| | Cancer models: The next best thing
A patient's tumour cells can be transplanted into a mouse to provide a model for analysis and drug testing. A panel of paediatric solid tumour models has been extensively characterized and made freely available. | Cancer: Division hierarchy leads to cell heterogeneity
Cellular diversity can hamper cancer treatment. Analysis of tumour cell-division patterns now reveals how such heterogeneity can arise by a hierarchical pattern of stem-cell divisions yielding a mosaic of different cells. | Neuroscience: From embryo mutation to adult degeneration
Mutations in embryonic blood-cell precursors called erythro-myeloid progenitors cause abnormal activation of their descendants — immune cells called microglia — leading to neurodegeneration in mice. | Fate mapping of human glioblastoma reveals an invariant stem cell hierarchy
Using unique barcodes for tumour cells, the authors explore the dynamics of human glioblastoma subpopulations, and suggest that clonal heterogeneity emerges through stochastic fate decisions of a neutral proliferative hierarchy. | Commensal bacteria make GPCR ligands that mimic human signalling molecules
Commensal bacteria have N-acyl amide synthase genes that encode signalling molecules (N-acyl amides) that can interact with G-protein-coupled receptors and elicit host cellular responses similar to eukaryotic N-acyl amides. | Orthotopic patient-derived xenografts of paediatric solid tumours
A protocol producing orthotopic patient-derived xenografts at diagnosis, recurrence, and autopsy demonstrates proof of principle for using these tumours for basic and translational research on paediatric solid tumours. | Early members of ‘living fossil’ lineage imply later origin of modern ray-finned fishes
High-resolution scans of fossilized fish skulls suggest that modern ray-finned fishes originated later than previously thought and necessitate reconsideration of the evolution of this major vertebrate group. | Metallic molybdenum disulfide nanosheet-based electrochemical actuators
Electrochemical actuators based on exfoliated and restacked metallic MoS2 nanosheet electrodes can generate mechanical force in electrolyte solution on intercalation and deintercalation of ions. | A somatic mutation in erythro-myeloid progenitors causes neurodegenerative disease
Braf V600E expression in resident macrophage progenitors leads to clonal expansion of ERK-activated microglia, which causes synaptic and neuronal loss in the brain and results in lethal neurodegenerative disease in adult mice. | Island biogeography of marine organisms
On marine islands, most species are good dispersers and most niches are filled by immigration with little adaptive radiation; speciation increases over time, associated with the arrival of weak dispersers that randomly establish isolated populations. | Discovery of stimulation-responsive immune enhancers with CRISPR activation
The authors use tiled CRISPR activation for functional enhancer discovery across two autoimmunity risk loci, CD69 and IL2RA, and identify elements with features of stimulus-responsive enhancers, including an IL2RA enhancer that harbours a fine-mapped autoimmunity risk variant. | | Type III CRISPR–Cas systems produce cyclic oligoadenylate second messengers
CRISPR-associated protein Csm6 is activated by a cyclic oligoadenylate second messenger generated by Cas10 activity in the CRISPR type III interference complex, representing a novel mechanism of CRISPR interference.
Ole Niewoehner, Carmela Garcia-Doval, Jakob T. Rostøl et al. | Mammals divert endogenous genotoxic formaldehyde into one-carbon metabolism
The mechanism by which formaldehyde, a potent DNA and protein crosslinking agent, is generated from folate is described, with implications for the treatment of certain cancers.
Guillermo Burgos-Barragan, Niek Wit, Johannes Meiser et al. | Identification of essential genes for cancer immunotherapy
The authors describe a two-cell-type CRISPR screen to identify tumour-intrinsic genes that regulate the sensitivity of cancer cells to effector T cell function.
Shashank J. Patel, Neville E. Sanjana, Rigel J. Kishton et al. | | Molecular machines open cell membranes
Rotary molecular machines, activated by ultraviolet light, are able to perturb and drill into cell membranes in a controllable manner, and more efficiently than those exhibiting flip-flopping or random motion.
Víctor García-López, Fang Chen, Lizanne G. Nilewski et al. | Very large release of mostly volcanic carbon during the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Boron and carbon isotope data, used in an Earth system model, show that the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum was associated with a much greater release of carbon than thought, probably triggered by volcanism in the North Atlantic.
Marcus Gutjahr, Andy Ridgwell, Philip F. Sexton et al. | The rise of algae in Cryogenian oceans and the emergence of animals
Steroid biomarkers provide evidence for a rapid rise of marine planktonic algae between 659 and 645 million years ago, establishing more efficient energy transfers and driving ecosystems towards larger and increasingly complex organisms.
Jochen J. Brocks, Amber J. M. Jarrett, Eva Sirantoine et al. | Proper-motion age dating of the progeny of Nova Scorpii AD 1437
The re-discovery of the binary star system that created the Nova Scorpii AD 1437 stellar outburst shows that it is now a dwarf nova, suggesting that nova systems spend some time as dwarf novae in between larger outbursts.
M. M. Shara, K. Iłkiewicz, J. Mikołajewska et al. | Feedback regulation of steady-state epithelial turnover and organ size
Steady-state turnover of the Drosophila midgut arises through an intercellular, E-cadherin–EGFR relay that couples the death of individual enterocytes to the divisions of nearby stem cells.
Jackson Liang, Shruthi Balachandra, Sang Ngo et al. | Human iPS cell-derived dopaminergic neurons function in a primate Parkinson’s disease model
In a preclinical study, dopaminergic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells were implanted into a primate model of Parkinson’s disease, where they were found to exhibit long-term survival, function as mid-brain dopaminergic neurons, and increase spontaneous movements.
Tetsuhiro Kikuchi, Asuka Morizane, Daisuke Doi et al. | Homeostatic control of metabolic and functional fitness of Treg cells by LKB1 signalling
The tumour suppressor liver kinase B1 (LKB1) regulates the metabolic and functional fitness of regulatory T cells in the control of immune tolerance and homeostasis.
Kai Yang, Daniel Bastardo Blanco, Geoffrey Neale et al. | Magnetic antiskyrmions above room temperature in tetragonal Heusler materials
Antiskyrmions, in which the magnetization rotates both as a transverse helix and as a cycloid, are found in acentric tetragonal Heusler compounds over a wide range of temperatures.
Ajaya K. Nayak, Vivek Kumar, Tianping Ma et al. | Fast automated analysis of strong gravitational lenses with convolutional neural networks
Estimates of parameters of strong gravitational lenses are obtained in an automated way using convolutional neural networks, with similar accuracy and greatly improved speed compared to previous methods.
Yashar D. Hezaveh, Laurence Perreault Levasseur, Philip J. Marshall | Lhx6-positive GABA-releasing neurons of the zona incerta promote sleep
GABAergic Lhx6+ neurons in the ventral zona incerta promote both rapid eye movement and non-rapid eye movement sleep and inhibit the activity of wake-promoting GABAergic and Hcrt+ neurons of the lateral hypothalamus.
Kai Liu, Juhyun Kim, Dong Won Kim et al. | Public antibodies to malaria antigens generated by two LAIR1 insertion modalities
Up to 10% of individuals in malaria-endemic regions produce antibodies that react to malaria antigens through an additional LAIR1 domain that is inserted by two different insertion modalities.
Kathrin Pieper, Joshua Tan, Luca Piccoli et al. | ISWI chromatin remodellers sense nucleosome modifications to determine substrate preference
A high-throughput approach using a DNA-barcoded nucleosome library shows that ISWI chromatin remodellers can distinguish between differently modified nucleosomes.
Geoffrey P. Dann, Glen P. Liszczak, John D. Bagert et al. | | | | |
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