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Here is your customized Science X Newsletter for December 5, 2018:
Spotlight Stories Headlines
Astronomy & Space news
 | Bringing balance to the universe: New theory could explain missing 95 percent of the cosmosScientists at the University of Oxford may have solved one of the biggest questions in modern physics, with a new paper unifying dark matter and dark energy into a single phenomenon: a fluid which possesses 'negative mass." If you were to push a negative mass, it would accelerate towards you. This astonishing new theory may also prove right a prediction that Einstein made 100 years ago. |
 | Mantle neon illuminates Earth's formationThe Earth formed relatively quickly from the cloud of dust and gas around the Sun, trapping water and gases in the planet's mantle, according to research published Dec. 5 in the journal Nature. Apart from settling Earth's origins, the work could help in identifying extrasolar systems that could support habitable planets. |
 | Unusual ultraluminous X-ray source discovered in the galaxy Messier 86Using data provided by NASA's Chandra spacecraft, astronomers have identified a new unusual ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in the elliptical galaxy Messier 86. The newly found ULX, designated M86 tULX-1, resides some 62,000 light years away from the galaxy's center. The finding is reported in a paper published November 26 on arXiv.org. |
 | The 'camera that saved Hubble' turns 25Twenty-five years ago this week, NASA held its collective breath as seven astronauts on space shuttle Endeavour caught up with the Hubble Space Telescope 353 miles (568 kilometers) above Earth. Their mission: to fix a devastating flaw in the telescope's primary mirror. |
 | A radio search for artificial emissions from 'OumuamuaIt's the first time a visitor from another star system has been seen nearby. But what is it? An asteroid, a comet … or an alien artifact? |
 | SpaceX launches cargo, but fails to land rocketSpaceX on Wednesday blasted off its unmanned Dragon cargo ship, loaded with supplies, science experiments and food for the astronauts living at the International Space Station but failed to successfully land its booster afterwards. |
 | Key components of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument are installed atop the Mayall TelescopeKey components for the sky-mapping Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), weighing about 12 tons, were hoisted atop the Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) near Tucson, Arizona, and bolted into place Wednesday, marking a major project milestone. |
 | A meteor may have exploded in the air 3,700 years ago, obliterating communities near the Dead SeaA meteor that exploded in the air near the Dead Sea 3,700 years ago may have wiped out communities, killed tens of thousands of people, and provided the kernel of truth to an old Bible story. The area is in modern-day Jordan, in a 25 km wide circular plain called Middle Ghor. Most of the evidence for this event comes from archaeological evidence excavated at the Bronze Age city of Tall el-Hammam located in that area, which some scholars say is the city of Sodom from the Bible. |
 | BepiColombo now firing on all cylindersBepiColombo, the joint ESA/JAXA spacecraft on a mission to Mercury, is now firing its thrusters for the first time in flight. |
 | First light for SPECULOOSThe SPECULOOS Southern Observatory (SSO) has been successfully installed at the Paranal Observatory and has obtained its first engineering and calibration images—a process known as first light. After finishing this commissioning phase, this new array of planet-hunting telescopes will begin scientific operations, starting in earnest in January 2019. |
 | Christmas turkey, fruitcake rocketing toward space stationChristmas turkey rocketed toward the International Space Station on Wednesday, along with cranberry sauce, candied yams and the obligatory fruitcake. |
 | Image: Researching supersonic flightThis image of the horizon was seen from the cockpit of NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center's F/A-18 research aircraft during a flight in support of the Quiet Supersonic Flights 2018 research series, or QSF18. NASA test pilots performed the quiet supersonic dive maneuver off the coast of Galveston, Texas, creating a quieter version of the sonic boom to obtain recruited community survey feedback data. |
 | Ariane 5's sixth launch this yearAn Ariane 5, operated by Arianespace, has delivered the GSAT-11 and Geo-Kompsat-2A satellites into their planned orbits. |
Technology news
 | A ToM-based human intention estimation algorithm for robotized warehousesThe rapid growth of logistics businesses has generated a need for more evolved and efficient warehouse systems. Advances in robotics could help to meet these needs by automating tasks that are currently completed by humans, significantly speeding up the workflow. |
 | New attack could make website security captchas obsoleteResearchers have created new artificial intelligence that could spell the end for one of the most widely used website security systems. |
 | Google's robotic spinoff launches ride-hailing serviceGoogle's self-driving car spinoff is finally ready to try to profit from its nearly decade-old technology. |
 | Plant cyborg able to move itself to a preferred light sourceA team of researchers at the MIT Media Lab built a cyborg that combines a plant with electronics and ultimately allows the plant to choose when it would like to move to a brighter spot. The cyborg is the brainchild of team leader Harpreet Sareen, and he has named it Elowan. |
 | StorySign app converts text in children's books to sign languageA team of researchers and engineers at Huawei AI has come up with a unique way to help deaf children learn to read sign language—by using AI and augmented reality to interpret printed books. They have also hit on a way to help deaf children develop enjoyment in reading. |
 | Drones collaboratively explore scenarios with limited communicationsCommunication is key for any team trying to collaboratively complete a task, whether it is comprised of people or autonomous robots. But while people can use intuition and experience to manage unforeseen circumstances, a robot cannot operate outside of its programming. |
 | Wind power vulnerable to climate change in IndiaThe warming of the Indian Ocean, caused by global climate change, may be causing a slow decline in wind power potential in India, according to a new study from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) and the Harvard China Project. |
 | AI made them do it: Nvidia explores the what-if of training a model to draw new worldsHere is a word string you can ponder: AI interactive graphics. Nvidia is the main act. The GPU brainiacs are fully behind a next chapter, "AI," for the graphics industry. Awesome things happen when you bring a neural network system to the table for virtual worlds based on video footage. |
 | New technology helps the visually impaired reach for the starsAn app developed by a University of Queensland student is helping the visually impaired navigate the stars and planets in our solar system. |
 | Russian tech giant Yandex unveils first smartphoneRussian internet giant Yandex on Wednesday launched its first ever smartphone in a highly anticipated move into hardware that builds on popular service apps. |
 | New material could be the answer to infrastructure woesIn the early 1990s, Victor Li, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Michigan, developed Engineered Cementitious Composites, also known as ductile or bendable concrete. More than 20 years later, researchers at LSU are close to bringing this material to mass adoption, producing a cost-effective ECC that utilizes readily available ingredients. Furthermore, through testing to-date, it has proven far superior to traditional concrete and could greatly improve the transportation infrastructure in this region. |
