Nature Neuroscience Contents: September 2016 Volume 19 Number 9, pp 1117 - 1267

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Register free online: Produced with support from:  Olympus Corporation of the Americas Scientific Solutions Group   TABLE OF CONTENTS September 2016 Volume 19, Issue 9 Focus Editorial Q&A Perspective Reviews News and Views Brief Communications Articles Resource Advertisement nature.com webcasts Springer Nature presents a custom webcast on: FFPE Tissue and the HTG EdgeSeq Oncology Biomarker Panel: a Low-Input, Extraction-Free Gene Expression Pilot Study Date: Tuesday September 20, 2016 Time: 9AM PDT, 12PM EDT, 5PM BST, 6PM CEST  Register for the webcast and live Q&A session Sponsored by: HTG Molecular Diagnostics Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Open for Submissions  The first journal to bring together the findings of neuroscientists, psychologists, and education researchers to understand how the brain learns. The journal is now open for submissions. Explore the benefits of submitting your next paper to npj Science of Learning.   Advertisement Open for Submissions An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article.   Focus Top Focus on the neuroscience toolbox Focus issue: September 2016 Volume 19, No 9 Contents Editorial Q&A Perspective Reviews Sponsor Editorial Top Focus on the neuroscience toolbox   p1117 doi:10.1038/nn.4379 We present a special issue on the neuroscience toolbox, highlighting recent technological advances, approaches and collaborative initiatives that are enabling new avenues of research. Q&A Top Worldwide initiatives to advance brain research   pp1118 - 1122 Sten Grillner, Nancy Ip, Christof Koch, Walter Koroshetz, Hideyuki Okano et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4371 To highlight worldwide efforts to fund neuroscience research and address the growing threat of brain disorders, Nature Neuroscience asked leaders of six global brain initiatives to write about their programs. Perspective Top Opportunities and challenges in modeling human brain disorders in transgenic primates   pp1123 - 1130 Charles Jennings, Rogier Landman, Yang Zhou, Jitendra Sharma, Julia Hyman et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4362 Given recent advances in genome engineering technology like CRISPR and the difficulty of modeling human diseases in rodents, transgenic nonhuman primates may be used to develop etiologically relevant models of disease. This perspective by Guoping Feng et al. highlights the technological advances, potential challenges and opportunities these models present to furthering our understanding of disease. Reviews Top Disentangling neural cell diversity using single-cell transcriptomics   pp1131 - 1141 Jean-Francois Poulin, Bosiljka Tasic, Jens Hjerling-Leffler, Jeffrey M Trimarchi and Rajeshwar Awatramani doi:10.1038/nn.4366 Although single-cell gene expression profiling has been possible for the past two decades, a number of recent technological advances in microfluidic and sequencing technology have recently made the procedure much easier and less expensive. Awatramani and colleagues discuss the use of single-cell gene expression profiling for classifying neuronal cell types. Genetically encoded indicators of neuronal activity   pp1142 - 1153 Michael Z Lin and Mark J Schnitzer doi:10.1038/nn.4359 Genetically encoded indicators of neuronal activity have diversified and improved in performance in recent years, becoming essential tools for neuroscientists. Lin and Schnitzer review indicators for pH, neurotransmitter, voltage and calcium, with an emphasis on quantifying key indicator attributes and relating them to their applications in neuroscience. Technologies for imaging neural activity in large volumes   pp1154 - 1164 Na Ji, Jeremy Freeman and Spencer L Smith doi:10.1038/nn.4358 Ji et al. review emerging microscopy technologies that enable large-volume imaging of neural circuits. Focusing on two-photon fluorescence microscopy, they explored critical factors that limit imaging speed and restrict image volume, and also discuss three-dimensional imaging methods and their applications in rapid volume imaging of neural activity. Improving data quality in neuronal population recordings   pp1165 - 1174 Kenneth D Harris, Rodrigo Quian Quiroga, Jeremy Freeman and Spencer L Smith doi:10.1038/nn.4365 Extracellular electrophysiology and calcium imaging are powerful methods for recording neuronal populations. Yet both methods are subject to confounds that, if not accounted