Hospitals may divert ambulances to avoid treating certain patients Some hospitals may strategically divert ambulances to avoid treating low‐paying patients who are uninsured or who have Medicaid, according to a recent analysis.
	Artificial nose identifies malignant tissue in brain tumours during surgery An artificial nose developed at Tampere University, Finland, helps neurosurgeons to identify cancerous tissue during surgery and enables more precise excision of tumors.
	Immune system can slow degenerative eye disease, mouse study shows A new study shows that the complement system, part of the innate immune system, plays a protective role to slow retinal degeneration in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa, an inherited eye disease. This surprising discovery contradicts previous studies of other eye diseases suggesting that the complement system worsens retinal degeneration. The research was performed by scientists at the National Eye Institute (NEI), part of the National Institutes of Health, and appears in the Journal of Experimental Medicine.
	Shedding light on 'black box' of inpatient opioid use People who receive opioids for the first time while hospitalized have double the risk of continuing to receive opioids for months after discharge compared with their hospitalized peers who are not given opioids, according to research led by scientists at the University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health.
Researchers identify strategies to help bystanders prevent sexual violence against women Young men can successfully intervene in peer groups to prevent sexual violence against women if they appeal to a shared sense of morality, according to a study led by a Georgia State University psychology researcher.
	Beware the teething trap. Many products don't work, and can even be dangerous If you imagine a teething child, what do you see? An irritable tot with a fever, in pain, and generally unwell?
	Here are the best parents to have around, according to youth sport coaches Youth sport is part of the fabric of family life for many families.
	Why it's hard to stop Ebola spreading—between people and across borders Ebola has claimed around 1400 lives in the Democratic Republic of Congo, while there are reports that two people have lost their lives in western Uganda. The Conversation Africa's Ozayr Patel asked Janusz Paweska about how the disease has spread and what can be done.
	Pfizer to buy Array BioPharma in deal worth $11.4 billion Pfizer is delving deeper into cancer research with a roughly $11.4 billion deal for Array BioPharma, a drug developer that has seen its shares soar since announcing positive clinical trial results earlier this spring.
	Suicide among older adults in long-term care suggests more is needed to promote mental, social well-being Clinicians, administrators and policymakers should consider ways to support the mental health and well-being of older adults as they go through residential transitions, according to a University of Michigan study that looked at deaths by suicide among people 55 and older.
	Patients missing out on arthritis drugs, shows study A class of drugs that has been successfully treating patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis should be made available for moderate suffers, too, University of Manchester scientists say.
	Vest helps athletes keep their cool Strategies to cope with body heat in sports is a pressing issue. The Tokyo Olympics will be held in the hot and muggy Japanese summer where the ambient temperature is expected to be above 33°C. Athletes have to worry about performing under pressure of the high-stakes competition but also now have to deal with a very hot and humid climate. The 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar will also have high temperatures and athletes must use cooling strategies during the competition. Professor Hiroshi Hasegawa of the Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University says that this is an increasing problem for athletes due to both competition timing and increased temperatures due to global warming.
	Study urges doctors to be on alert for deep vein thrombosis General practitioners and physicians are being urged to keep a careful eye on the potentially deadly condition of deep vein thrombosis because the signs and symptoms of DVT are non-specific and often difficult to diagnose, according to a review published today in the Medical Journal of Australia.
	Emotional violence in childhood, adolescence associated with suicidal thoughts Early exposure to emotional violence "significantly" increases the chances that youths will contemplate suicide, according to new research from three countries conducted by Washington University in St. Louis' Brown School.
	The Trebek effect: The benefits of well wishes Long-time "Jeopardy!" host Alex Trebek announced in March that he had been diagnosed with stage 4 pancreatic cancer. Within days, he offered thanks to "the hundreds of thousands of people who have sent emails, texts, tweets, and cards wishing me well regarded my health." Then last month, Trebek reported that his cancer was in "near remission," saying that his doctors "hadn't seen this kind of positive results in their memory."