 | Using drones to simplify film animationProducing realistic animated film figures is a highly complex technical endeavour. ETH researchers have now shown how drones can be used to greatly reduce the effort required in the process. |
 | We asked artificial intelligence to analyze a graphic novel – and found both limits and new insightsWith one spouse studying the evolution of artificial and natural intelligence and the other researching the language, culture and history of Germany, imagine the discussions at our dinner table. We often experience the stereotypical clash in views between the quantifiable, measurement-based approach of natural science and the more qualitative approach of the humanities, where what matters most is how people feel something, or how they experience or interpret it. |
 | Fine-tuning renewables could help Texas balance energy resourcesTiming and placement of wind and solar power facilities are critical factors for Texas electricity providers that juggle their output with other resources to provide a balanced flow of energy. Rice University researchers have some suggestions on how they can integrate widely varying sources more efficiently. |
 | Facebook accused of giving access to users' dataA British parliamentary committee accused Facebook on Wednesday of giving companies such as Netflix preferential access to users' data even after it tightened its privacy rules in 2014-15. |
 | Britain's BT scrubs China's Huawei from 4G networkBritain's largest mobile provider revealed on Wednesday it was stripping the equipment of China's telecoms giant Huawei from its core 4G cellular network after similar moves by the United States and New Zealand. |
 | Panama awards $1.4 bn bridge project to Chinese groupThe government of Panama awarded Tuesday a Chinese consortium a $1.4 billion contract to build a bridge over the Panama Canal, a day after a visit by President Xi Jinping. |
 | Shareholders agree to Takeda's $60bn Shire acquisitionJapanese drug giant Takeda's mammoth $60-billion takeover of Irish pharmaceuticals firm Shire has been approved by both sets of shareholders, the pair said Wednesday. |
 | Cuba to begin full internet access for mobile phonesCuba announced Tuesday night that its citizens will be offered full internet access for mobile phones beginning this week, becoming one of the last nations to offer such service. |
UK union loses challenge to Deliveroo over drivers' statusBritain's High Court has ruled that Deliveroo riders do not have the right to collective bargaining—the latest in a series of rulings as U.K. courts grapple with the rise of the so-called "gig economy." | |
 | Documents show Facebook used user data as competitive weapon (Update)Internal Facebook documents released by a U.K. parliamentary committee offer the clearest evidence yet that the social network has used its enormous trove of user data as a competitive weapon, often in ways designed to keep its users in the dark. |
Guiding the smart growth of artificial intelligenceA new paper published in AI Communications provides a comprehensive look at the development of an ethical framework, code of conduct, and value-based design methodologies for AI researchers and application developers in Europe. The "Barcelona Declaration for the Proper Development and Usage of Artificial Intelligence in Europe" was launched in the spring of 2017 at the B-Debate event in Barcelona, to stimulate further discussion among policy makers, industry leaders, researchers and application developers on AI's opportunities and risks in the current "gold rush" environment. | |
Medicine & Health news
 | Friend or foe? Brain area that controls social memory also triggers aggressionColumbia scientists have identified a brain region that helps tell an animal when to attack an intruder and when to accept it into its home. This brain area, called CA2, is part of the hippocampus, a larger brain structure known to be critical for our memory of people, places, things and events. |
 | Scientists design way to track steps of cells' developmentScientists at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have developed a new tool described as a "flight data recorder" for developing cells, illuminating the paths cells take as they progress from one type to another. |
 | Researchers classify Alzheimer's patients in six subgroupsResearchers studying Alzheimer's disease have created an approach to classify patients with Alzheimer's disease, a finding that may open the door for personalized treatments. |
 | First baby born via uterus transplanted from dead donorIn a medical first, a mother who received a uterus transplant from a dead donor gave birth to a healthy baby, researchers reported Wednesday. |
 | Scientists identify 'youth factor' in blood cells that speeds fracture repairFor a child, recovering from a broken bone is typically a short-lived, albeit painful, convalescence. But for older adults, it can be a protracted and potentially life-threatening process. |
 | How the brain hears and fearsHow is it that a sound can send a chill down your spine? By observing individual brain cells of mice, scientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) are understanding how a sound can incite fear. |
 | New study uncovers why Rift Valley fever is catastrophic to developing fetusesLike Zika, infection with Rift Valley fever virus can go unnoticed during pregnancy, all the while doing irreparable—often lethal—harm to the fetus. The results of a new study, led by researchers at the University of Pittsburgh Center for Vaccine Research (CVR), underscore the importance of disease prevention for pregnant women and set the stage for vaccine development. |
 | World's smallest wearable device warns of UV exposure, enables precision phototherapyThe world's smallest wearable, battery-free device has been developed by Northwestern Medicine and Northwestern's McCormick School of Engineering scientists to measure exposure to light across multiple wavelengths, from the ultra violet (UV), to visible and even infrared parts of the solar spectrum. It can record up to three separate wavelengths of light at one time. |
 | Are scientists studying the wrong kind of mice?Mice represent well over half of the non-human subjects of biomedical research, and the vast majority of those mice are inbred. Formed by generation after generation of mating between brothers and sisters, inbred mice are genetically identical to each other, like twins or clones. Inbreeding is well known to reduce health and vigor across species; this biological fact is the reason that incest is a universal taboo. Although inbred mice have specific and important uses in genetics and immunology, the main reason they are preferred over more robust "outbred" mice is precisely because they don't differ genetically. A general assumption shared among scientists is that data collected using inbred mice will feature less variability, leading to faster, cheaper, and more powerful experiments. |
 | Researchers find evidence of prenatal environment tuning genomic imprintingA team of researchers from the U.S., Australia and Denmark has found evidence of the prenatal environment tuning genomic imprinting. In their paper published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the group describes their analysis of genomic data from several prior studies and what they found regarding genomic imprinting. |
 | Memory B cells in the lung may be important for more effective influenza vaccinationsSeasonal influenza vaccines are typically less than 50 percent effective, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention studies. Research at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, published this week in Nature Immunology, may point a path to more effective vaccines. |
 | Infections in the young may be tied to risk for mental illness: studyCould an infection make your child or teen prone to mental health issues? |
