| | Infection biology: Small RNA with a large impact
A simultaneous comparison of the RNA molecules expressed by Salmonella bacteria and human cells during infection reveals how a bacterial small RNA alters the transcript profiles of both the bacteria and the host cells. | Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets
Targets for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide are related to regional changes in climate extremes rather than to changes in global mean temperature, in order to convey their urgency better to individual countries. | Dual RNA-seq unveils noncoding RNA functions in host–pathogen interactions
Using dual RNA-seq technology to profile RNA expression simultaneously in the bacterial pathogen Salmonella and its host during infection reveals molecular phenotypes of small noncoding RNAs in the infection process. | Structure of the E6/E6AP/p53 complex required for HPV-mediated degradation of p53
Structural details of how oncogenic human papilloma viruses induce cancer by targeting the tumour suppressor p53 for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. | Structure of transcribing mammalian RNA polymerase II
The first high-resolution, cryo-electron microscopy structure of mammalian RNA polymerase II, in the form of a transcribing complex comprising DNA template and RNA transcript. | Graded Foxo1 activity in Treg cells differentiates tumour immunity from spontaneous autoimmunity
The transcription factor Foxo1 is shown to be involved in the determination of distinct subsets of regulatory T (Treg) cells, and the differentiation of activated phenotype Treg cells is associated with the repression of the Foxo1-dependent transcriptional program; constitutively active Foxo1 expression triggers depletion of activated Treg cells in peripheral tissues and leads to CD8 T-cell-mediated autoimmunity and anti-tumour immunity. | Bioresorbable silicon electronic sensors for the brain
Electronic implants are often used in diagnosing and treating human illness, but permanent implants come with problems; here, devices are described that can sense temperature, pressure, pH or thermal characteristics, and—crucially—are fully resorbable by the body. | Mitofusin 2 maintains haematopoietic stem cells with extensive lymphoid potential
The role of mitochondria in haematopoietic stem-cell maintenance has not been examined in detail; here mitofusin 2, which modulates mitochondrial fusion and tethering of endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria, is shown to be necessary for the maintenance of haematopoietic stem cells with extensive lymphoid potential. | Lithium-ion battery structure that self-heats at low temperatures
Here we report a lithium-ion all-climate battery that very efficiently heats itself up in extremely cold environments by diverting current through a strip of metal foil to generate heat of resistance and then reverts to normal high-power operation. | A mechanism of viral immune evasion revealed by cryo-EM analysis of the TAP transporter
The cryo-electron microscopy structure of human TAP transporter, a peptide transporter central to MHC class I antigen presentation and cellular immunity, in complex with the herpes simplex virus protein ICP47. | Structure of a HOIP/E2~ubiquitin complex reveals RBR E3 ligase mechanism and regulation
The first structure of fully active HOIP of the RBR family of RING-type E3 ligases in its transfer complex with an E2~ubiquitin conjugate provides insights into its mechanism of action, including the ideal alignment of the E2 and E3 catalytic centres for ubiquitin transfer and the allosteric regulation of the RBR family. | Non-classical correlations between single photons and phonons from a mechanical oscillator
Non-classically correlated pairs of single photons and phonons are generated and read out from a nanomechanical resonator, demonstrating that such resonators could be used for light–matter quantum interfaces. | | Corrigendum: CMT2D neuropathy is linked to the neomorphic binding activity of glycyl-tRNA synthetase | | Corrigendum: Dissecting a circuit for olfactory behaviour in Caenorhabditis elegans | | Corrigendum: Discovery of Atg5/Atg7-independent alternative macroautophagy | | Corrigendum: DDX5 and its associated lncRNA Rmrp modulate TH17 cell effector functions | | | Brief Communications Arising | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | The functional diversity of retinal ganglion cells in the mouse
Two-photon calcium imaging reveals that the mouse retina contains more than 30 functionally distinct retinal ganglion cells, including some that have not been described before, exceeding current estimates and suggesting that the functional diversity of retinal ganglion cells may be much larger than previously thought.
Tom Baden, Philipp Berens, Katrin Franke et al. | Divergent clonal selection dominates medulloblastoma at recurrence
To address the question of whether a recurrent tumour is genetically similar to the tumour at diagnosis, the evolution of medulloblastoma has been studied in both an in vivo mouse model of clinical tumour therapy as well as in humans with recurrent disease; targeted tumour therapies are usually based on targets present in the tumour at diagnosis but the results from this study indicate that post-treatment recurring tumours (compared with the tumour at diagnosis) have undergone substantial clonal divergence of the initial dominant tumour clone.
A. Sorana Morrissy, Livia Garzia, David J. H. Shih et al. | Codon influence on protein expression in E. coli correlates with mRNA levels
In-depth analyses of protein expression studies are used to derive a new codon-influence metric that correlates with global protein levels, mRNA levels and mRNA lifetimes in vivo, indicating tight coupling between translation efficiency and mRNA stability; genes redesigned based on these analyses consistently yield high protein expression levels both in vivo and in vitro.
