Nature Medicine Contents: May 2016 Volume 22 Number 5 pp 447-567

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Advertisement QScience.com Highlights is a regularly updated online platform which highlights the best of published research, handpicked by Nature Journals' editors, from QScience.com. Stay up-to-date with the latest research and reviews qscience.nature.com TABLE OF CONTENTS May 2016 Volume 22, Issue 5 Editorial News News and Views Perspectives Articles Letters Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement nature.com webcasts Nature Publishing Group presents an editorial webcast on: Cancer immunotherapy Join us as four experts explain their roles in this exciting field and take part in a live discussion on the future of cancer immunotherapy. Tuesday 24th May 2016 at 8AM PDT, 11AM EDT, 4PM BST, 5PM CEST Register free online: Produced with support from: Lonza Bioscience Solutions     Advertisement Discovery and technology for human health  Now open for submissions Straddling the life sciences, the physical sciences and engineering, Nature Biomedical Engineering will publish — weekly and online-only — biological, medical and engineering advances that can directly inspire or lead to improvements in human health or healthcare.    Advertisement THE GENOMICS OF COMMON DISEASES 2016  Presented by Nature Genetics in association with the Wellcome Trust September 25-28, 2016 Renaissance Baltimore Harborplace Hotel | Baltimore, MD, USA REGISTER NOW!   Editorial Top Leave politics out of science   p447 doi:10.1038/nm.4111 Science naysayers have become increasingly vocal in the US government. Attacks on science—whether biological, social or climate—threaten human health, now and in the future. News Top News Features Saving face: The search for alternatives to life-long immunosuppression for face transplants   pp448 - 449 Amanda B Keener doi:10.1038/nm0516-448 Foretelling toxicity: FDA researchers work to predict risk of liver injury from drugs   pp450 - 451 Cassandra Willyard doi:10.1038/nm0516-450 Beyond building proteins: tRNA synthetases outside of translation   pp452 - 453 Rachel Becker doi:10.1038/nm0516-452 News in Brief Biomedical briefing   pp454 - 455 doi:10.1038/nm0516-454 News Feature Prime pick: Researchers get selective about T cells for cancer therapy   pp456 - 458 Shraddha Chakradhar doi:10.1038/nm0516-456 News and Views Top Cardiotoxicity in a dish: new insights for personalized therapy   pp459 - 460 Mitch Biermann and Timothy J Kamp doi:10.1038/nm.4095 A recent study identifies differences in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes from patients with breast cancer who were treated with doxorubicin and either did or did not develop cardiotoxicity. The results open up new avenues for the development of personalized therapy and the prevention of cardiotoxicity. See also: Letter by Burridge et al. Closing the loop on the bone-resorbing osteoclast   pp460 - 461 Mone Zaidi and Jameel Iqbal doi:10.1038/nm.4104 A new study shows in mice that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11, also known as RANKL), which stimulates osteoclasts to remove bone, binds to the G-protein-coupled receptor LGR4 to prevent excessive bone removal. In mouse models of osteoporosis, a recombinant LGR4 ectodomain reduces bone loss. See also: Article by Luo et al. Regulation of pancreatic cancer aggressiveness by stromal stiffening   pp462 - 463 Nicola Rath and Michael F Olson doi:10.1038/nm.4099 Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an extensive stromal component that hinders treatment. A new study shows how the genetic identity of pancreatic tumors might influence the physical properties of the associated stroma to promote tumor progression. See also: Article by Laklai et al. Nature Medicine JOBS of the week Chair, Department of Genomic Medicine The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Postdoctoral Fellow ? Biology (#79051) California Institute for Biomedical Research Postdoctoral Fellows in Statistical Genetics or Computational Biology Columbia University Post-doctoral Fellow Texas A&M University Health Science Center Post-doctoral Researcher University of Pennsylvania - Perelman School of Medicine More Science jobs from Nature Medicine EVENT Computational Genomics Approaches to Precision Medicine 12.09.16 Berlin, Germany More science events from Perspectives Top Facilitating a culture of responsible and effective sharing of cancer genome data   pp464 - 471 Lillian L Siu, Mark Lawler, David Haussler, Bartha Maria Knoppers, Jeremy Lewin et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4089 A framework for understanding and targeting residual disease in oncogene-driven solid cancers   pp472 - 478 Trever G Bivona and Robert C Doebele doi:10.1038/nm.4091 Advertisement Nature Index 2016 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia had the largest growth of its region in the production of high-quality research in 2015 tracked by the Nature Index, propelling the country into a leading position. Click here to see how strong and fruitful collaborations with international powerhouses have been integral to Saudi Arabia’s rapid rise. The country has now firmly set its sights on becoming a global player in science. Produced with support from: KACST   Articles Top Spinal cord reconstitution with homologous neural grafts enables robust corticospinal regeneration   pp479 - 487 Ken Kadoya, Paul Lu, Kenny Nguyen, Corinne Lee-Kubli, Hiromi Kumamaru et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4066 Grafting of caudalized rodent or human neural progenitor cells into sites of spinal cord injury enables true