Extent of US lives shortened by gun violence twice as great among blacks as whitesThe magnitude of lives shortened by gun violence in the US since the turn of the century has been more than twice as great among black Americans—particularly those up to the age of 20—as it has been among whites, finds research published online in BMJ Evidence Based Medicine. | |
Too few fully trained nurses linked to daily three percent rise in patient death riskAdmission to a hospital ward with below average numbers of fully trained (registered) nurses to care for patients is linked to a 3 percent rise in the risk of death for each day the shortfall persists, suggests UK research published online in the journal BMJ Quality & Safety. | |
Low-income, rural kids at higher risk for second- or third-hand smoke exposureInfants and toddlers in low-income, rural areas may be at higher risk for second- and third-hand smoke than previously reported, according to a study supported by the National Institutes of Health. Approximately 15 percent of children in the study tested positive for cotinine, a byproduct formed when the body breaks down nicotine, at levels comparable to those of adult smokers. About 63 percent of children in the study had detectable levels of cotinine, suggesting widespread exposure to smoke. The study appears in Nicotine & Tobacco Research. | |
 | Smokers who roll their own less inclined to quitSmokers who roll their own cigarettes are less likely to try quitting smoking, according to a new study carried out by UCL. |
CEASE program increases smoking cessation assistance provided to breastfeeding mothersA study led by MassGeneral Hospital for Children (MGHfC) researchers demonstrates that an MGHfC-developed program designed to help the parents of pediatric patients quit smoking can increase the provision of such assistance to breastfeeding mothers. The report published online in Nicotine and Tobacco Research also provides information on how breastfeeding may affect whether or how much a mother currently is smoking. | |
 | Is the pancreas regeneration debate settled? An original theory renewedA contentious debate among diabetes researchers has surrounded the regeneration of pancreatic insulin-producing cells: not if these cells regenerate, but rather how. |
 | Maternal stress at conception linked to children's stress response at age 11A new study published in the Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease finds that mothers' stress levels at the moment they conceive their children are linked to the way children respond to life challenges at age 11. SFU health sciences professor Pablo Nepomnaschy led an interdisciplinary research team on this first cohort study. |
Study shows low-income women in Texas are not getting contraception after childbirthLow-income women in Texas who have delivered a baby are not getting the contraception they want at their six-week postpartum visit, a new study from the Texas Policy Evaluation Project (TxPEP) shows. Two-thirds of women did not receive the contraception they wanted at their initial postpartum visit, commonly known as the "six-week checkup," leaving them at risk for an unintended pregnancy. While some women (8%) left the visit with a less preferred form of contraception, over half (58%) left with no method at all. | |
 | Here's what we know today about the dangers of vapingFlorida International University psychologists Elisa Trucco and Matthew Sutherland are in a race to find answers about the impact of e-cigarettes on the adolescent brain. Calls to the FIU Center for Children and Families have been increasing as concerned parents are trying to understand the effects of e-cigarettes. Trucco and Sutherland are leading one of the first studies to examine decision-making as it relates to vaping devices. |
 | Neighborhoods with more green space may mean less heart diseasePeople who live in leafy, green neighborhoods may have a lower risk of developing heart disease and strokes, according to new research published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, the Open Access Journal of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. |
 | Extended napping could cause cognitive decline in older peopleRegular naps may be one of the privileges of retirement but research is pointing to napping as a contributor to cognitive decline. Scientists are now testing the idea that older people should instead meditate or learn a language to preserve brainpower and wellbeing. |
 | RSV study reveals age when infants are most vulnerable to asthmaNew research suggests a maternal vaccination against RSV should be augmented with active immunisation in a child's first two years to reduce the onset of asthma. |
 | How algorithms can create inequality in health care, and how to fix itMachine-learning algorithms and artificial intelligence software help organizations analyze large amounts of data to improve decision-making, and these tools are increasingly used in hospitals to guide treatment decisions and improve efficiency. The algorithms "learn" by identifying patterns in data collected over many years. So, what happens when the data being analyzed reflects historical bias against vulnerable populations? Is it possible for these algorithms to promote further bias, leading to inequality in health care? |
 | Kids benefit when parents overcome math anxietyParents who are anxious about math can still help their children learn the subject when given the right tools, according to research from current and former University of Chicago scholars. |
 | Infective endocarditis increases more than tenfold in North CarolinaThe number of hospitalizations and surgeries to treat drug-associated infective endocarditis have both increased more than tenfold in North Carolina, according to doctors at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine who published their research in the Annals of Internal Medicine. |
Sexual risk assessment tool in the child welfare system developedChildren in the welfare system are particularly vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) according to a 2013 U.S. House of Representatives Ways and Means hearing, but few practical screening tools currently exist to identify victims and those at risk for sexual exploitation, according to an interdisciplinary team of Penn State researchers. | |
 | Medicaid improves access to care, but effects vary by raceMedicaid is an important tool to reduce insurance-related health disparities among Americans, according to Penn State researchers. |
 | Niosomes: efficient DNA delivery vehicles for gene therapy of the central nervous systemIn a new study, the NanoBioCel group of the UPV/EHU's Faculty of Pharmacy and the University of Elche have designed niosomes, lipid vesicles for use in gene therapies, to treat diseases of the central nervous system. These vesicles use lycopene as an element, which has enabled transfection into brain cells to be improved. |
 | Major depression in adolescents on the rise, says childhood studies researcherA growing number of adolescents are going untreated for major depression nationwide over the past several years, warranting enhanced educational, policy, and service capacity efforts, according to a new Rutgers University–Camden study. |
 | Positive social relationships in neighborhood tied to high academic resultsFor African-American youths, their academic performance in middle school is influenced by more than what happens at home—their neighborhood experiences also affect how they perform in school. |
 | Patient-carer relationships disrupted by hospital reorganisationResearch from King's College London suggests that reorganisation of mental health services can have a negative effect on the health of people with severe mental illness, due to the disruption of relationships between patients and carers. |
