Nature Neuroscience Contents: June 2016 Volume 19 Number 6, pp 763 - 862

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Advertisement Submit your proposal: Identification of Druggable Targets to Reverse Hearing Loss. Deadline: 24th June. $15,000 award offered. See the full details and enter here. TABLE OF CONTENTS June 2016 Volume 19, Issue 6 News and Views Review Brief Communications Articles Corrigendum Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement npj Science of Learning is a new open access, online-only journal that brings together the findings of neuroscientists, psychologists, and education researchers to understand how the brain learns. The first articles for npj Science of Learning have now been published. Visit the website now to explore all available content, and sign up to receive free article e-alerts.    Advertisement Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy is a new open access journal, which aims to accomplish timely publication of the latest discoveries and progress in both basic science and clinical research related to signal transduction and targeted therapy. Submit your manuscript.   News and Views Top Facing up to stereotypes   pp763 - 764 Martin N Hebart and Chris I Baker doi:10.1038/nn.4309 Our understanding of faces reflects both our perception of their facial features and our social knowledge. This interaction of stereotypes and vision can be observed in brain signals in fusiform gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex. See also: Brief Communication by Stolier & Freeman Old player, new partner: EGFRvIII and cytokine receptor signaling in glioblastoma   pp765 - 767 Genaro R Villa and Paul S Mischel doi:10.1038/nn.4302 The brain cancer glioblastoma relies on aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFRvIII) signaling for tumorigenesis. An essential co-receptor and feed-forward circuit maintain signaling in this deadly disease. See also: Article by Jahani-Asl et al. Olfactory bulb connectomics: a silver lining   pp767 - 768 Timothy E Holy doi:10.1038/nn.4312 In high-throughput electron microscopy, a simple method to reduce artifacts helps reveal the architecture of circuits in the developing zebrafish olfactory bulb. See also: Article by Wanner et al. What stays the same in orbitofrontal cortex   pp768 - 770 Erin L Rich and Jonathan D Wallis doi:10.1038/nn.4305 Researchers show that orbitofrontal neurons perform the same value-related computations across different decisions. Value computations are therefore a critical feature around which orbitofrontal representations are organized. See also: Article by Xie & Padoa-Schioppa Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoc in Neuroscience / In vivo electrophysiology, optogenetic and motor learning INMED INSERM Faculty Positions The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) Primate Neurologist University of California - Davis Tenure-Track Professor in Human Development Cornell University University Lecturer University of Cambridge More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT 5th Champalimaud Neuroscience Symposium 21.09.16 Lisbon, Portugal More science events from Review Top Pericytes of the neurovascular unit: key functions and signaling pathways   pp771 - 783 Melanie D Sweeney, Shiva Ayyadurai and Berislav V Zlokovic doi:10.1038/nn.4288 Pericytes are vascular mural cells embedded in the basement membrane of brain microvessels that, in the CNS, are uniquely positioned in the neurovascular unit between endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. Here the authors examine the key signaling pathways between pericytes and their neighboring cells regulating CNS functions in health and disease. Brief Communications Top Silencing spinal interneurons inhibits immune suppressive autonomic reflexes caused by spinal cord injury   pp784 - 787 Masaki Ueno, Yuka Ueno-Nakamura, Jesse Niehaus, Phillip G Popovich and Yutaka Yoshida doi:10.1038/nn.4289 The authors document a novel neurogenic mechanism to explain the clinical syndrome known as spinal cord injury-induced immune deficiency. Specifically, they show that new spinal-splenic sympathetic circuitry forms below the level of injury, creating an exaggerated sympathetic anti-inflammatory reflex. Inhibiting excitatory interneurons within this circuitry blocks immune suppression. In vivo imaging of dendritic pruning in dentate granule cells   pp788 - 791 J Tiago Gonçalves, Cooper W Bloyd, Matthew Shtrahman, Stephen T Johnston, Simon T Schafer et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4301 In this study the authors have imaged the growth of adult-born dentate granule cell dendrites in vivo longitudinally over several weeks. They have found that branch addition is dependent on behavioral experience and molecular cues and that pruning acts homeostatically to promote a similar dendritic structure for all granule cells. Coordinated grid and place cell replay during rest   pp792 - 794 H Freyja Ólafsdóttir, Francis Carpenter and Caswell Barry doi:10.1038/nn.4291 Theories propose hippocampal memories are consolidated to the cortex during reactivation events known as replay. However, the involvement of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) in consolidation remains poorly understood. Olafsdottir et al. demonstrate coordinated replay between the hippocampus and MEC, with hippocampus leading, suggesting hippocampal memories are broadcast to MEC. Neural pattern similarity reveals the inherent intersection of social categories   pp795 - 797 Ryan M Stolier and Jonathan B Freeman doi:10.1038/nn.4296 By combining neuroimaging with an implicit behavioral