	Music therapy improves the health of premature babies and boosts parental bonding Singing and playing music to your baby or young child may seem to be a no-brainer. We all have strong associations with nursery rhymes or childhood ditties sung to us by our parents and grandparents. We associate these with feelings of comfort and security, and it seems like the most natural thing in the world that we would sing to our own children as we cuddle and soothe them, or put them to bed.
	What does the dust in your home mean for your health? You vacuum it, sweep it and wipe it off your furniture. But do you know what it actually is—and how it may affect your health?
	A new tool that makes it possible to adapt treatment for patients with cardiogenic shock A joint research effort by the Hospital and the Instituto de Investigación Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP) is characterizing and studying a new cohort of cardiogenic shock patients to predict the risk of this heart attack-derived complication which, while infrequent, sometimes presents a fatal outcome. It is the first molecular study for risk prediction described for this disease and is based on a proteomic meta-analysis that has made it possible to discover biomarkers and validate their use in decision-making. The new method, combined with existing techniques, will help to implement more precise treatments. Moreover, the know-how has been patented and work is under way to transfer it to the immunological techniques widely used in clinical diagnosis, such as ELISA.
	Schizophrenia: Adolescence is the game-changer Schizophrenia causes hallucinations and memory or cognition problems inter alia. This psychiatric illness affects 0.5 percent of the general population, and it may be related to genetic abnormalities of chromosome 22, known as 22q11 deletion syndrome. However, not everyone who has the syndrome necessarily develops psychotic symptoms. So, what triggers the illness? Researchers at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, have provided an initial answer after observing and analysing several years of patients with deletion syndrome. The scientists found that the size of the hippocampus, the area of the brain responsible for memory and emotions, was smaller than normal but followed the same developmental curve as in healthy subjects. Yet, when the first psychotic symptoms appear—generally in adolescence—the hippocampus atrophies dramatically. The results, which you can read all about in the journal Molecular Psychiatry, open up new avenues for understanding the causes of schizophrenia.
	Physically demanding jobs linked to poor health in delayed retirement Men and women who have physically demanding jobs may experience poorer mental and physical health if they delay their retirement, new research led by Curtin University has found.
	Nurses more likely to test for HIV when practice setting supports routine screening Nurse practitioners are more likely to conduct HIV screenings if they feel that their colleagues support routine screenings, according to new research from Binghamton University, State University of New York. This comes in advance of National HIV Testing Day, taking place June 27.
	Testing therapies on mini-tumors of head and neck cancer Head and neck cancer is an aggressive type of cancer that often grows back, despite patients undergoing harsh treatments. Researchers of the Hubrecht Institute (KNAW) and UMC Utrecht succeeded in growing mini-tumors (or organoids) of head and neck cancers, that can be kept alive in the petri-dish for a long time. Else Driehuis, researcher at the Hubrecht Institute: "These mini-tumors can be used to better understand this complex disease. Moreover, organoids allow us to test both novel and existing therapies in the lab, without burdening the patient."
	Researchers question implanting IVC filters on prophylactic basis before bariatric surgery There are currently more than 200,000 bariatric surgeries being performed in the United States each year according to estimates from the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Blood clotting is of particular concern during and after these procedures given that obesity and post-surgical immobility are risk factors for developing blood clots, including venous thromboembolism (VTE), which is a blood clot that starts in a vein—often in the deep veins of the leg, groin or arm. This type of VTE is known as deep vein thrombosis, or DVT. A venous clot can break off and travel to the lungs, causing a life-threatening condition called pulmonary embolism (PE). Inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) are sometimes implanted prophylactically prior to bariatric surgery in an attempt to reduce post-surgical PE rates. IVCFs are small-basket-like devices made of wire that are inserted into the inferior vena cava, a large vein that returns blood from the lower body to the heart and lungs, to catch the blood clots before they reach the lungs.