 | The complicated relationship between social media and depressionOver the past decade, social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter have become a central part of everyday life. Despite their massive popularity, however, controversy abounds regarding their impact on mental health and wellbeing. A new research study by the University of Amsterdam (UvA) has now found a correlation between the passive use of social media and depression symptoms like loneliness and fatigue. The findings were recently published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. |
 | To beat cholera, what is most needed is a reliable drinking water supplyIn fighting cholera, the international community usually favours responsive actions which have limited and short-term effectiveness. Such actions are often mobilised in responses to sudden epidemics, such as those in Yemen and Zimbabwe. However, there is a profound lack of evidence for how longer-term interventions, which are usually harder to achieve, can be delivered effectively. |
 | One test to diagnose them all: Researchers exploit cancers' unique DNA signatureResearchers have developed a test that could be used to diagnose all cancers. It is based on a unique DNA signature that appears to be common across cancer types. |
 | How parents and teachers can identify and help young people self-medicating trauma with drugs and alcoholSome 80% of young people will experience a traumatic event by the time they become an adult. Rates of exposure to trauma peak during adolescence. The stress from traumatic events can result in a loss of interest in school, friends, hobbies, and life in general. |
Breast cancer patients who take heart drug with trastuzumab have less heart damageBreast cancer patients who take a heart drug at the same time as trastuzumab have less heart damage, according to a study presented today at EuroEcho-Imaging 2018. | |
 | Strength exercises could help older adults get back on their feet, study findsOlder adults who participate in strength training may have a better chance of being able to get up independently after they have a fall, new research led by Curtin University has found. |
 | Research shows impact of school start times on teens' sleepDelaying high school start times by as little as 10 minutes can increase adolescents' length of sleep by almost 25 minutes, says new Brock-led research. |
 | Oral cancer prognostic signature identifiedResearchers in Brazil have identified a correlation between oral cancer progression and the abundance of certain proteins present in tumor tissue and saliva. The discovery offers a parameter for predicting progression of the disease—whether cervical lymph node metastasis is present, for example—and points to a strategy for overcoming the limitations of clinical and imaging exams. It could also help guide the choice of an ideal treatment for each patient. |
 | Study highlights potential role of bioaerosol sampling to address airborne biological threatsAs a leading global city with a high population density, Singapore is vulnerable to the introduction of biological threats. Initiating an early emergency response to such threats calls for the rapid identification of the causative agent. Researchers at Duke-NUS Medical School have shown that a bioaerosol sampling method, coupled with molecular diagnostics, was able to non-invasively collect and identify three respiratory viruses of public health importance on Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network. |
 | The flu is coming: Are we ready for the next pandemic?Even though many people dismiss and misunderstand it—calling everything from a cold to a stomach bug "the flu"— influenza actually claims 12,000 to 56,000 lives in the U.S. every year. And that's in a normal flu season. |
 | Can sudden weather change cause strokes?A collaborative study led by a neurologist at Rush University Medical Center and an environmental scientist at the University of Illinois at Chicago suggests that weather patterns that cause dramatic changes in barometric pressure may increase the incidence of a type of stroke known as spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, that is, the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. |
 | Too much or too little sleep linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and deathThe amount of time you sleep, including daytime naps, is linked to your risk of developing cardiovascular disease and death, according to a study of over 116,000 people in seven regions of the world, published in the European Heart Journal today (Wednesday). |
 | Breast cancer patients who take heart drug with trastuzumab have less heart damageBreast cancer patients who take a heart drug at the same time as trastuzumab have less heart damage, according to a study presented today at EuroEcho-Imaging 2018.1 |
 | New research highlights why HIV-infected patients suffer higher rates of cancerAIDS patients suffer higher rates of cancer because they have fewer T-cells in their bodies to fight disease. But new research examines why HIV-infected patients have higher rates of cancer—among the leading causes of death among that population—than the general population. |
 | Money ills add to cancer struggleOne in five cancer patients could be experiencing financial difficulties because of their care needs, according to new research published in the Journal of Cancer Survivorship. |
 | Men with chronic kidney disease have worse outcomes than womenResearchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago have found that men with chronic kidney disease, or CKD, are more likely to experience disease progression and death when compared with women suffering from the same condition. |
 | As gun violence grows, U.S. life expectancy drops(HealthDay)—Rising rates of gun-related deaths from violence and suicide have contributed to a drop in Americans' life expectancy, a new study shows. |
 | Tip the scale in your favor(HealthDay)—Whether you track your diet efforts on paper or with an app, frequent and consistent self-monitoring contributes to success. However, one aspect of recordkeeping—how often to get on the scale—has been the subject of much debate. |
 | Some uncanny facts about canned foods(HealthDay)—With so much emphasis on fresh, farm-to-table foods, it's easy to overlook the value of canned items. These are convenient, often cheaper alternatives to fresh and frozen. |
 | HHS issues draft strategy for reducing health IT burden(HealthDay)—The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has developed a draft strategy to reduce the health information technology (IT) burden, and the strategy is open for public comment through Jan. 28, 2019. |
 | Nearly 1 in 3 US physicians were born abroadAt a time when immigration is a hot-button issue, the American health care system is highly dependent on professionals born in other countries, an analysis of U.S. census data shows. |
Scientists discover 'brain hot spot' for drugs against fearAnxiety disorders are a major medical problem affecting a large population. They can be treated with a range of psychiatric drugs, including a group of substances called benzodiazepines (BZDs). BZDs have been used to treat patients with anxiety for 50 years and it is well-understood what they do on the molecular and cellular level. However, doctors and neuroscientists had much less understanding of the neural circuit interactions through which BZDs unfold their anxiety relieving effect. | |
 | Adding new channels to the brain remote controlBy enabling super-fast remote control of specific cells, light-activated proteins allow researchers to study the function of individual neurons within a large network—even an entire brain. Now one of the pioneers of 'optogenetics' and colleagues have created two new tools—protein pores which when illuminated allow Ca2+ into cells or K+ out—for switching neurons on or off using light. Published in Frontiers in Neuroscience, their study shows that these synthetic 'ion channels' can be used to control specific neurons, even in live animals. |
