Nature Neuroscience Contents: December 2015 Volume 18 Number 12, pp 1699 - 1862

If you are unable to see the message below, click here to view.

Advertisement Supporting you on your journey to publication  Agonists, antagonists, activators and inhibitors from Abcam More than 5000 highly cited small molecules with next day delivery. We have comprehensive datasheets and expert scientific support at hand to help you choose the right product for your experiment.  Watch this video and find out more TABLE OF CONTENTS December 2015 Volume 18, Issue 12 News and Views Commentary Review Brief Communications Articles Resources Technical Reports Corrigenda Errata Advertisement The world is waiting for your discovery. What are you waiting for? Join/Renew now. "The science is really what keeps me coming back to the Society - the benefits of keeping up with the field and what's going on with breakthroughs or research in neuroscience is crucial for my career." - SfN Member Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Open for Submissions An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article: http://bit.ly/1usUYYO   News and Views Top Transcriptional architecture of the human brain   pp1699 - 1701 Kevin W Kelley and Michael C Oldham doi:10.1038/nn.4178 The largest survey of gene expression ever performed in the adult human brain reveals highly stereotyped transcriptional patterning across individuals. The most stably patterned genes are enriched for neuronal annotations, disease associations, drug targets and correspond to resting state functional networks. See also: Commentary by Akbarian et al. | Resource by Hawrylycz et al. Does the hippocampus preplay memories?   pp1701 - 1702 Howard Eichenbaum doi:10.1038/nn.4180 Previous studies have reported 'preplay' of hippocampal neural activity patterns associated with events yet to occur. Silva et al. challenge this finding on the basis of large-scale recordings before and after experiences. See also: Article by Silva et al. Thalamus controls recurrent cortical dynamics   pp1703 - 1704 Jose Manuel Alonso and Harvey A Swadlow doi:10.1038/nn.4175 Previous work has suggested that cortical recurrent circuits can self-sustain their activity without thalamic input. A study now demonstrates that this is not the case in the awake brain, which tightly locks cortical timing to thalamic activity. See also: Article by Reinhold et al. Backward reasoning the formation rules   pp1705 - 1706 Walter Senn and João Sacramento doi:10.1038/nn.4172 Synaptic plasticity during learning is as fundamental as it is hard to study. The underlying synaptic plasticity rule has now been inferred using only the firing rate statistics of visual neurons in monkeys before and after learning. See also: Article by Lim et al. Cell Biology JOBS of the week Senior / Principal Scientist, in vitro Cancer Cell Biology F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Associate or Full Professor - Biochemistry and Cell Biology Stony Brook University PhD position: Decoding gene regulation in cancer KU Leuven, The Center for Human Genetics PhD Positions Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (LMU), Graduate School Life Science Munich Post-Doctoral Fellow University of Massachusett Medical School More Science jobs from Cell Biology EVENT The 2nd Conference on Advances in Cell Biology (CACB 2016) 18.03.16 Los Angeles, USA More science events from Commentary Top The PsychENCODE project   pp1707 - 1712 Schahram Akbarian, Chunyu Liu, James A Knowles, Flora M Vaccarino, Peggy J Farnham et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4156 Recent research on disparate psychiatric disorders has implicated rare variants in genes involved in global gene regulation and chromatin modification, as well as many common variants located primarily in regulatory regions of the genome. Understanding precisely how these variants contribute to disease will require a deeper appreciation for the mechanisms of gene regulation in the developing and adult human brain. The PsychENCODE project aims to produce a public resource of multidimensional genomic data using tissue- and cell type-specific samples from approximately 1,000 phenotypically well-characterized, high-quality healthy and disease-affected human post-mortem brains, as well as functionally characterize disease-associated regulatory elements and variants in model systems. We are beginning with a focus on autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and expect that this knowledge will apply to a wide variety of psychiatric disorders. This paper outlines the motivation and design of PsychENCODE. See also: Resource by Hawrylycz et al. | News and Views by Kelley & Oldham Review Top Dendritic integration: 60 years of progress   pp1713 - 1721 Greg J Stuart and Nelson Spruston doi:10.1038/nn.4157 Neurons receive synaptic input primarily onto their dendrites. This review focuses on how synaptic inputs are integrated by dendrites, with an emphasis on recent work in the intact brain. It describes the range of computations dendrites perform on their inputs, highlighting their critical role in information processing in the brain. Brief Communications Top Latent tri-lineage potential of adult hippocampal neural stem cells revealed by Nf1 inactivation   pp1722 - 1724 Gerald J