Nature Geoscience contents: March 2016 Volume 9 Number 3 pp181-260

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TABLE OF CONTENTS March 2016 Volume 9, Issue 3 Editorial Correspondence Commentary News and Views Review Letters Articles Erratum Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Editorial Top An impossible task?   p181 doi:10.1038/ngeo2676 The Paris Agreement on climate change has shifted international focus to more stringent mitigation, and asked the scientific community to work out what that means on a tight timeline. The challenge is steep, but well worth a go. Correspondence Top Tohoku rupture reloaded?   pp183 - 184 Roland Burgmann, Naoki Uchida, Yan Hu & Toru Matsuzawa doi:10.1038/ngeo2649 See also: Correspondence by Tormann et al. | Article by Tormann et al. Reply to 'Tohoku rupture reloaded?'   pp183 - 185 Thessa Tormann, Bogdan Enescu, Jochen Woessner & Stefan Wiemer doi:10.1038/ngeo2650 See also: Correspondence by Burgmann et al. | Article by Tormann et al. Commentary Top Geosciences after Paris   pp187 - 189 Joeri Rogelj & Reto Knutti doi:10.1038/ngeo2668 The adoption of the Paris Agreement is a historic milestone for the global response to the threat of climate change. Scientists are now being challenged to investigate a 1.5 °C world — which will require an accelerated effort from the geoscience community. News and Views Top History: Cooling and societal change   pp191 - 192 John Haldon doi:10.1038/ngeo2659 The rise and fall of civilizations over the past two millennia was set against a backdrop of climate change. High-resolution climate records evince a link between societal change and a period of cooling in the sixth and seventh centuries. See also: Letter by Büntgen et al. Ocean chemistry: Neoproterozoic glass-bleeding   pp192 - 193 Ian J. Fairchild doi:10.1038/ngeo2643 Volcanic eruptions at ocean ridges produce large volumes of glass that is rapidly leached by seawater. Geochemical calculations suggest that this process helps to explain the deposition of carbonates at the end of extreme ice ages. See also: Article by Gernon et al. Marine biogeochemistry: Phytoplankton in a witch's brew   pp194 - 195 Michael Behrenfeld doi:10.1038/ngeo2644 Natural seafloor hydrocarbon seeps are responsible for roughly half of the oil released into the ocean. As these oils and gases rise to the surface, they transport nutrients upwards, benefiting phytoplankton in the upper sunlit layer. See also: Letter by D'souza et al. Economic geology: Clues to hidden copper deposits   pp195 - 196 Jeremy Richards doi:10.1038/ngeo2656 Economic-grade deposits of copper are hard to find. The aluminium content of magmatic rocks at the surface may provide an indicator of ore deposits buried deep below. See also: Letter by Williamson et al. Geoscience JOBS of the week Senior Lecturer / Reader / Chair in Climate Change Impacts Cardiff University Faculty Positions in Skoltech Center for Hydrocarbon Recovery Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) More Science jobs from Review Top Formation of lower continental crust by relamination of buoyant arc lavas and plutons   pp197 - 205 Peter B. Kelemen & Mark D. Behn doi:10.1038/ngeo2662 The formation of Earth's continents is unclear. A review of the geochemical composition of crust formed above subduction zones across the globe suggests that subduction and relamination of buoyant magmatic rocks play an important role. Letters Top High solar cycle spectral variations inconsistent with stratospheric ozone observations   pp206 - 209 W. T. Ball, J. D. Haigh, E. V. Rozanov, A. Kuchar, T. Sukhodolov et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2640 Variability in solar UV radiation is uncertain, but it affects Earth's climate. Simulations of the ozone response to various data sets of spectral solar irradiance show that high-amplitude solar variability is inconsistent with ozone observations. Enhanced Atlantic sea-level rise relative to the Pacific under high carbon emission rates   pp210 - 214 J. P. Krasting, J. P. Dunne, R. J. Stouffer & R. W. Hallberg doi:10.1038/ngeo2641 Different ocean basins warm at different rates in response to climate change. A coupled carbon-climate model reveals that high carbon emission rates will lead to greater sea-level rise in the Atlantic than