 | How cows' milk protein allergy is extending the reach of infant formula manufacturersAn investigation published by The BMJ today suggests that cows' milk protein allergy (CMPA) may be acting as a Trojan horse for the $50 billion (£40 billion; €44 billion) global formula industry to forge relationships with healthcare professionals in the UK and around the world. |
 | New drug target discovered for potential blood pressure treatmentScientists have identified a key player in blood pressure regulation and have shown that switching it off reduces blood pressure in mice, according to new research in eLife. |
Study links vitamin D-deficient older adults with greater risk of developing depressionA new study by researchers from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) at Trinity College Dublin has shown for the first time in Ireland that a deficiency in vitamin D was associated with a substantial increased risk of depression (+75%) over a four-year follow up period. The findings form part of the largest representative study of its kind and have just been published in the prestigious journal, The Journal of Post-Acute and Long-Term Care Medicine (JAMDA). | |
Women in China have greater treatment rates and control of high blood pressure than menWomen in China have greater awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension than their male counterparts, new research from The George Institute for Global Health at the University of Oxford has found. | |
Assessing India's health with a single questionA country can estimate its population's health status by using national survey questionnaires. A country like India, however, requires substantial, costly resources to monitor the health of its citizens, due to its size and its geographical and demographic diversity. Researchers at the University of Geneva (UNIGE), Switzerland, began wondering whether it was possible to use the single question—What would you say about your health status?—that is widely used in Europe and the USA. Working in collaboration with economists from the Institute of Development Studies Kolkata, the team at UNIGE compared Indian and Swiss databases. Their conclusions were two-fold: they found that the question provided a sound understanding of the health status of the Indian population and that the Indian data was more reliable than the Swiss. You can read all about the research in BMJ Global Health. | |
Laws designed to ban or curb drivers' use of cell phones are saving motorcyclists' livesLaws to ban or curb drivers' use of cell phones and other handheld devices have greatly reduced the rate of fatalities for motorcyclists, according to a new study by faculty at Florida Atlantic University and the University of Miami. | |
 | Dirty air now could harm hearts of offspring laterA parent's exposure to dirty air before conception might spell heart trouble for the next generation, a new animal study suggests. |
 | Stress from using electronic health records is linked to physician burnoutWhile electronic health records (EHRs) improve communication and access to patient data, researchers found that stress from using EHRs is associated with burnout, particularly for primary care doctors such as pediatricians, family medicine physicians and general internists. |
 | Researchers develop sensors to detect and measure cancer's ability to spreadThe spread of invasive cancer cells from a tumor's original site to distant parts of the body is known as metastasis. It is the leading cause of death in people with cancer. In a paper published online in iScience, University of California San Diego School of Medicine researchers reported engineering sensors that can detect and measure the metastatic potential of single cancer cells. |
Cell phones without annual plans offer limited help to homeless peopleThe vast majority of older homeless adults have access to mobile phones, but they are usually basic phones, without annual contracts that let them keep stable numbers, and thus are only practical for one-way communication, according to a UC San Francisco study of how homeless people use mobile and Internet technology. | |
 | Tuberculosis survives by using host system against itself, study findsIn a new study published in the Journal of Experimental Medicine, scientists at the University of Notre Dame have discovered that the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) releases RNA into infected cells. This RNA stimulates the production of a compound known as interferon beta that appears to support the growth of the pathogen. |
 | Common antidepressant does not aid stroke recovery, study findsStroke patients prescribed a common antidepressant show no improvement compared with those given a dummy drug, a study has found. |
 | Report reveals link between air pollution and increased risk for miscarriageAir quality has been associated with numerous adverse health outcomes from asthma to pre-term birth. Researchers at University of Utah Health found women living along the Wasatch Front—the most populous region in the state of Utah—had a higher risk (16 percent) of miscarriage following short-term exposure to elevated air pollution. The results are available online on December 5 in the journal Fertility and Sterility. |
 | FDA warns of rare stroke risk with MS drug(HealthDay)—A new warning has been added to the multiple sclerosis drug Lemtrada (alemtuzumab) after rare reports of patients suffering strokes and tears in the lining of the arteries in the head and neck, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration said. |
 | Imaging, biopsy often still needed after mastectomy(HealthDay)—Subsequent imaging is required for 10 to 15.5 percent of women who undergo mastectomy, according to a study published in the December issue of the Annals of Surgical Oncology. |
 | How to stop smoking … for goodNobody knows who first said, "To succeed, you first have to fail." But it's a phrase many smokers likely relate to. |
 | Opioids plus other drugs a deadly mix for heavy users(HealthDay)—One in four long-term users of opioid painkillers may be at risk for overdose because of overlapping prescriptions for other drugs, researchers report. |
 | ASH: A+CHP bests CHOP for peripheral T-cell lymphoma(HealthDay)—For patients with CD30-positive peripheral T-cell lymphoma, brentuximab vedotin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (A+CHP) is superior to cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP), according to a study published online Dec. 3 in The Lancet to coincide with the annual meeting of the American Society of Hematology, held from Dec. 1 to 4 in San Diego. |
 | Skin autofluorescence predicts T2DM, heart disease, mortality(HealthDay)—Skin autofluorescence predicts incident type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and mortality in the general population, according to a study published online Nov. 21 in Diabetologia. |
 | Duration of infertility in men may affect sperm countA longer duration of infertility was associated with lower sperm count and other parameters of impaired sperm in a BJU International study of 1644 infertile men. Also, older age and higher body mass index were associated with a longer duration of infertility. |
 | Risk factors for falling are different in older men versus older womenDifferent factors were associated with falling in men versus women in a study of 3,112 community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older. The findings are published in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. |
 | Does weight affect likelihood of experiencing severe flu-like symptoms?A new Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses study found that adults who are underweight or morbidly obese have an elevated risk of being hospitalized with influenza-like illness due to the flu virus or other respiratory viruses. |