Study finds bleeding after minimally invasive pad treatments can increase risk of death Major bleeding occurs in about 4 percent of surgical procedures to treat blockages in the arteries of the lower leg and leads to an increased risk of in-hospital deaths, according to a new study published in JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions. The study found several risk factors that increase the chance of bleeding, which researchers said can help guide future efforts to reduce bleeding complications. The study is the first published research using NCDR PVI Registry data.
	More heart failure patients may benefit from CRT defibrillator Certain groups of heart failure patients may see improved heart function with cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) if traditional implantable cardioverter defibrillator treatment does not work, according to research published today in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
Brain disease kills more than 100 Indian children More than 100 children in the Indian state of Bihar—home to some of the country's worst health indicators—have now been killed by a brain virus potentially linked to lychees, officials said.
	Young adults who live near medical marijuana dispensaries use more often Young adults who live in neighborhoods with more medical marijuana dispensaries use marijuana more frequently than their peers and have more-positive views about the drug, according to a new RAND Corporation study.
	Study shows 70% of patients lack advance directives before elective surgery The majority of people visiting preoperative testing clinics before an elective surgery do not have an advance directive (AD) in case of surgical complications. This can lead to situations where patients' families are forced to make tough decisions about their loved one's care.
	Do video games drive obesity? A chubby teen lolling on the sofa for hours on end, the game controller in one hand, a bag of crisps at his side and a bottle of coke on the coffee table. This is the mental picture many people have of the typical gamer. Along with this goes the widespread notion that frequent gaming contributes to obesity. Is this justified?
	Scientists use machine learning to improve gut disease diagnosis A study published in the open access journal JAMA Open Network June 14 by scientists at the University of Virginia schools of Engineering and Medicine and the Data Science Institute says machine learning algorithms applied to biopsy images can shorten the time for diagnosing and treating a gut disease that often causes permanent physical and cognitive damage in children from impoverished areas.
	Molecular analysis could improve the early detection and prevention of endometrial cancer The use of molecular biomarkers in minimally invasive sampling opens a promising perspective for the early detection of endometrial cancer. This is the conclusion reached by the members of Screenwide research group, formed by researchers from the Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-Hospitalet). The article that they have prepared, and that has been published in the International Journal of Cancer, highlights the gaps that exist in current knowledge to accelerate the implementation of new technologies, with the aim of improving the screening and the early detection in clinical environments of this type of women cancer.
	Study underscores role of menthol cigarettes in smoking cessation For decades, Big Tobacco has sold African American smokers on menthol-flavored cigarettes through targeted marketing campaigns. That's among the reasons why, in the U.S., black smokers who prefer menthols are 12% less likely to quit smoking compared to non-menthol users, according to the results of a newly published study.
	Topical cream shows promise in treatment of skin pigmentation disease, vitiligo A nationwide phase II clinical trial, coordinated out of Tufts Medical Center in Boston, has found that a topical cream was extremely effective in reversing the effects of vitiligo, a relatively common autoimmune disease that causes loss of skin pigmentation. Topical application of the medicated cream, ruxolitinib, which is currently used as an oral treatment for certain blood disorders, resulted in substantial improvement of facial vitiligo symptoms in nearly half of the trial's participants. Results of the clinical trial were presented by David Rosmarin, MD, Dermatologist at Tufts Medical Center and Primary Investigator for the study, on Saturday, June 15, at the World Congress of Dermatology in Milan, Italy.
	Antioxidant puts up fight, but loses battle against protein linked to Alzheimer's disease New research may explain why an antioxidant that protects the brain is also associated with deterioration in areas susceptible to Alzheimer's disease.
	Cold weather increases the risk of fatal opioid overdoses Cold weather snaps are followed by a marked increase in fatal opioid overdoses, a new study finds.
