| | Neuroscience: Sleepy and dreamless mutant mice
Sleep in mammals consists of non-rapid-eye-movement and rapid-eye-movement sleep. A large genetic screen reveals that these two sleep states are altered in mice by mutations dubbed Sleepy and Dreamless. | Balancing selection shapes density-dependent foraging behaviour
Natural isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes differ in their sensitivity to the anti-exploratory pheromone icas#9, yielding two distinct foraging strategies that possess different survival advantages depending on environmental conditions such as food distribution. | Developmental mechanisms of stripe patterns in rodents
Alx3-induced modulation of Mitf expression alters melanocyte differentiation and gives rise to the hair colour differences underlying the repeated evolution of dorsal stripes in rodents. | LKB1 loss links serine metabolism to DNA methylation and tumorigenesis
Human tumours with mutations in LKB1 and Kras have a specific hypermetabolic state associated with increased DNA methylation, pointing to potential metabolic and epigenetic vulnerabilities of specific tumours. | Forward-genetics analysis of sleep in randomly mutagenized mice
Two mutations affecting the sleep–wakefulness balance in mice are detected, showing that the SIK3 protein kinase is essential for determining daily wake time, and the NALCN cation channel regulates the duration of rapid eye movement sleep. | Tidal evolution of the Moon from a high-obliquity, high-angular-momentum Earth
A model of the Moon’s tidal evolution, starting from the fast-spinning, high-obliquity Earth that would be expected after a giant impact, reveals that solar perturbations on the Moon’s orbit naturally produce the current lunar inclination and Earth’s low obliquity. | Catalytic activation of carbon–carbon bonds in cyclopentanones
In the chemical industry, it is often necessary to activate carbon–carbon bonds in order to synthesize complex organic molecules, but this is challenging when starting with simple five- or six-membered carbon rings; a new method uses a rhodium pre-catalyst and an amino-pyridine co-catalyst, enabling an overall energetically favourable reaction that involves activation of carbon–carbon bonds plus activation of carbon–hydrogen bonds. | Fatty acid synthesis configures the plasma membrane for inflammation in diabetes
Mice with macrophages deficient in fatty acid synthase exhibit lower levels of diabetes-related insulin resistance and inflammation, qualities that are restored on addition of exogenous cholesterol. | Single-cell RNA-seq supports a developmental hierarchy in human oligodendroglioma
A single sentence summarizing your paper (websum), which will appear online on the table of contents and in e-alerts, has been provided below. Please check this sentence for accuracy and appropriate emphasis. | Cultural innovation and megafauna interaction in the early settlement of arid Australia
Warratyi rock shelter shows evidence of human occupation approximately 50,000 years ago, development of tool use and cultural innovation, and interaction with now-extinct megafauna in arid Australia. | | Hypoxia induces heart regeneration in adult mice | | Multiple dynamin family members collaborate to drive mitochondrial division | | Zika virus infection damages the testes in mice | | Microcins mediate competition among Enterobacteriaceae in the inflamed gut | | | Brief Communications Arising | | | | De novo phasing with X-ray laser reveals mosquito larvicide BinAB structure
The structure of the bacterial toxin BinAB, which is used to combat mosquito-borne diseases, reveals pH-sensitive switches and carbohydrate-binding modules that may contribute to the larvicidal function of the toxin.
Jacques-Philippe Colletier, Michael R. Sawaya, Mari Gingery et al. | Arginine phosphorylation marks proteins for degradation by a Clp protease
In Gram-positive bacteria, arginine phosphorylation by the McsB kinase functions as a general post-translational marker for Clp-mediated proteolysis.
Débora Broch Trentini, Marcin Józef Suskiewicz, Alexander Heuck et al. | Break-induced telomere synthesis underlies alternative telomere maintenance
Alternative lengthening of telomeres in cancer cells is initiated by a specialized replisome and noncanonical homologous recombination at damaged telomeres, culminating in the synthesis of long tracts of telomere DNA.
Robert L. Dilley, Priyanka Verma, Nam Woo Cho et al. | Defining synonymous codon compression schemes by genome recoding
REXER, a new method that allows long sections of DNA to be inserted or replaced in the genome of the bacterium Escherichia coli, is used to investigate codon replacement schemes for the generation of synthetic genomes.