Grégory Boël, Reka Letso, Helen Neely et al. | | A prevalence of dynamo-generated magnetic fields in the cores of intermediate-mass stars
Suppression of dipolar oscillation modes by strong magnetic fields in the cores of intermediate-mass red giant stars reveals that powerful magnetic dynamos were very common in the previously convective cores of these stars.
Dennis Stello, Matteo Cantiello, Jim Fuller et al. | A phosphoinositide conversion mechanism for exit from endosomes
A mechanism for phosphoinositide conversion at endosomes to enable exit from the endosomal system, suggesting that defective phosphoinositide conversion at endosomes underlies X-linked centronuclear myopathy.
Katharina Ketel, Michael Krauss, Anne-Sophie Nicot et al. | Exposed water ice on the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Using infrared wavelengths, micrometre-sized water-ice grains have been identified on the nucleus (which is mostly coated in a dark material) of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.
G. Filacchione, M. C. De Sanctis, F. Capaccioni et al. | Integrative modelling reveals mechanisms linking productivity and plant species richness
Data from grasslands across five continents show clear signals of numerous underlying mechanisms linking ecosystem productivity and species richness.
James B. Grace, T. Michael Anderson, Eric W. Seabloom et al. | Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya
A case of inter-group violence among hunter-gatherers on the shores of Lake Turkana in Kenya 10,000 years ago.
M. Mirazón Lahr, F. Rivera, R. K. Power et al. | NANOG alone induces germ cells in primed epiblast in vitro by activation of enhancers
In mouse embryonic stem cells converted to an epiblast fate in vitro—a state in which the cells can also gain germ cell fate if exposed to the signalling molecule BMP4—the sole expression of the transcription factor NANOG is shown to be sufficient to induce germ cell fate, in the absence of BMP4.
Kazuhiro Murakami, Ufuk Günesdogan, Jan J. Zylicz et al. | Future ocean hypercapnia driven by anthropogenic amplification of the natural CO2 cycle
Data-based projections suggest that the natural CO2 cycle could be amplified by up to ten times by 2100 in some oceanic regions if atmospheric CO2 concentrations continue to increase, which could detrimentally affect major fisheries.
Ben I. McNeil, Tristan P. Sasse | Super-resolution imaging reveals distinct chromatin folding for different epigenetic states
Using super-resolution imaging to directly observe the three-dimensional organization of Drosophila chromatin at a scale spanning sizes from individual genes to entire gene regulatory domains, the authors find that transcriptionally active, inactive and Polycomb-repressed chromatin states each have a distinct spatial organisation.
Alistair N. Boettiger, Bogdan Bintu, Jeffrey R. Moffitt et al. | Powering Earth’s dynamo with magnesium precipitation from the core
The thermal conductivity of iron is now known to be much larger than had been thought, implying that thermal convection and radiogenic heating would not have been enough to sustain the Earth’s geodynamo; here it is shown that the precipitation of magnesium-bearing minerals from the core could have served as the required power source.
Joseph G. O’Rourke, David J. Stevenson | Response and resistance to BET bromodomain inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer
BET inhibitors that target bromodomain chromatin readers such as BRD4 are being explored as potential therapeutics in cancer; here triple-negative breast cancer cell lines are shown to respond to BET inhibitors and resistance seems to be associated with transcriptional changes rather than drug efflux and mutations, opening potential avenues to improve clinical responses to BET inhibitors.
Shaokun Shu, Charles Y. Lin, Housheng Hansen He et al. | A lithium–oxygen battery based on lithium superoxide
Lithium–oxygen batteries allow oxygen to be reduced at the battery’s cathode when a current is drawn; in present-day batteries, this results in formation of Li2O2, but it is now shown that another high energy density material, namely LiO2, with better electronic conduction can be used instead as the discharge product, if the electrode is decorated with iridium nanoparticles.
Jun Lu, Yun Jung Lee, Xiangyi Luo et al. | An improved limit on the charge of antihydrogen from stochastic acceleration
Stochastic acceleration applied to 1,000 trapped antihydrogen atoms yields a 20-fold reduction of the experimental upper bound on the magnitude of the charge of antihydrogen, which is expected to be charge neutral.
M. Ahmadi, M. Baquero-Ruiz, W. Bertsche et al. | Motor neurons control locomotor circuit function retrogradely via gap junctions
Motor neurons in zebrafish are shown to be more than simply output neurons, since they are able to influence, through gap junctions, the strength of the input they receive from V2a interneurons and, thereby, the frequency and duration of locomotor activity.
Jianren Song, Konstantinos Ampatzis, E. Rebecka Björnfors et al. | | | | |
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