Nature Physics November Issue

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Advertisement A*STAR Research - Highlighting the best of research at the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore's premier research organization  Recent Highlights Materials science: Disorderly conduct | Fluid dynamics: Visualizing vortices | Plasmonics: Lighting the way to miniature devices  Download the A*STAR Research app now!  TABLE OF CONTENTS November 2016 Volume 12, Issue 11 Editorial Thesis Books and Arts Research Highlights News and Views Correction Letters Articles Measure for Measure Advertisement Revealing the Dark Universe It's a sobering thought: all the matter that has ever been detected accounts for a mere 4.9% of the Universe. Most of the cosmos is the dark universe, a mix of dark matter and dark energy. Both have so far proved impenetrable puzzles, but physicists young and old are intent on changing that.  Access the FREE Outlook for six months.  Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Springer Nature offers a free open access funding support service to enable authors to discover and apply for article processing charge funding available to them. Visit our website for further advice on the funding options available, and guidance in approaching funders and institutions, or email openaccess@nature.com for more information.   Editorial Top Of topology and low-dimensionality   p987 doi:10.1038/nphys3963 The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter". Thesis Top Lifespan limits   p989 Mark Buchanan doi:10.1038/nphys3951 Books and Arts Top Science, happiness and the future   pp990 - 991 Iulia Georgescu and Bart Verberck review Monday Starts on Saturday by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky doi:10.1038/nphys3952 Research Highlights Top Biomechanics: Take the plunge | Topological matter: A fine line | History of physics: Long before LIGO | Elastomers: Morph on demand | Aggregation phenomena: Collective diversity News and Views Top Superfluid helium: Caught speeding   p993 William P. Halperin doi:10.1038/nphys3843 A wire moving at constant speed through superfluid helium can considerably exceed the Landau critical velocity. See also: Letter by Bradley et al. Two-dimensional Materials: Graphene traps   pp994 - 995 Heejun Yang doi:10.1038/nphys3817 Although Dirac fermions in graphene can tunnel through potential barriers without reflection, two experiments show how they can temporarily be trapped inside nanoscale graphene quantum dots. See also: Letter by Lee et al. | Article by Gutiérrez et al. Complex networks: Don't call in sick   pp995 - 996 Thilo Gross doi:10.1038/nphys3939 Intuition informs a widespread policy of epidemic response, replacing infected workers in classrooms or hospitals with healthy substitutes. But modelling now suggests that this mechanism may be a key factor in the accelerated spread of an epidemic. See also: Letter by Scarpino et al. Thermodynamics of ice: Not obeying the rules   pp996 - 997 Ivan A. Ryzhkin doi:10.1038/nphys3853 The physical properties of ice are governed by its tetrahedral network of hydrogen bonds and the ice rules that determine the distribution of the protons. Deviations from the tetrahedral structure and violations of these rules can lead to surprising phenomena, such as the ferroelectric state now reported for thin films of epitaxial ice. See also: Article by Sugimoto et al. Solar physics: When the tail wags the dog   pp998 - 999 Guillaume Aulanier doi:10.1038/nphys3938 Solar eruptions are triggered by magnetic stress building up in the corona due to the motion of the Sun's dense surface. New observations reveal that these eruptions can, in turn, induce the rotational motion of sunspots. Correction Top Correction   p999 doi:10.1038/nphys3937 See also: Research Highlights by Georgescu Letters Top Ramsey-type phase control of free-electron beams   pp1000 - 1004 Katharina E. Echternkamp, Armin Feist, Sascha Schäfer and Claus Ropers doi:10.1038/nphys3844 Using a technique inspired by Ramsey spectroscopy it is now possible to coherently control free electrons in an electron microscope. Collective non-perturbative coupling of 2D electrons with high-quality-factor terahertz cavity photons   pp1005 - 1011 Qi Zhang, Minhan Lou, Xinwei Li, John L. Reno, Wei Pan et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3850 Condensed-matter physics meets quantum optics in a study of light-matter interaction in the strong-coupling regime using a two-dimensional electron gas in a high-quality-factor terahertz cavity. Parametric amplification of a superconducting plasma wave   pp1012 - 1016 S. Rajasekaran, E. Casandruc, Y. Laplace, D. Nicoletti, G. D. Gu et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3819 Josephson plasma waves — electromagnetic waves propagating between layered superconductors — lie at the basis of a broad variety of phenomena. Now, parametric amplification of such waves has been shown by tuning the phase between pump and seed waves. Breaking the superfluid speed limit in a fermionic condensate   pp1017 - 1021 D. I. Bradley, S. N. Fisher, A. M. Guénault, R. P. Haley, C. R. Lawson et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3813 An experiment reports the unexpected behaviour of an object in uniform motion in superfluid helium-3 above the Landau critical velocity — the limit above which it can generate excitations at no energy cost. See also: News and Views by Halperin Valley-symmetry-preserved transport in ballistic graphene with gate-defined carrier guiding   pp1022 - 1026 Minsoo Kim, Ji-Hae Choi, Sang-Hoon Lee, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3804 Two distinct valleys in the electronic band structure of graphene provide an additional degree of