 | Cannabis-based compound may reduce seizures in children with epilepsyInterest has been growing in the use of cannabinoids—the active chemicals in cannabis or marijuana— for the treatment of epilepsy in children. A recent Epilepsia analysis of relevant published studies indicates that this strategy looks promising. |
Risk of hospital-treated infections and use of antibiotics after hip fracture surgeryIn a Journal of Bone and Mineral Research study that examined trends in the incidence of infections following hip fracture surgery in Denmark, the risk of postoperative infections (at 15, 30, 90, and 365 days) increased between 2005 and 2016. | |
 | Research examines causes of complications during pregnancy and delivery in adolescentsPregnancy in adolescence has been linked with increased risks of mortality and life-threatening complications in young mothers and their newborn babies. New research suggests that biology alone does not explain the high incidence of these adverse outcomes. |
 | Study examines effects of different opioids on driving performanceTaking opioids for the treatment of pain has been associated with increased risks of crashing among drivers, but it is unknown whether this applies to all opioids or pertains to specific opioids only. A new British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology study found that the influence of single analgesic doses of methadone and buprenorphine—two different opioids—on driving performance was mild and below the impairment threshold of a blood alcohol concentration of 0.5 mg ml-1. |
The health risks of being employed are changing in the US and globallyWhile most large corporations take responsibility for occupational risks, many partake in transferring these risks to smaller companies and the informal sector, where health risks are unrecognized and under-reported. More than half of the workers in many developing economies work in the informal sector where there are few, or no, workplace health protections. These workers contribute to the success of the global economy and numerous brand name companies while bearing almost all workplace health risks themselves. Globally, examples of this workplace risk transfer (from large corporations down to smaller contracted companies) can be seen in the garment industry and electronic waste recycling. In the U.S., part-time, temporary and gig economy workers assume the occupational hazards traditionally carried by the employer. | |
Study reveals sleep problems in young adult studentsA study published in the Journal of Sleep Research indicates that sleep problems are both prevalent and increasing among students. | |
 | Rapid detection of foodborne pathogensA researcher at University of Malaya, Malaysia, has developed a real-time method based on specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to detect dangerous bacteria causing foodborne diseases in raw chicken. |
Adjuvant capecitabine did not improve outcomes for patients with early triple-negative breast cancerTreating patients who had early-stage triple-negative breast cancer with the chemotherapy agent capecitabine after they completed surgery and standard chemotherapy did not significantly improve disease-free or overall survival compared with observation, according to data from the randomized, phase III GEICAM/CIBOMA clinical trial presented at the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, held Dec. 4-8. | |
Phase III KATHERINE trial crossed early reporting boundary and met its primary endpointSubstituting trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1, Kadcyla) for adjuvant trastuzumab (Herceptin) in patients who had residual disease after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab reduced the risk of developing an invasive recurrence of HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer by 50 percent, according to data from the phase III clinical trial KATHERINE presented at the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, held Dec. 4-8. | |
 | Q&A: Deep brain stimulation may reduce seizures caused by epilepsyDear Mayo Clinic: How does deep brain stimulation for epilepsy work? Who's a good candidate for this treatment? Is it effective? |
Once conjoined, Florida twins heading home after 7 surgeriesJesi and Remi Pitre are coming home in separate car seats seven months after they were born conjoined at the belly. | |
New recommendations for the conduct of economic evaluations in osteoporosisEconomic evaluations that compare interventions in terms of costs and outcomes are increasingly used by decision makers, with economic evaluations now playing an increasing role in pricing and reimbursement decisions. | |
Researchers investigate how vial sizes can be optimized to reduce pharmaceutical wastagePharmaceuticals are often dosed according to patient weight or body size which means that a dose must be individually measured. In a new study, lead author Anthony Hatswell of Delta Hat Limited and University College London in the UK, shows that by optimizing drug dose sizes available, wastage can be cut by as much as 50 per cent. The research is in the Adis journal Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, which is published by Springer Nature. | |
Extreme ethnic inequalities in the care systemNew research has found extreme inequalities between ethnic groups in the proportions of children being looked after in care in England. | |
Insufficient nutrition during fetal development may lead to early menopausePrevious studies have demonstrated that fetal malnutrition can lead to adult chronic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. A new study out of China now suggests that it also can lead to early menopause and premature ovarian failure. Results are published online today in Menopause, the journal of The North American Menopause Society (NAMS). | |
 | Effect of religiosity/spirituality on ovarian cancer diagnosis in African American womenAn examination of data from a multi-center case-control study of ovarian cancer in African American women found that women who reported higher levels of religiosity/spirituality had increased odds of stage III-IV ovarian cancer at diagnosis. Agreement with cultural/folk belief statements related to cancer was not associated with cancer stage at diagnosis. The full study findings are described in an article published in Journal of Women's Health. |
Delaying adjuvant chemo associated with worse outcomes for patients with triple-negative breast cancerPatients with triple-negative breast cancer who delayed starting adjuvant chemotherapy for more than 30 days after surgery were at significantly higher risk for disease recurrence and death compared with those who started the treatment in the first 30 days after surgery, according to a retrospective study presented at the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, held Dec. 4-8. | |
Adjuvant chemo might not add benefit in breast cancer patients who have excellent response to neoadjuvant chemoPathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant (presurgery) chemotherapy was associated with significantly lower recurrence risk and higher overall survival in breast cancer patients, and pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy had similar association with improved outcomes among those who received additional chemotherapy following surgery (adjuvant chemotherapy) versus those who did not, according to meta-analyses of data from 52 clinical trials, presented at the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, held Dec. 4-8. | |
Human exposures and health effects associated with unconventional oil and gas developmentDevelopment of oil and natural gas from shale and other unconventional geologic formations across the U.S. has expanded rapidly since the early 2000s and its development is projected to continue. The Health Effects Institute (HEI) convened an Energy Research Committee to help ensure the protection of public health during such development. A symposium at the 2018 Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) Annual Meeting will summarize the Committee's review approach and preliminary findings and provide initial options for future research intended to fill knowledge gaps. | |