for, could lead to erroneous scientific conclusions. The authors discuss these confounds, strategies for identifying and ameliorating them, and potential research that could accurately calibrate population recording. The Human Connectome Project's neuroimaging approach   pp1175 - 1187 Matthew F Glasser, Stephen M Smith, Daniel S Marcus, Jesper L R Andersson, Edward J Auerbach et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4361 This paper describes an integrated approach for neuroimaging data acquisition, analysis and sharing. Building on methodological advances from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and elsewhere, the HCP-style paradigm applies to new and existing data sets that meet core requirements and may accelerate progress in understanding the brain in health and disease. News and Views Top Heat is absolute, cold is relative   pp1188 - 1189 Ine Vandewauw and Thomas Voets doi:10.1038/nn.4367 In vivo imaging of the spinal cord provides insights into the coding of skin temperature. Intriguingly, while heat-responsive dorsal horn neurons encode absolute temperatures, cold-responsive neurons report relative drops. See also: Article by Ran et al. The hippocampus grows up   pp1190 - 1191 Andrii Rudenko and Li-Huei Tsai doi:10.1038/nn.4368 The inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories of infancy is referred to as infantile amnesia. A study now provides one of the first explanations of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. See also: Article by Travaglia et al. Is the brain prewired for letters?   pp1192 - 1193 Stanislas Dehaene and Ghislaine Dehaene-Lambertz doi:10.1038/nn.4369 Even before a child learns to read, the future location of his or her letter-processing area can be predicted from its connections to the rest of the brain. Reading acquisition thus piggybacks on a pre-existing brain circuit. See also: Article by Saygin et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Neuroscience University of California San Diego Faculty Positions in Affective Neuroscience-Texas A&M University Texas A&M University Postdoctoral Fellowship Available in Behavioural Neuroscience Concordia University Faculty Position in Neuroscience The University of Iowa Tenure Track Faculty Positions in Behavioral Neuroscience Tel Aviv University More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT 2nd International Brain Stimulation Conference 5th - 8th March 2017 Barcelona, Spain More science events from Brief Communications Top Meta-analysis of 2,104 trios provides support for 10 new genes for intellectual disability   pp1194 - 1196 Stefan H Lelieveld, Margot R F Reijnders, Rolph Pfundt, Helger G Yntema, Erik-Jan Kamsteeg et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4352 The authors analyzed the exome sequences of 2,104 intellectual disability patients and their parents. They identified 10 novel candidate genes associated with specific clinical phenotypes. Diminished KCC2 confounds synapse specificity of LTP during senescence   pp1197 - 1200 Isabella Ferando, Guido C Faas and Istvan Mody doi:10.1038/nn.4357 In this study, the authors show that LTP lacks synapse specificity in hippocampi of aged (21-28 months) mice, possibly resulting from diminished levels of the K+/Cl- cotransporter KCC2 and depolarizing GABAA receptors. The KCC2 enhancer CLP257 restored synapse specificity of LTP, providing a possible new target for repairing memory loss in senescence. Advertisement Focus on the neuroscience toolbox Nature Neuroscience presents a special focus issue on the neuroscience toolbox highlighting recent technological advances, approaches and collaborative initiatives that are enabling new avenues of research. Access the Focus free online for six months Produced with support from: The Kavli Foundation     Articles Top The coding of cutaneous temperature in the spinal cord   pp1201 - 1209 Chen Ran, Mark A Hoon and Xiaoke Chen doi:10.1038/nn.4350 Using in vivo spinal cord two-photon calcium imaging, the authors provide the first comprehensive characterization of the representations of temperature in the spinal cord and reveal that spinal neurons encode temperature change for cold and absolute temperature for heat. See also: News and Views by Vandewauw & Voets Rapid production of new oligodendrocytes is required in the earliest stages of motor-skill learning   pp1210 - 1217 Lin Xiao, David Ohayon, Ian A McKenzie, Alexander Sinclair-Wilson, Jordan L Wright et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4351 The acquisition