	Study finds health professionals need to be cautious on social media For health professionals, posting a single negative comment to their Facebook profiles may hinder their credibility with current or potential clients, a new University of Guelph study reveals.
	Farm-like indoor microbiota may protect children from asthma in urban homes too Earlier research has shown that growing up on a farm with animals may as much as half the risk of asthma and allergies. The protective effect is thought to be attributable to the diverse microbial exposures encountered on farms.
	Heading to Europe this summer? Get your measles shot (HealthDay)—As Europe deals with its biggest measles outbreaks since the 1990s, U.S. health officials are urging travelers to be up-to-date on vaccination.
	How much fat do you really need? (HealthDay)—With all the attention that the very high-fat Keto diet is getting, you might be wondering how much fat is healthy and how much your body really needs every day to thrive.
	How to recognize early learning challenges in kids (HealthDay)—Many children have difficulty with learning at some point, but those with learning disabilities often have several specific and persistent signs, which can start in preschool years. Recognizing them as soon as possible allows a child to get needed help and make better progress.
	High soy intake may cut fracture risk in younger breast cancer survivors (HealthDay)—Higher soy consumption is linked to fewer osteoporotic fractures in younger breast cancer survivors, according to a study published online May 21 in JNCI Cancer Spectrum.
	Recommendations developed to prepare children for camp (HealthDay)—In a policy statement issued by the American Academy of Pediatrics and published online June 17 in Pediatrics, recommendations are presented for the preparation of children for summer camps.
	New DNA test beats others at hunting down germs that inflame the brain, study finds Right now, neurologists don't have one test that can identify multiple causes of inflammatory neurological diseases such as encephalitis and meningitis. But UC San Francisco researchers say their new DNA test hunted down more of these pathogens than any conventional test did in a newly released study.
	Dietary supplements are a waste of money for most seeking to avoid dementia, experts say Sales of purported brain-health supplements such as fish oil and jellyfish are expected to reach $5.8 billion by 2023, but in a report released recently, an AARP panel of brain experts called them a huge waste of money for healthy seniors seeking to avoid or reverse dementia.
	Poor oral health linked to a 75% increase in liver cancer risk, new study finds The study, by researchers at Queen's University Belfast, analysed a large cohort of over 469,000 people in the UK, investigated the association between oral health conditions and the risk of a number of gastrointestinal cancers, including liver, colon, rectum and pancreatic cancer. Models were applied to estimate the relationship between cancer risk and self-reported oral health conditions, such as painful or bleeding gums, mouth ulcers and loose teeth.
	FDA overlooked red flags in drugmaker's testing of new depression medicine Ketamine is a darling of combat medics and clubgoers, an anesthetic that can quiet your pain without suppressing breathing and a hallucinogenic that can get you high with little risk of a fatal overdose.
LGBTQ awareness lacking among American neurologists, new survey finds A first-of-its-kind survey of American neurologists reveals that more than half carry the mistaken belief that a patient's sexual orientation and gender identity have no bearing on treatment of neurologic illness.
	Researchers call for personalized approach to aging brain health People are living longer than ever before, but brain health isn't keeping up. To tackle this critical problem, a team of researchers has proposed a new model for studying age-related cognitive decline—one that's tailored to the individual.
Underenrollment in clinical trials: Patients not the problem The increasing sophistication of cancer treatments threatens to outpace the ability of health care providers to enroll patients in clinical trials to test those therapies. That's a key finding by researchers in UT Southwestern's new Department of Population and Data Sciences.
	Cancer-sniffing dogs 97% accurate in identifying lung cancer: study Three beagles successfully showed they are capable of identifying lung cancer by scent, a first step in identifying specific biomarkers for the disease. Researchers say the dogs' abilities may lead to development of effective, safe and inexpensive means for mass cancer screening.