regeneration of damaged corticospinal axons in rodents. Regenerating axons form functional synapses within the graft, can extend beyond the lesion site, and help to support functional motor recovery. ROR-γ drives androgen receptor expression and represents a therapeutic target in castration-resistant prostate cancer   pp488 - 496 Junjian Wang, June X Zou, Xiaoqian Xue, Demin Cai, Yan Zhang et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4070 ROR-γ antagonists suppress androgen receptor expression and growth of prostate tumors, but not of androgen-responsive healthy tissue, in preclinical models. Genotype tunes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue tension to induce matricellular fibrosis and tumor progression   pp497 - 505 Hanane Laklai, Yekaterina A Miroshnikova, Michael W Pickup, Eric A Collisson, Grace E Kim et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4082 Impaired TGF-β signaling due to SMAD4 mutation in PDAC tumors initiates a STAT3-dependent signaling cascade that leads to increased stromal stiffening and disease progression. See also: News and Views by Rath & Olson Epithelial calcineurin controls microbiota-dependent intestinal tumor development   pp506 - 515 Kenneth Peuker, Stefanie Muff, Jun Wang, Sven Kunzel, Esther Bosse et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4072 The intestinal microbiota signals through epithelial cells to activate calcineurin and NFAT, driving proliferation of cancer stem cells and the development of colorectal cancer. Commensal microbiota affects ischemic stroke outcome by regulating intestinal γδ T cells   pp516 - 523 Corinne Benakis, David Brea, Silvia Caballero, Giuseppe Faraco, Jamie Moore et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4068 Alterations in the gut microbiota affect stroke outcomes via modulation of T cells, suggesting a gut-brain axis linking commensal microbes with the CNS. Nod2-mediated recognition of the microbiota is critical for mucosal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin   pp524 - 530 Donghyun Kim, Yun-Gi Kim, Sang-Uk Seo, Dong-Jae Kim, Nobuhiko Kamada et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4075 The mucosal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin depends on the microbiota, which signals through Nod2 on CD11c+ cells. Inflammatory signaling in human tuberculosis granulomas is spatially organized   pp531 - 538 Mohlopheni J Marakalala, Ravikiran M Raju, Kirti Sharma, Yanjia J Zhang, Eliseo A Eugenin et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4073 Using proteomic analyses, Eric Rubin, Veronique Dartois and colleagues show that tuberculosis granulomas have spatially segregated protein compositions that compartmentalize pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to distinct regions. LGR4 is a receptor for RANKL and negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption   pp539 - 546 Jian Luo, Zhengfeng Yang, Yu Ma, Zhiying Yue, Hongyu Lin et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4076 LGR4 has been identified as a new receptor for RANKL in bone cells where it opposes RANK signaling to inhibit osteoclasts differentiation, and its therapeutic targeting promotes reduced bone loss in three mouse models of osteoporosis. See also: News and Views by Zaidi & Iqbal Advertisement Free naturejobs webcast From bench to business: Top tips from experts and entrepreneurs on how to take your research all the way from idea to product. You'll also learn how to find the right funding and how to create the perfect pitch to get your research off the ground. Wednesday May 25th, 2016 at 8AM PST, 11AM EST, 4PM BST & 5PM CEST Register for the webcast and the live Q&A session Produced with support from: Novo Nordisk     Letters Top Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes recapitulate the predilection of breast cancer patients to doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity   pp547 - 556 Paul W Burridge, Yong Fuga Li, Elena Matsa, Haodi Wu, Sang-Ging Ong et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4087 The chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin causes cardiac injury in a subset of cancer patients. This variable clinical response to doxorubicin treatment can be recapitulated in vitro by using cardiomyocytes derived from patient-specific induced pluripotent cells. See also: News and Views by Biermann & Kamp RNA interference-induced hepatotoxicity results from loss of the first synthesized isoform of microRNA-122 in mice   pp557 - 562 Paul N Valdmanis, Shuo Gu, Kirk Chu, Lan Jin, Feijie Zhang et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4079 Mark Kay and colleagues report that liver toxicity due to high doses of shRNAs is triggered by a decrease in an isoform of the abundant liver microRNA, miR-122. Activation of Bacteroides fragilis toxin by a novel bacterial protease contributes to anaerobic sepsis in mice   pp563 - 567 Vivian M Choi, Julien Herrou, Aaron L Hecht, Wei Ping Teoh, Jerrold R Turner et al. doi:10.1038/nm.4077 Choi et al. identify a Bacteroides fragilis-encoded protease that activates the bacterial enterotoxin and is important for bloodstream infection in mice. Top Advertisement BJC collections: Cancer Immunotherapy Immunotherapies have revolutionised therapy for some cancers. In parallel with therapeutic trials, many other mechanisms and pathways are being investigated in optimising these treatments.  Access this collection from British Journal of Cancer - free online for six months Produced with support from: EMD Serono     Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

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