 | Being employed puts your health at riskThe modern workplace has undergone a transformation as workers move away from traditional industrial sectors, such as agriculture and manufacturing, into the service sector. This has resulted in the incorporation of new occupational risk factors. Regardless of the environment, work provides a unique opportunity for exposure to hazards and risk that the public will not encounter. The symposium presentation at the Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) Annual Meeting will review current topics in occupational risk analysis that health officials are currently challenged with, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in football and exposure to metals via dermal contact in the workplace. |
 | Is our nation's water supply disrupting the human endocrine system?Exposure to emerging contaminants, even at extremely low doses, can cause adverse health effects for humans, including endocrine disruption which can lead to developmental malformations, interference with reproduction, increased cancer risk and disturbances in the immune and nervous system functions. These emerging contaminants include pharmaceuticals and personal care products, hormones, perfluorinated alkyls and volatile organics, and they may pose a threat to both the environment and human health. Several presentations at the 2018 Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) Annual Meeting will examine occurrence, estimation of risk and the threat to human health posed by these contaminants in wastewater. |
Municipal wastewater holds the key to tracking opioid intervention initiativesIn 2016, opioids were the primary cause of more than 42,000 deaths in the U.S. Controlled substances (opioids and other drugs, such as marijuana) pose a threat to both human and environmental health. With the crisis showing no signs of slowing down, officials across the country are scrambling to implement effective intervention programs in their communities, but the impact of these initiatives can be difficult to track as much of the data relies of self-reporting where current stigmatizations prevent individuals from giving accurate reports. Several presentations at the 2018 Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) Annual Meeting will explore novel approaches to monitoring real-time drug use in town and cities nationwide. | |
Biology news
 | Sea invertebrate sheds light on evolution of human blood, immune systemsBotryllus schlosseri, a marine invertebrate that lives in underwater colonies resembling fuzzy pinheads clinging to rocks, has a blood-forming system with uncanny similarities to that of humans, according to scientists at Stanford University. |
 | Honeybee protein keeps stem cells youthfulAn active protein component of royal jelly helps honeybees create new queens. Stanford researchers have identified a similar protein in mammals, which keeps cultured embryonic stem cells pluripotent. |
 | Microplastics found in all sea turtle speciesTests on more than 100 sea turtles—spanning three oceans and all seven species—have revealed microplastics in the guts of every single turtle. |
 | Weirdly shaped mouse sperm can be used to tell species apartThink back to health class and picture a sperm. It's got a smooth rounded head, with a long skinny tail at the end, right? As it turns out, the sperm from different species of animals have different shapes—and, as a new study in the Journal of Mammalogy shows, those shapes can be used to tell apart closely related species. |
 | Enhancing our vision of the pastAn international group of scientists led by researchers from the University of Bristol have advanced our understanding of how ancient animals saw the world by combining the study of fossils and genetics. |
 | Darwin's finches have developed a taste for junk food, and it may be impacting their evolutionA UMass Boston professor and his colleagues have published new research showing that feeding on human junk food may be altering the course of evolution in Darwin's finches. |
 | A detailed look at the microorganisms that colonize, and degrade, a 400-year-old paintingWhat's a feast for the human eye may be a literal feast for microorganisms that colonize works of art, according to a new study in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Elisabetta Caselli of the University of Ferrara, Italy, and colleagues. The researchers characterized the microbial community on a 17th century painting and showed that while some microbes destroy such works of art, others might be employed to protect them. |
 | Not too big, not too small—tree frogs choose pools that are just rightFrogs that raise their young in tiny pools of water that collect on plant leaves must make a delicate trade-off between the risk of drying out and the risk of being eaten, according to a study publishing December 5 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Mirco Solé from the Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz in Bahia, Brazil and colleagues. |
 | Distinguishing resistance from resilience to prolong antibiotic potencyBiomedical engineers at Duke University have shown experimentally that there is more than one flavor of antibiotic resistance and that it could—and should—be taken advantage of to keep first-line antibiotics in our medical arsenal. |
 | Chopping unlocks new function in protein linked to dementiaScientists have uncovered an unexpected new role for a protein that may underlie rare diseases. |
 | Study finds indications for recovery after ecosystem pollutionEnvironmental damage caused by human activity can reduce the number of plant and animal species dramatically. At the same time, very little is known about how biodiversity recovers after ecosystem pollution is curtailed and has been cleaned up. As was common in the mid-1900s, Lake Constance, one of the largest freshwater lakes in Europe, suffered from eutrophication, or nutrient contamination caused by agricultural and waste water run-off. A study by the universities in Konstanz and Glasgow has now revealed that one European whitefish species expanded its genetic variation through hybridization with other whitefish species during the period of eutrophication. The study, led by the Konstanz-based biologist Dr. Jasminca Behrmann Godel along with her colleague Dr. Kathryn R. Elmer from the University of Glasgow, was published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution. This genetic mixture contributed to an expansion in biodiversity once the ecosystem recovered. |
 | Cereals use chemical defenses in a multifunctional manner against different herbivoresA team of scientists from the University of Bern (Switzerland) and the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology and their partners have characterized multiple functions of benzoxazinoids in wheat: The toxic form of the substances makes the plant directly resistant to lepidopteran larvae, whereas a less toxic form regulates indirect defense mechanisms against aphids. Scientists have identified the "switch" between these different functions as a methyltransferase enzyme, which is activated by caterpillar feeding. This switch enables wheat plants to adapt their defense response to different herbivores. A comparison with maize shows that a methyltransferase also regulates defense processes in maize against different pest insects. However, the two enzymes in wheat and maize have evolved independently from each other. |
 | A microbe's membrane helps it survive extreme environmentsWithin harsh environments like hot springs, volcanic craters and deep-sea hydrothermal vents – uninhabitable by most life forms – microscopic organisms are thriving. How? It's all in how they wrap themselves. |