	Tanning industry uses promos, cheap prices to lure adolescents and young adults Everyone knows cigarette smoking causes cancer and as a result, prices and advertising are closely regulated to discourage youth from starting. But another cancer risk, indoor tanning, which has been shown to cause melanoma, lags in regulation. Researchers at the Colorado School of Public Health have found that the tanning industry uses marketing strategies that appeal to adolescents and young adults, including unlimited tanning packages, discounts, and even offering free tanning when paired with other services like an apartment rental or gym membership.
	Lumping all Hispanic Americans together masks the differences in cancer outcomes A San Diego State University study is among the first to describe trends in cancer mortality by specific Hispanic group for the 10 leading causes of cancer deaths nationwide.
	What influences critical care doctors in withdrawing life support for patients with brain injury? Decisions to withdraw life support treatments in critically ill patients with severe brain injury are complicated, are based on many factors, and are usually made by critical care physicians and families in the intensive care unit. A study in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal) provides new understanding on the decision-making processes for this patient population, which accounts for most hospital deaths from trauma.
	Preventing hepatitis C transmission from mothers to babies Hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission from mothers to babies could largely be prevented if Canada recommended universal screening for HCV in pregnancy, argues a commentary in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal).
	Sights are set on better understanding vision-damaging keratoconus It's an eye condition where genetics and environmental factors like ultraviolet light and vigorous eye rubbing conspire to make the usual curvature of the cornea more pointy, leaving us with double vision and nearsighted.
	Healthy blood vessels may delay cognitive decline High blood pressure may affect conditions such as Alzheimer's disease by interfering with the brain's waste management system, according to new research in rats published in JNeurosci. Maintaining blood vessel health could therefore help stave off cognitive decline.
	Balancing data protection and research needs in the age of the GDPR Scientific journals and funding bodies often require researchers to deposit individual genetic data from studies in research repositories in order to increase data sharing with the aim of enabling the reproducibility of new findings, as well as facilitating new discoveries. However, the introduction of new regulations such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) can complicate this, according to the results of a study to be presented at the annual conference of the European Society of Human Genetics today.
	Discovery of new mutations may lead to better treatment Developmental disorders are neurologically-based conditions that affect the acquisition of specific skills such as attention, memory, language and social interaction. Although they have a genetic cause, this is often difficult to detect through standard genetic analysis of the parents. The mutation found in the affected child is therefore termed a 'de novo' mutation (DNM).
	Identifying the risk of recurrence of developmental disorder in future pregnancies Having a child with a developmental disorder can cause parents to worry about the outcome of further pregnancies. In cases where the genetic mutation causing the disorder is not present in either parent, it is assumed to be a one-off event with a very small chance of recurrence. But in some families, the risk of having another affected child is as high as 50 percent. Identifying such high-risk families and providing an accurate assessment of their chances of having a unaffected child is therefore a high priority for clinical geneticists.
	Genetic study of the causes of excess liver iron may lead to better treatment High levels of iron in the liver are linked to a number of serious health conditions including cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular as well as liver disease. But measuring liver iron is difficult and until recently could only be done through an invasive biopsy.
	Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis for fetal sickle cell disease moves a step closer Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a form of anemia that is inherited when both parents are carriers of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. Currently, it can only be diagnosed in pregnancy by carrying out an invasive test that has a small risk of miscarriage and is therefore sometimes declined by parents. Now, researchers from Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Viapath Analytics, London, UK, in collaboration with non-invasive healthcare company Nonacus Ltd., Birmingham, UK, have developed a non-invasive prenatal test for the disease, the annual conference of the European Society of Human Genetics will hear tomorrow.
	Kenya reassures public after Ebola false alarm Kenya sought to reassure the public and foreign visitors on Monday after a suspected Ebola case, which turned out to be negative, was detected near the border with Uganda.
	O2Amp 'Oxy-Iso' glasses ineffective at curing colour-blindness The below study is part of a wider project being conducted at the Department of Optics of the University of Granada, Spain, to investigate various aids marketed as being able to "improve" colour vision among colour-blind people. In 2018, the researchers demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the Cx-65 glasses produced by another company, EnChroma.