the Pacific on centennial timescales. Elevated surface chlorophyll associated with natural oil seeps in the Gulf of Mexico   pp215 - 218 N. A. D'souza, A. Subramaniam, A. R. Juhl, M. Hafez, A. Chekalyuk et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2631 Natural hydrocarbon seeps account for up to 47% of the oil released into the oceans. In situ and remote measurements of chlorophyll concentrations suggest that natural hydrocarbons enhance productivity in surface waters in the Gulf of Mexico. See also: News and Views by Behrenfeld Enhanced Southern Ocean marine productivity due to fertilization by giant icebergs   pp219 - 221 Luis P. A. M. Duprat, Grant R. Bigg & David J. Wilton doi:10.1038/ngeo2633 Nutrient input from icebergs can fertilize productivity in the ocean. Ten years of satellite measurements reveal that giant icebergs could be responsible for up to 20% of carbon export to depth in the Southern Ocean. Large contribution to inland water CO2 and CH4 emissions from very small ponds   pp222 - 226 Meredith A. Holgerson & Peter A. Raymond doi:10.1038/ngeo2654 Very small ponds have been omitted from greenhouse gas budgets. Estimates of CO2 and CH4 emissions from 427 lakes and ponds show that very small ponds account for 15% of CO2 and 40% of diffusive CH4 emissions, but 8.6% of lake and pond area. Groundwater flow as a cooling agent of the continental lithosphere   pp227 - 230 Henk Kooi doi:10.1038/ngeo2642 Groundwater flow redistributes heat in the Earth's crust. Numerical simulations of groundwater flow show net cooling of groundwater basins, as well as cooling of the underlying lithosphere in areas where groundwater flows over large distances. Cooling and societal change during the Late Antique Little Ice Age from 536 to around 660 AD    pp231 - 236 Ulf Büntgen, Vladimir S. Myglan, Fredrik Charpentier Ljungqvist, Michael McCormick, Nicola Di Cosmo et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2652 Societal upheaval occurred across Eurasia in the sixth and seventh centuries. Tree-ring reconstructions suggest a period of pronounced cooling during this time associated with several volcanic eruptions. See also: News and Views by Haldon Porphyry copper enrichment linked to excess aluminium in plagioclase   pp237 - 241 B. J. Williamson, R. J. Herrington & A. Morris doi:10.1038/ngeo2651 Porphyry ore deposits are increasingly hard to discover. Geochemical analysis of minerals formed in porphyry systems worldwide shows that the most fertile deposits are associated with excess Al and water-rich magma injections. See also: News and Views by Richards Articles Top Snowball Earth ocean chemistry driven by extensive ridge volcanism during Rodinia breakup   pp242 - 248 T. M. Gernon, T. K. Hincks, T. Tyrrell, E. J. Rohling & M. R. Palmer doi:10.1038/ngeo2632 The Cryogenian Snowball Earth glaciations were followed by the deposition of massive cap carbonates. Geochemical modelling suggests that shallow-ridge volcanism supplied much of the alkalinity and cations that fuelled this deposition. See also: News and Views by Fairchild Late-stage volatile saturation as a potential trigger for explosive volcanic eruptions   pp249 - 254 Michael J. Stock, Madeleine C. S. Humphreys, Victoria C. Smith, Roberto Isaia & David M. Pyle doi:10.1038/ngeo2639 Magma reservoirs typically accumulate over hundreds to thousands of years. Yet, geochemical analyses of volcanic rocks from Campi Flegrei suggest activity there was triggered by injections of volatile-rich magma only days before the eruption. Early Archaean tectonics and mantle redox recorded in Witwatersrand diamonds   pp255 - 259 Katie A. Smart, Sebastian Tappe, Richard A. Stern, Susan J. Webb & Lewis D. Ashwal doi:10.1038/ngeo2628 The time at which plate tectonics were initiated on Earth is unclear. Geochemical analysis of diamonds suggests that recycled oxidized material could have been introduced to the mantle via subduction zones more than 3 billion years ago. Erratum Top Erratum: Substantial nitrogen pollution embedded in international trade   p260 Azusa Oita, Arunima Malik, Keiichiro Kanemoto, Arne Geschke, Shota Nishijima et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2664 Top Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

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