Nature Neuroscience Contents: September 2017 Volume 20 Number 9, pp 1191 - 1318

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TABLE OF CONTENTS September 2017 Volume 20, Issue 9 News and Views Review Brief Communications Articles Resource Technical Report   Advertisement   npj Molecular Phenomics is an online-only, open access journal that provides a forum for cutting-edge scientific advances in the emerging field of phenomics, the study of the physical and chemical characteristics of an individual in quantitative terms. Part of the Nature Partner Journals series, npj Molecular Phenomics is published in partnership with Fudan University. The journal is now open for submissions.  Find out more >>   Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   News and Views Top The Zika threat to the periphery   pp1191 - 1192 Themasap A. Khan and Sergiu P. Paşca doi:10.1038/nn.4633 Zika virus infection is associated with birth defects, including microcephaly, but also with disorders of peripheral nerves. Oh et al. use rodent and human cell models to explore how the virus affects the peripheral nervous system. See also: Brief Communication by Oh et al. Loopholes in the DNA contract kill neurons   pp1192 - 1194 Karl Herrup, Kai-Hei Tse and Hei-Man Chow doi:10.1038/nn.4626 Hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72 gene locus create double jeopardy, first by leading to DNA-RNA R-loops that spawn double-strand breaks and second by the synthesis of dipeptide repeats that hinder DNA repair. This two-pronged mechanism may explain neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. See also: Article by Walker et al. Jamais vu all over again   pp1194 - 1196 Rebecca D Burwell and Victoria L Templer doi:10.1038/nn.4625 What is the basis for the feeling that someplace or someone is familiar? Molas et al. have identified brain structures involved in signaling familiarity, a necessary element for the expression of preference for novelty. See also: Article by Molas et al. Is population activity more than the sum of its parts?   pp1196 - 1198 Jonathan W Pillow and Mikio C Aoi doi:10.1038/nn.4627 A study introduces innovative ways to test whether neural population activity exhibits structure above and beyond that of its basic components. See also: Technical Report by Elsayed & Cunningham Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral fellow position in Neuroscience Klinikum der Universität München - Ludwig-Maximilians-University Postdoctoral fellow / associate positions in neuroscience State University of New York Chair, Department of Neuroscience UConn Health Assistant / Associate Professor University of Utah Postdoctoral Fellow / Anatomy & Neurobiology The University of Tennessee Health Science Center More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT 3rd Annual Neuroscience R&D Technologies Conference 28.09.17 London, UK More science events from Review Top Functions and dysfunctions of neocortical inhibitory neuron subtypes   pp1199 - 1208 Ryoma Hattori, Kishore V Kuchibhotla, Robert C Froemke and Takaki Komiyama doi:10.1038/nn.4619 Hattori et al. review the recent advances in our understanding of the roles of inhibitory neuron subtypes in shaping the activity and plasticity states of neocortical circuits, how neuromodulators control inhibitory neuron subtypes, and the role of inhibitory neuron dysfunction in neurological disorders.   Brief Communications Top Zika virus directly infects peripheral neurons and induces cell death   pp1209 - 1212 Yohan Oh, Feiran Zhang, Yaqing Wang, Emily M Lee, In Young Choi et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4612 Zika virus infection is associated with neurological disorders, yet few studies have directly examined its impact on the peripheral nervous system. Oh et al. show that Zika virus can infect peripheral neurons in the mouse in vivo, as well as human peripheral neurons in vitro, leading to increased cell death and transcriptional dysregulation. See also: News and Views by Khan & Pasca Gut microbiota is critical for the induction of chemotherapy-induced pain   pp1213 - 1216 Shiqian Shen, Grewo Lim, Zerong You, Weihua Ding, Peigen Huang et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4606 Recent evidence supports a functional connection between gut microbiota and the nervous system. Here the authors show that gut microbiota plays a critical role in the development of chemotherapy-induced pain. This role of the microbiota is likely mediated, in part, by Tlr4 expressed on hematopoietic cells, including macrophages.   Advertisement New NanoString Neuropathology gene expression panel offers comprehensive neural cell profiling and neurodegenerative pathways analysis: 770 genes, 23 functional pathways and 5 key cell types covered for AD, PD, ALS, MS, and HD researchers.  Request gene list today!    Articles Top Rates, distribution and implications of postzygotic mosaic mutations in autism spectrum disorder   pp1217 - 1224 Elaine T Lim, Mohammed Uddin, Silvia De Rubeis, Yingleong Chan, Anne S Kamumbu et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4598 Survey of postzygotic mosaic mutations (PZMs) in 5,947 trios with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) discovers differences in mutational properties between germline mutations and PZMs. Spatiotemporal analyses of the PZMs also revealed the association of the amygdala with ASD and implicated risk genes, including recurrent potential gain-of-function mutations in SMARCA4.   