Three quarters of Americans concerned about burnout among healthcare professionals Nearly three-quarters (74%) of Americans are concerned about burnout among healthcare professionals, according to new survey data released today by ASHP (American Society of Health-System Pharmacists). The results follow a 2018 study in the American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy (AJHP) that found 53 percent of pharmacists self-reported a high degree of burnout caused by increasing stresses and demands.
	Immuno-PET precisely diagnoses IBD inflammation without invasive procedures Inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can be quickly and precisely diagnosed using a new type of nuclear medicine scan, according to research published in the June issue of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine. Using immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) to image monoclonal antibodies directed against specific innate immune cell markers, investigators were able to effectively assess IBD in murine models. In addition, immuno-PET has high potential for theranostic diagnosis and precision treatment of IBD and other inflammatory diseases.
	Researchers report longest duration of therapeutic gene expression A therapeutic gene delivered into the spinal canal of infant rhesus monkeys was still being expressed after nearly 4 years, with no evidence of acute or chronic neuronal toxicity, according to a new study published in Human Gene Therapy.

Biology news

	Inducing an osteoarthritic (OA) phenotype in a cartilage-on-a-chip (COC) model In an aging population, the social impact of osteoarthritis (OA) can dramatically increase to become the most common musculoskeletal disease. However, at present, therapies are limited to palliative treatments or surgical intervention alone, since disease-modifying OA (DMOA) drugs are scarce, primarily due to the absence of relevant preclinical models of the disease. As a result, tissue engineers and materials scientists aim to develop in vitro models for reliably predicting the efficacy of the requisite DMOA drugs.
	Researchers develop new method for deriving 3-D protein structures from lab-designed DNA sequences, mutant genes Sequencing the first human genome was a herculean effort that took 13 years, hundreds of researchers around the globe and billions of dollars.
	How certain antibiotic combinations could defeat 'superbugs' A sneaky form of antibiotic resistance called "heteroresistance" is more widespread than previously appreciated, scientists at the Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center report.
	The evolution of puppy dog eyes Dogs have evolved new muscles around the eyes to better communicate with humans.
	Study reveals new genomic roots of ecological adaptation in polar bear evolution Scientists from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, Vanderbilt University and Clark University have shed new light on the genomic foundation of the polar bear's ecological adaption by pinpointing rapid changes in the bear's gene copy numbers in response to a diet shifting from vegetation to meat.
	The complex fate of Antarctic species in the face of a changing climate Oxygen concentrations in both the open ocean and coastal waters have declined by 2-5% since at least the middle of the 20th century.
	To help the bees, protect the prairie California almond farmers who depend on commercial bee hives to pollinate their lucrative crops would benefit from increased efforts to protect essential bee foraging territory in northern prairie states, according a University of California, Berkeley, researcher.
	Sequencing the almond reveals how it went from bitter to sweet A team of researchers with members from Spain, Switzerland, Denmark and Italy has found the genetic difference between bitter wild almonds and the sweet domesticated variety. In their paper published in the journal Science, the group describes how they sequenced the almond genome and then compared sections of it in bitter and sweet varieties until they found the sequence that was different.
	Enzymes that can transform blood type A to O found in human gut biome A team of researchers at the University of British Columbia has found two types of enzymes that together, can transform type A blood to type O blood in the human gut biome. In their paper published in the journal Nature Microbiology, the group describes their metagenomic study of bacteria in human feces and what they found.
	Rinsing system in stomach protects the teeth of ruminants When they graze, goats, sheep and cows often ingest bits of earth that can be damaging to their teeth. Researchers from the University of Zurich have now shown how the animals protect themselves against dental abrasion: Their stomach system rinses dust and sand off the ingested food before it is chewed for the second time.
	Wheat myth debunked by a major new study The myth that modern wheat varieties are more heavily reliant on pesticides and fertilisers is debunked by new research published in Nature Plants today.