freedom that could be exploited for devices. Conservation of this valley symmetry can now be seen in the quantized conductance of graphene nanoribbons. Fermi-level-dependent charge-to-spin current conversion by Dirac surface states of topological insulators   pp1027 - 1031 K. Kondou, R. Yoshimi, A. Tsukazaki, Y. Fukuma, J. Matsuno et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3833 The spin-momentum locking of Dirac surface states offers intriguing possibilities for converting between charge and spin currents. Experiments show that fine tuning of the Fermi level is critical for maximizing the efficiency of such conversions. Imaging electrostatically confined Dirac fermions in graphene quantum dots   pp1032 - 1036 Juwon Lee, Dillon Wong, Jairo Velasco Jr, Joaquin F. Rodriguez-Nieva, Salman Kahn et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3805 Relativistic Dirac fermions can be locally confined in nanoscale graphene quantum dots using electrostatic gating, and directly imaged using scanning tunnelling microscopy before escaping via Klein tunnelling. See also: News and Views by Yang Ergodic dynamics and thermalization in an isolated quantum system   pp1037 - 1041 C. Neill, P. Roushan, M. Fang, Y. Chen, M. Kolodrubetz et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3830 The realization of a quantum kicked top provides evidence for ergodic dynamics and thermalization in a small quantum system consisting of three superconducting qubits. The effect of a prudent adaptive behaviour on disease transmission   pp1042 - 1046 Samuel V. Scarpino, Antoine Allard and Laurent Hébert-Dufresne doi:10.1038/nphys3832 The common policy of replacing infected individuals with healthy substitutes can have the effect of accelerating disease transmission. A dynamic network model suggests that standard modelling approaches underplay the effect of network structure. See also: News and Views by Gross Visualizing the evolution from the Mott insulator to a charge-ordered insulator in lightly doped cuprates   pp1047 - 1051 Peng Cai, Wei Ruan, Yingying Peng, Cun Ye, Xintong Li et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3840 A scanning tunnelling spectroscopy study focuses on the lightly doped region of the phase diagram of a cuprate superconductor to reveal the microscopic evolution of a high-temperature superconductor from a charge-ordered insulator. Advertisement Nature Astronomy — Watch This Space  Nature Astronomy is a truly multidisciplinary journal launching in January 2017. It will represent — and foster closer interaction between —all of the key astronomy-relevant disciplines. Register for the Nature Astronomy e-alert and stay informed about the latest news and research at the cutting edge of astronomy, astrophysics and planetary science. Sign up for the e-alert   Articles Top Holographic maps of quasiparticle interference   pp1052 - 1056 Emanuele G. Dalla Torre, Yang He and Eugene Demler doi:10.1038/nphys3829 A method for analysing STM data enables the recovery of information about quasiparticle scattering in the form of holographic maps. The approach is verified for superconducting cuprates, but may find applications in heavy-fermion materials research. Supercurrent in a room-temperature Bose-Einstein magnon condensate   pp1057 - 1062 Dmytro A. Bozhko, Alexander A. Serga, Peter Clausen, Vitaliy I. Vasyuchka, Frank Heussner et al. doi:10.1038/nphys3838 Studies of supercurrent phenomena, such as superconductivity and superfluidity, are usually restricted to cryogenic temperatures, but evidence suggests that a magnon supercurrent can be excited in a Bose-Einstein magnon condensate at room temperature. Emergent high-Tc ferroelectric ordering of strongly correlated and frustrated protons in a heteroepitaxial ice film   pp1063 - 1068 Toshiki Sugimoto, Norihiro Aiga, Yuji Otsuki, Kazuya Watanabe and Yoshiyasu Matsumoto doi:10.1038/nphys3820 Ice is a frustrated system: many ground states are possible due to the structure of a water molecule and the geometry of the ice lattice. Now, this frustration is shown to lead to high-Tc ferroelectric proton ordering in a heteroepitaxial ice film. See also: News and Views by Ryzhkin Klein tunnelling and electron trapping in nanometre-scale graphene quantum dots   pp1069 - 1075 Christopher Gutiérrez, Lola Brown, Cheol-Joo Kim, Jiwoong Park and Abhay N. Pasupathy doi:10.1038/nphys3806 Relativistic Dirac fermions can be locally confined in nanoscale graphene quantum dots using electrostatic gating, and directly imaged using scanning tunnelling microscopy before escaping via Klein tunnelling. See also: News and Views by Yang Hidden geometric correlations in real multiplex networks   pp1076 - 1081 Kaj-Kolja Kleineberg, Marián Boguñá, M. Ángeles Serrano and Fragkiskos Papadopoulos doi:10.1038/nphys3812 Multiplex networks are shown to harbour significant correlations between layers. A framework describing the correlations enables multilayer community and link detection, and reveals that they improve navigation — but only when they're strong. Advertisement Web collection: Advances in planetary science Planetary science has long enjoyed an important role in Nature history. This collection, which draws together content from Nature, Nature Geoscience, Nature Physics, Nature Chemistry and Nature Communications, highlights a few of the important discoveries in planetology published in the past three years. View the collection     Measure for Measure Top The nature of natural units   p1082 Nick van Remortel doi:10.1038/nphys3950 Nick van Remortel demystifies natural unit systems — and advises what to do when you see a mass expressed in GeV. Top Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

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