C9orf72 expansion disrupts ATM-mediated chromosomal break repair   pp1225 - 1235 Callum Walker, Saul Herranz-Martin, Evangelia Karyka, Chunyan Liao, Katherine Lewis et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4604 An expanded repetition of a DNA sequence within the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic cause for motor neuron disease and frontotemporal dementia. In this study, the authors show that this expansion causes increased genomic breaks and reduces the cell's ability to repair the breaks, ultimately leading to neuronal cell death. See also: News and Views by Herrup et al. Necroptosis activation in Alzheimer's disease   pp1236 - 1246 Antonella Caccamo, Caterina Branca, Ignazio S Piras, Eric Ferreira, Matthew J Huentelman et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4608 The mechanisms underpinning neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain unclear. Caccamo and colleagues show that necroptosis contributes to neurodegeneration in AD. Blocking necroptosis reduced neuronal loss in a mouse model of AD, suggesting that necroptosis might be a therapeutic target in AD.   Antipsychotic-induced Hdac2 transcription via NF-κB leads to synaptic and cognitive side effects   pp1247 - 1259 Daisuke Ibi, Mario de la Fuente Revenga, Nebojsa Kezunovic, Carolina Muguruza, Justin M Saunders et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4616 Antipsychotic treatment in patients with schizophrenia often reduces hallucinations and delusions, but cognitive deficits that impair performance of everyday activities may persist or worsen. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which increased NF-κB activity leads to increased HDAC2 levels, impairing synaptic plasticity and memory during prolonged antipsychotic treatment.   A circuit-based mechanism underlying familiarity signaling and the preference for novelty   pp1260 - 1268 Susanna Molas, Rubing Zhao-Shea, Liwang Liu, Steven R DeGroot, Paul D Gardner et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4607 The mechanistic basis of how novel stimuli become familiar with repeated exposures has remained elusive. Molas et al. demonstrate that familiarity activates the interpeduncular nucleus, thereby reducing motivation to explore. Familiarity signaling in the interpeduncular nucleus is bidirectionally modulated by habenula and ventral tegmental area afferents to control novelty preference. See also: News and Views by Burwell & Templer Dorsal hippocampus contributes to model-based planning   pp1269 - 1276 Kevin J Miller, Matthew M Botvinick and Carlos D Brody doi:10.1038/nn.4613 Although the hippocampus has long been linked to planning, it has not been shown to be necessary for planning behavior. Using computational modeling and a new rat task that allows the quantification of planning behavior across many repeated trials, the authors report the first evidence that hippocampal inactivation impairs planning.   Neural reactivations during sleep determine network credit assignment   pp1277 - 1284 Tanuj Gulati, Ling Guo, Dhakshin S Ramanathan, Anitha Bodepudi and Karunesh Ganguly doi:10.1038/nn.4601 A fundamental goal of learning is to establish neural patterns that cause desired behaviors. This paper demonstrates that sleep-dependent processing is required for credit assignment and the establishment of task-related activity reflecting the causal neuron-behavior relationship. Decoupling of spiking to sleep slow oscillations using optogenetics methods disrupted this process.   Functional dissection of signal and noise in MT and LIP during decision-making   pp1285 - 1292 Jacob L Yates, Il Memming Park, Leor N Katz, Jonathan W Pillow and Alexander C Huk doi:10.1038/nn.4611 Yates and colleagues statistically dissect MT and LIP responses during motion discrimination. They show decreasing temporal weighting of motion in MT, consistent with psychophysical weighting, and show that LIP spikes encode the upcoming choice more than integrated motion or simultaneously recorded MT spikes, suggesting an indirect relationship between these areas.   Adults with autism overestimate the volatility of the sensory environment   pp1293 - 1299 Rebecca P Lawson, Christoph Mathys and Geraint Rees doi:10.1038/nn.4615 The authors address why the use of prior expectations might be compromised in autism, by using computational models and pupillometric markers of the neuromodulator noradrenaline. They show that by estimating the world to be more changeable than it really is, adults with autism have difficulty in learning what to expect.   Advertisement Open for Submissions An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis.   Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article   Resource Top High-dimensional, single-cell characterization of the brain's immune compartment   pp1300 - 1309 Ben Korin, Tamar L Ben-Shaanan, Maya Schiller, Tania Dubovik, Hilla Azulay-Debby et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4610 Korin et al. use CyTOF mass cytometry to characterize immune cell populations in the naive mouse brain (parenchyma, choroid plexus and meninges). This single-cell analysis of cell-surface proteins reveals the presence and phenotype of distinctive immune populations in the mouse brain compartment.   Technical Report Top Structure in neural population recordings: an expected byproduct of simpler phenomena?   pp1310 - 1318 Gamaleldin F Elsayed and John P Cunningham doi:10.1038/nn.4617 To what extent are population-level results an expected byproduct of simpler structure already known to exist in single neurons? Conventional controls are insufficient to perform this critical investigation. The authors developed a methodological framework to test the significance of population-level studies and apply it to prefrontal and motor cortices. See also: News and Views by Pillow & Aoi Top Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

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