	Tracking life's first step: Two molecules 'awaken' brand new genome Within hours after fertilization, a unique genome forms from chromosomes contributed by the egg and sperm. However, this new genome is initially inactive and must be "awakened" to begin the transcription of its DNA and start embryonic development. How life's first step happens has long fascinated developmental biologists.
	Dinoflagellate plankton glow so that their predators won't eat them Some dinoflagellate plankton species are bioluminescent, with a remarkable ability to produce light to make themselves and the water they swim in glow. Now, researchers reporting in Current Biology on June 17 have found that for one dinoflagellate species (Lingulodinium polyedra), this bioluminescence is also a defense mechanism that helps them ward off the copepod grazers that would like to eat them.
	RNR 'switch' offers hope in battling antibiotic resistant bacteria New research from Cornell University offers a new pathway for targeting pathogens in the fight against antibiotic resistant bacteria.
	Snack peppers find acceptance with reduced seed count John Stommel of the Agricultural Research Service of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS) has investigated the desirability for, and practicality of, producing snack peppers, both sweet and hot, with low seed count.
	High tunnels for specialty crops: The hope and the hinderance A study out of Indiana and Purdue Universities sought to gain a better understanding, from the perspective of farmers, of the challenges and advantageous opportunities associated with using high tunnels for specialty crops in Indiana.
Controlling temperatures for inexpensive plant experiments A study out of Clemson University has demonstrated that inexpensive, easy-to-use temperature controllers are able to provide reliable set temperatures for the detailed observation of developmental rates in response to different temperature treatments.
	Zero elephants poached in a year in top Africa wildlife park One of Africa's largest wildlife preserves is marking a year without a single elephant found killed by poachers, which experts call an extraordinary development in an area larger than Switzerland where thousands of the animals have been slaughtered in recent years.
	France's 'wolf brigade': Alps guards with licence to kill As the sun sets over the southern French Alps on a cool evening in early June, a flock of sheep huddle in an enclosure at an altitude of 1,500 metres.
Overflowing Great Lakes pose new threat for endangered bird Peering through a spotting scope mounted on a tripod, researcher Alice Van Zoeren notices a piping plover skittering across a sandy, pebble-strewn Lake Michigan beach and hopping into a nest, swapping places with its mate.
	Palau changes ocean sanctuary plan to allow Japan fishing The Pacific nation of Palau has amended plans to create a huge marine reserve so Japanese fishing boats still have partial access to its waters.
	Parasites affect host responses to environmental change Ignoring the role of parasites may lead to a misinterpretation of organism responses to environmental change, according to an Innovative Viewpoints article by ecologists from the University of Georgia. Their paper, "To improve ecological understanding, collect infection data," presents case studies in which host-parasite relationship and infection data affected the interpretation of ecological outcomes. The study is published in Ecosphere.
	Stressed sheep fleeced for their genes Genetics play a large factor in determining the temperament of sheep and how they react to stress, a study carried out by The University of Western Australia has found.
	Preventing drugs from being transported from cells An international research team has investigated the transport mechanism of a bacterial membrane protein using an artificially produced antibody fragment. The transport proteins, called ABC exporters, are present, for instance, in the cell membranes of bacteria and in large quantities in cancer cells and are responsible for transporting small molecules out of the cells. Some transporters can pump antibiotics or chemotherapy agents out of the cells, thus rendering therapies ineffective. In the current study, researchers worked with isolated ABC exporters and showed how substrate transport is related to the energy drive of the protein and how both can be modified by an antibody fragment or by mutations. The results were published in the journal Nature Communications on 21 May 2019.
	Study looks at pain relief for piglets from medicated mother's milk New findings by researchers at the Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine suggest potential pain relief for piglets by administering medicine through the act of nursing.