of a new skill or motor program is thought to be mediated by changes in neuronal plasticity at early stages of learning, which is later stabilized by new myelin generated by oligodendrocytes. In this study, the authors show that oligodendrocyte precursors exist in a 'primed' state, which allows them to contribute to early stages of motor learning. Postsynaptic, not presynaptic NMDA receptors are required for spike-timing-dependent LTD induction   pp1218 - 1224 Brett C Carter and Craig E Jahr doi:10.1038/nn.4343 Long-term depression at synapses between L4 and L2/3 neurons in somatosensory cortex is thought to require presynaptic NMDARs. In contrast, the present work finds that genetic deletion of postsynaptic but not presynaptic NMDARs blocks LTD and that the action of postsynaptic NMDARs appears to be metabotropic rather than ionotropic. Infantile amnesia reflects a developmental critical period for hippocampal learning   pp1225 - 1233 Alessio Travaglia, Reto Bisaz, Eric S Sweet, Robert D Blitzer and Cristina M Alberini doi:10.1038/nn.4348 Infantile amnesia is the forgetting of memories in young children. In this paper, the authors show that in rats early life memories are not lost but rather stored in a latent form that can be retrieved later during adult life following exposure to appropriate reminders. The formation of these early memories requires the hippocampus and is subject to a developmental critical period that depends on mechanisms similar to those underlying critical periods in sensory systems. See also: News and Views by Rudenko & Tsai Fast and slow transitions in frontal ensemble activity during flexible sensorimotor behavior   pp1234 - 1242 Michael J Siniscalchi, Victoria Phoumthipphavong, Farhan Ali, Marc Lozano and Alex C Kwan doi:10.1038/nn.4342 Control of action selection in the brain must be stable yet flexible. Using two-photon calcium imaging, the authors find distinct population activity states in secondary motor cortex for different stimulus-response contingencies and show that transitions between these states occurred earlier when mice were required to abort a repetitive action and use a conditional rule. Sensory and decision-related activity propagate in a cortical feedback loop during touch perception   pp1243 - 1249 Sung Eun Kwon, Hongdian Yang, Genki Minamisawa and Daniel H O'Connor doi:10.1038/nn.4356 Feedforward and feedback synaptic pathways shape how neural activity evolves across cortical areas, but they are difficult to monitor using traditional methods during behavior. The authors use pathway-specific and cellular-resolution in vivo imaging to quantify sensory and decision-related neural activity both within and propagating between two cortical areas critical for touch perception. Connectivity precedes function in the development of the visual word form area   pp1250 - 1255 Zeynep M Saygin, David E Osher, Elizabeth S Norton, Deanna A Youssoufian, Sara D Beach et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4354 Before children can read, their brains have yet to develop selective responses to words. This study demonstrates that a child's connectivity pattern at age 5 can predict where their own word-selective cortex will later develop. This suggests that connectivity lays the groundwork for later functional development of cortex. See also: News and Views by Dehaene & Dehaene-Lambertz Resource Top ALS disrupts spinal motor neuron maturation and aging pathways within gene co-expression networks   pp1256 - 1267 Ritchie Ho, Samuel Sances, Genevieve Gowing, Mackenzie Weygandt Amoroso, Jacqueline G O'Rourke et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4345 ALS patient iPSC-derived motor neurons aim to model disease phenotypes. The authors demonstrate that these cells transcriptomically resemble fetal rather than adult spinal motor neurons, and familial and sporadic forms of ALS disrupt gene networks and pathways associated with neuronal maturation and aging. These data provide a resource for further understanding how molecular changes in motor neurons lead to disease. Top Advertisement Springer Nature offers a free open access funding support service to enable authors to discover and apply for article processing charge funding available to them. Visit our website for further advice on the funding options available, and guidance in approaching funders and institutions, or email openaccess@nature.com for more information.   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. 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