 | Scientists consider climate change-resistant cropsWhen it gets hot outside, humans and animals have the luxury of seeking shelter in the shade or cool, air-conditioned buildings. But plants are stuck. |
 | Mystery of color patterns of reef fish solvedScientists have solved the mystery of why some closely-related species of an iconic reef fish have vastly different colour patterns, while others look very similar. |
 | Without Dna2, genes can jump into DNA breaksCells have in place a number of mechanisms to protect the integrity of the genome, including processes that repair mistakes that may occur during DNA replication. The enzyme Dna2 participates in DNA repair, but little is known about the consequences of its absence on chromosome instability. A study published in the journal Nature by researchers from several institutions, including Baylor College of Medicine, reveals that when Dna2 is absent, small DNA fragments jump from all over the genome into chromosome breaks. This novel mechanism may explain similar events commonly seen in cancer or during antibody diversification. |
 | Can rice filter water from ag fields?Rice is a staple food crop of 20 percent of the world's population. It's also grown on every continent except Antarctica. |
 | In Brazil backlands, termites built millions of dirt moundsRoy Funch, an American botanist who has lived and worked in Brazil's hardscrabble northeast for decades, long looked at huge cone-shaped mounds of mud in the distance and wondered. |
 | Study solves puzzle of snail and slug feeding preferencesGardeners have puzzled for years as to why some seedlings are more commonly eaten by slugs and snails—and new research suggests it may be down to the smells produced by young seedlings in the early stages of their development. |
 | Dairy calves' personalities predict their ability to cope with stressA UBC study published earlier this year found that dairy calves have distinct personality traits from a very young age. Researchers from the faculty of land and food systems tested calves for pessimism, fearfulness and sociability at both 25 and 50 days old, and learned that each calf has an inherent outlook that changes little with the passing of time. |
 | Study describes the dynamics of chromatin during organ and tissue regenerationResearchers from the Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and the Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (UB), in collaboration with the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), have described the genes and regulatory elements of gene expression that are required during the process of tissue and organ regeneration. The study, published in Genome Research, combines classic genetic analysis with new study techniques for chromatin through next-generation sequencing. |
 | Oxytocin linked to social bonding in gregarious capuchin monkeysThe hormone oxytocin is important in increasing behaviors that strengthen social bonds in highly gregarious capuchin monkeys, according to a study published by a Georgia State University research team. |
 | Researchers discover mechanism disrupting CRISPR-Cas9 gene editingThe discovery of CRISPR-Cas9 has made gene editing very easy. Unfortunately, the molecular tool has recently been found to be less precise than previously assumed. It can lead to unwanted mutations in a cell's DNA. Researchers at Delft University of Technology have now identified a mechanism that causes such mutations when CRISPR-Cas9 is used incorrectly. This can cause dormant genes to become expressed, which is potentially very dangerous. The researchers have created a checklist based on their findings. Using this checklist will prevent the harmful mechanism from being activated and makes gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9 safer. |
 | Mechanism for turning skin cells into blood stem cells uncoveredResearchers have succeeded in converting human skin cells into blood stem cells in an international collaboration project. "This is a first step on the way to generating fully functional blood stem cells in a petri dish which, in the future, could be transplanted into patients with blood diseases," says Filipe Pereira, the researcher from Lund University in Sweden who led the study now published in Cell Reports. |
 | Proteins reveal intricate details about life under the microscopePeople have always been fascinated by life. We dream about revealing all its mysteries and are even searching other planets trying to find some forms of life there. Philosophies around the world have tried to define and understand life long before science even existed. But some of the answers may actually be found right under our noses – or rather, right under a microscope. |
 | 30 years of experimental evolution results in a new sex chromosomeOn 3 December 2018, the laboratory of Professor Axel Meyer, University of Konstanz published new findings of an experimental evolutionary project that ran for 30 years on the genomic mechanisms of sex determination in swordtail fish in the journal Nature Communications. Dr. Paolo Franchini, evolutionary biologist and junior research group leader at the University of Konstanz is the lead author of this collaboration with the laboratory of Professor Manfred Schartl of the University of Würzburg |
Monitoring species: Are we looking long enough?The conservation of animals relies heavily on estimates of their numbers. Without knowing how many individuals there are, it is impossible to know whether a population is thriving or dying out—and whether conservation efforts are getting the job done. But making those estimates is no mean feat, reports Easton R. White of the Center for Population Biology at the University of California, Davis, writing in BioScience. Unfortunately, he says, many monitoring periods of threatened species are short, a result of "short funding cycles and typical experimental time frames." | |
 | New butterfly named for pioneering 17th-century entomologist Maria Sibylla MerianMore than two centuries before initiatives to increase the number of women in STEM fields, 52-year-old Maria Sibylla Merian sailed across the Atlantic on a largely self-funded scientific expedition to document the animals and plants of Dutch Suriname. |
 | Analysis estimates mortality from fungal infections of ash treesThe ash dieback epidemic, caused by the fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, has swept across Europe over the past 20 years and caused widespread damage and death in ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior) populations. A recent analysis of surveys of ash dieback across Europe, published in Plants, People, Planet, reveals mortality rates as high as 85 percent in plantations and 70 percent in woodlands. |
 | Conservation of wood-inhabiting fungi is complicatedMany wood-inhabiting fungi suffer from the changes caused by forest management. For that reason, the different fungal groups and tree species should be better addressed in the conservation planning. New information about the wood-inhabiting fungi of boreal forest helps to assess the effects of forest management more precisely than before. |
 | 229 new species described by the California Academy of Sciences in 2018In 2018, researchers at the California Academy of Sciences added 229 new plant and animal species to our family tree, enriching our understanding of Earth's complex web of life and strengthening our ability to make informed conservation decisions. The new species include 120 wasps, 34 sea slugs, 28 ants, 19 fish, seven flowering plants, seven spiders, four eels, three sharks, two water bears, one frog, one snake, one seahorse, one moss, and one liverwort plant. More than a dozen Academy scientists—along with several dozen international collaborators—described the new species discoveries. |
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