	Turning up the heat on pathogenic bacteria Pathogenic bacteria come alive at the metabolic level when they enter the warmth of the human gut, firing up genes that encode toxins and other compounds harmful to our bodies. A KAUST-led study shows how a critical bacterial protein senses changes in temperature to slacken DNA strands and boost gene expression in diarrhea-inducing bugs.
	Lynx in Turkey: Noninvasive sample collection provides insights into genetic diversity Little is known about the biology and the genetic status of the Caucasian Lynx (Lynx lynx dinniki), a subspecies of the Eurasian lynx distributed across portions of Turkey, the Caucasus region and Iran. To collect baseline genetic, ecological, and behavioural data and assist future conservation efforts, a team of scientists from the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (Leibniz-IZW) collected data and samples in a region of Anatolian Turkey over several years. They were particularly interested in the question whether non-invasive samples (faeces, hair) were helpful to discern genetic diversity of the study population. The results of the genetic analyses indicated an unexpectedly high genetic diversity and lack of inbreeding despite the recent isolation of the study population, a result that would not have been obtained with the use of conventional samples. The data also revealed that females stay near home ranges in which they were born whereas males disperse after separation from their mothers. These insights into the genetics and behaviour of the Caucasian Lynx are published in the scientific journal PLOS ONE.
	Managing the risk of aggressive dog behavior Aggressive behaviour in pet dogs is a serious problem for dog owners across the world, with bite injuries representing a serious risk to both people and other dogs. New research by the University of Bristol has explored the factors that in?uence how owners manage aggressive behaviour in their dogs. The study found that clinical animal behaviourists should focus on helping dog owners to feel confident in the effectiveness of the behaviour modification techniques that they recommend and, in their ability, to actually use them successfully.
	Bees required to create an excellent blueberry crop Getting an excellent rabbiteye blueberry harvest requires helpful pollinators—particularly native southeastern blueberry bees—although growers can bring in managed honey bees to do the job, according to Agricultural Research Service (ARS) scientists.
	Researchers testing ways to make aspen-dominated forests resilient to climate change In an aspen-dominated hardwood forest at the northern tip of the state's Lower Peninsula, University of Michigan scientists are testing ways to make the region's forests more resilient to climate change.
	Coat the ravens evermore? To protect tortoises, officials test spraying oil into birds' nests The sun was rising over the Mojave Desert as crews prepared to demonstrate a devastating new weapon in the war among man, bird and reptile.
	Looming insect invasion threatens California wine and avocados UC Riverside is testing whether a sesame seed-sized wasp can control a pest that could seriously damage California crops including wine, walnuts, and avocados.
	Biting backfire: Some mosquitoes actually benefit from pesticide application The common perception that pesticides reduce or eliminate target insect species may not always hold. Jennifer Weathered and Edd Hammill report that the impacts of agricultural pesticides on assemblages of aquatic insects varied resulting in distinct ecological winners and losers within aquatic communities. While pesticides reduced many species, the evolution of pesticide resistance allowed the mosquito Wyeomyia abebala to actually benefit from the application of the pesticide-Dimenthoate. This benefit appeared to occur as pesticide-resistant mosquitoes were able to colonize habitats that had reduced numbers of predators and competitors due to the direct effects of Dimenthoate. Their results are reported in a recent issue of Oecologia.
	Audubon intervenes to protect ocean monument for puffins The National Audubon Society is getting involved in a lawsuit over the future of a national monument in the ocean off New England because of the area's importance to seabirds, especially colorfully beaked puffins.
	Rescued bear cub goes missing in southwest France A malnourished bear cub found wandering alone through a French village last week has escaped from the home of its appointed carer, triggering a major search, local authorities said Monday.
	600 people on Monsanto 'watch lists' in Germany, France: Bayer US seeds and pesticides maker Monsanto kept lists of around 600 key pro- and anti-pesticides figures in Germany and France alone, its German parent company Bayer said Monday amid a widening probe.

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