Kaihang Wang, Julius Fredens, Simon F. Brunner et al. | | Wild monkeys flake stone tools
Wild capuchin monkeys in Brazil deliberately break stones, unintentionally producing flakes similar to the ancient sharp-edged flakes characterized as intentionally produced Pliocene–Pleistocene hominin tools, although why they do so remains unclear.
Tomos Proffitt, Lydia V. Luncz, Tiago Falótico et al. | Evolution of Hoxa11 regulation in vertebrates is linked to the pentadactyl state
The mutually exclusive expression of the Hoxa11 and Hoxa13 genes is required for pentadactyl (five-digit) limbs and is proposed to have contributed to the transition from several digits polydactyl (several-digit) limbs in the earliest tetrapods.
Yacine Kherdjemil, Robert L. Lalonde, Rushikesh Sheth et al. | The formation of Charon’s red poles from seasonally cold-trapped volatiles
The unusual dark red coloration of Charon’s northern polar cap is shown to be produced from hydrocarbons that are cold-trapped from Pluto’s escaping atmosphere during winter.
W. M. Grundy, D. P. Cruikshank, G. R. Gladstone et al. | Emergence of a turbulent cascade in a quantum gas
The gradual development of a turbulent cascade in a weakly interacting homogeneous Bose gas is observed on application of a periodic driving force.
Nir Navon, Alexander L. Gaunt, Robert P. Smith et al. | 1970s and ‘Patient 0’ HIV-1 genomes illuminate early HIV/AIDS history in North America
A study of the early genetic diversity and history of the HIV-1 epidemic in North America through sequencing of eight full-length viral genomes from the 1970s.
Michael Worobey, Thomas D. Watts, Richard A. McKay et al. | Metal–organic frameworks as selectivity regulators for hydrogenation reactions
The flavouring, perfume and pharmaceutical industries rely on the selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to generate unsaturated alcohols; here, a new type of highly selective catalyst is described in which platinum nanoparticles are sandwiched between a core and a shell of a metal−organic framework.
Meiting Zhao, Kuo Yuan, Yun Wang et al. | Olfactory receptor pseudo-pseudogenes
Drosophila sechellia, a species closely related to the model species Drosophila melanogaster, bypasses a premature stop codon in neuronal cells to express a functional olfactory receptor protein from an assumed pseudogene template.
Lucia L. Prieto-Godino, Raphael Rytz, Benoîte Bargeton et al. | Single-cell RNA-seq identifies a PD-1hi ILC progenitor and defines its development pathway
Single-cell RNA sequencing of bone marrow innate lymphoid cell (ILC) precursors reveals that PD-1 marks a committed ILC progenitor and that ILC2 development requires Bcl11b and IL-25R expression; activated ILCs can also be depleted by a PD-1 antibody.
Yong Yu, Jason C. H. Tsang, Cui Wang et al. | On-target efficacy of a HIF-2α antagonist in preclinical kidney cancer models
The small-molecule HIF-2α antagonist PT2399 causes tumour regression in animal models of clear cell renal cell carcinoma, but cell lines of this tumour type show unexpectedly variable responses to PT2399.
Hyejin Cho, Xinlin Du, James P. Rizzi et al. | Atomic model for the membrane-embedded VO motor of a eukaryotic V-ATPase
The structure of the VO subcomplex of yeast V-ATPase, solved by electron cryomicroscopy, reveals a new subunit and suggests a mechanism for the translocation of protons across membranes.
Mohammad T. Mazhab-Jafari, Alexis Rohou, Carla Schmidt et al. | Targeting renal cell carcinoma with a HIF-2 antagonist
The HIF-2 antagonist PT2399 is tested in mice bearing tumourgrafts derived from human renal cell cancers to demonstrate its efficacy, identify markers of sensitivity and characterize its effects.
Wenfang Chen, Haley Hill, Alana Christie et al. | Calculation of the axion mass based on high-temperature lattice quantum chromodynamics
The mass of the axion, a particle that is central to many dark-matter theories, is calculated via the equation of state of the Universe and the temperature dependence of the so-called topological susceptibility of quantum chromodynamics.
S. Borsanyi, Z. Fodor, J. Guenther et al. | Mantle dynamics inferred from the crystallographic preferred orientation of bridgmanite
Deformation experiments on bridgmanite indicate that it may be the main contributor to the shear wave anisotropy observed around several subducting plates.
Noriyoshi Tsujino, Yu Nishihara, Daisuke Yamazaki et al. | | | | |
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