measure (mouse-tracking), the authors demonstrate that stereotypes can alter the brain's visual representation of a face's gender, race, and emotion. Perceptions of social categories were biased by a subject's stereotypical associations, and this bias correlated with neural representations of those categories. See also: News and Views by Hebart & Baker Advertisement Nature Collection: Computational Biology Advances in technology across all areas of science have ushered in an era of big data, providing researchers with unprecedented opportunities to understand how biological systems function and interact. Access this collection free online for six months Produced with support from: IBM Research & IBM Watson Health   Articles Top Control of glioblastoma tumorigenesis by feed-forward cytokine signaling   pp798 - 806 Arezu Jahani-Asl, Hang Yin, Vahab D Soleimani, Takrima Haque, H Artee Luchman et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4295 Glioblastoma is a deadly brain tumor with no cure. The cytokine receptor OSMR is identified as a new key player in glioblastoma pathogenesis. OSMR orchestrates a feed-forward mechanism with the oncogenic protein EGFRvIII and the transcription factor STAT3 to drive oncogenesis. Loss of OSMR impairs EGFRvIII-STAT3 signaling and glioblastoma tumorigenesis. See also: News and Views by Villa & Mischel Sequential regulatory loops as key gatekeepers for neuronal reprogramming in human cells   pp807 - 815 Yuanchao Xue, Hao Qian, Jing Hu, Bing Zhou, Yu Zhou et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4297 The authors reveal that PTB and its homolog nPTB mediate two sequential RNA regulatory loops required for converting human adult fibroblasts to functional neurons, and likely required for neurogenesis in vivo. The first loop, PTB-miR-124-REST, controls initial neuronal conversion and the second, nPTB-miR-9-BRN2, is responsible for neuronal maturation. Dense EM-based reconstruction of the interglomerular projectome in the zebrafish olfactory bulb   pp816 - 825 Adrian A Wanner, Christel Genoud, Tafheem Masudi, Léa Siksou and Rainer W Friedrich doi:10.1038/nn.4290 The authors used new 3D electron microscopy techniques and analyses to reconstruct virtually all neurons in the olfactory bulb of a zebrafish larva. The results reveal specific patterns of projections between the functional modules of the olfactory bulb, the glomeruli. This network provides an anatomical basis for distributed olfactory computations. See also: News and Views by Holy Serotonin modulates spike probability in the axon initial segment through HCN channels   pp826 - 834 Kwang Woo Ko, Matthew N Rasband, Victor Meseguer, Richard H Kramer and Nace L Golding doi:10.1038/nn.4293 Hyperpolarization and cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels shape synaptic integration in the soma and dendrites of many neurons. Here, Ko et al. show that in auditory neurons HCN channels are also present in the axon initial segment, where they influence spike probability and also serve as potent sites for neuromodulation. A microRNA switch regulates the rise in hypothalamic GnRH production before puberty   pp835 - 844 Andrea Messina, Fanny Langlet, Konstantina Chachlaki, Juan Roa, Sowmyalakshmi Rasika et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4298 The authors show that a gene expression switch operated by microRNAs regulates the control of puberty onset and adult fertility by the CNS by triggering increased hypothalamic Gnrh mRNA expression during the infantile period of postnatal development. Reward and choice encoding in terminals of midbrain dopamine neurons depends on striatal target   pp845 - 854 Nathan F Parker, Courtney M Cameron, Joshua P Taliaferro, Junuk Lee, Jung Yoon Choi et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4287 Midbrain dopamine neurons have been implicated in two related but distinct processes: reward learning and action generation. By combining an operant learning task in mice with recordings from projection-defined dopamine neurons, the authors found that dopamine neurons targeting different parts of the striatum carry different information about rewards and chosen actions. Neuronal remapping and circuit persistence in economic decisions   pp855 - 861 Jue Xie and Camillo Padoa-Schioppa doi:10.1038/nn.4300 Different neurons in orbitofrontal cortex encode the input and the output of economic decisions. The authors demonstrate that this neural circuit is both stable and flexible. When different goods are available for choice, individual neurons adapt to the new behavioral context while preserving their function in the decision circuit. See also: News and Views by Rich & Wallis Advertisement An open access journal dedicated to highlighting the most important scientific advances in Parkinson's disease research, spanning the motor and non-motor disorders of Parkinson's disease. Part of the Nature Partner Journals series, npj Parkinson's Disease is published in partnership with the Parkinson's Disease Foundation.  Open for submissions   Corrigendum Top Corrigendum: Laterodorsal tegmentum interneuron subtypes oppositely regulate olfactory cue-induced innate fear   p862 Hongbin Yang, Junhua Yang, Wang Xi, Sijia Hao, Benyan Luo et al. doi:10.1038/nn0616-862 Top Advertisement Subscribe to Nature with our best current personal subscription offer to access a wealth of scientific articles, features and news every week. Personal subscriptions include app, online, digital and print access so you can enjoy Nature anytime, anywhere.   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. 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