Sun, Yi Zhou, Shiori Ito, Michael A Bonaguidi, Genevieve Stein-O'Brien et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4159 Endogenous neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus are generally considered to be bi-potent. The authors show in mouse that inactivation of neurofibromin 1 (Nf1), a gene that is mutated in neurofibromatosis type 1, unlocks a latent oligodendrocyte lineage potential of neural stem cells to produce all three lineages in vivo. Decreased amyloid-β and increased neuronal hyperactivity by immunotherapy in Alzheimer's models   pp1725 - 1727 Marc Aurel Busche, Christine Grienberger, Aylin D Keskin, Beomjong Song, Ulf Neumann et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4163 Immunotherapy with antibodies targeting the amyloid-β peptide has yet to show any cognitive benefit in Alzheimer's disease patients in clinical trials. In vivo two-photon imaging in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease now reveals that these antibodies do not alleviate neuronal dysfunction and can even worsen it. Sensory uncertainty decoded from visual cortex predicts behavior   pp1728 - 1730 Ruben S van Bergen, Wei Ji Ma, Michael S Pratte and Janneke F M Jehee doi:10.1038/nn.4150 Using functional MRI and a novel model-based analysis, the authors find that the uncertainty in sensory representations can reliably be estimated from trial-by-trial activity in human visual cortex. Moreover, this uncertainty represented in cortical activity affects the way people make decisions. Advertisement The discussion on Alzheimer’s Disease continues Nature Neuroscience presents a community forum on Alzheimer's Disease (AD) research. ACCESS NOW to view videos of our panel event at SfN 2015, read related articles for free, and discuss critical issues facing AD research today. Produced with support from Eli Lilly and Company and vTv Therapeutics   Articles Top Mutations in NONO lead to syndromic intellectual disability and inhibitory synaptic defects   pp1731 - 1736 Dennis Mircsof, Maéva Langouët, Marlène Rio, Sébastien Moutton, Karine Siquier-Pernet et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4169 Via exome sequencing, the authors identified mutations in the NONO protein, a member of the DBHS family, as a likely cause of severe intellectual disability. Using animal and cell models, they found that nearly one-third of NONO-regulated transcripts were synaptosomal and that NONO depletion directly affected inhibitory synaptic structure. GDF10 is a signal for axonal sprouting and functional recovery after stroke   pp1737 - 1745 Songlin Li, Esther H Nie, Yuqin Yin, Larry I Benowitz, Spencer Tung et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4146 Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. This study shows that the secreted factor GDF10 is a signal for the formation of new brain connections that lead to recovery after stroke and can be manipulated to enhance recovery and movement control in this disease. G9a is essential for epigenetic silencing of K+ channel genes in acute-to-chronic pain transition   pp1746 - 1755 Geoffroy Laumet, Judit Garriga, Shao-Rui Chen, Yuhao Zhang, De-Pei Li et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4165 Chronic neuropathic pain is associated with K+ channel downregulation in primary sensory neurons. The authors show that G9a, a histone-modifying enzyme, is required for transcriptional repression of K+ channel-associated gene families caused by nerve injury. G9a in primary sensory neurons is a key epigenetic regulator involved in acute-to-chronic pain transition. Piezo2 is the principal mechanotransduction channel for proprioception   pp1756 - 1762 Seung-Hyun Woo, Viktor Lukacs, Joriene C de Nooij, Dasha Zaytseva, Connor R Criddle et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4162 Proprioception, the sense of body and limb position, begins in nerve cells called proprioceptors that are activated by muscle or joint stretch. The molecular mechanism of mechanotransduction in mammalian proprioceptors is unknown. The authors show that the mechanically activated cation channel Piezo2 is the principal mechanotransducer in murine proprioceptors. Midbrain dopamine neurons bidirectionally regulate CA3-CA1 synaptic drive   pp1763 - 1771 Zev B Rosen, Stephanie Cheung and Steven A Siegelbaum doi:10.1038/nn.4152 Optogenetic release of dopamine from midbrain inputs to the hippocampus produces a powerful bidirectional control over hippocampal information flow to CA1 pyramidal neurons that depends on the pattern of stimulation. In this manner, a switch in the state of dopaminergic activity may serve to select specific events for memory storage. Trajectory events across hippocampal place cells require previous experience   pp1772 - 1779 Delia Silva, Ting Feng and David J Foster doi:10.1038/nn.4151 Hippocampal place cells are active offline in 'replay' sequences reflecting speeded-up depictions of behavioral trajectories, suggesting a model of memory. The authors show that encoding of replay sequences requires behavioral experience and the activation of molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, while retrieval does not. See also: News and Views by Eichenbaum Neuronal activity is not required for the initial formation and maturation of visual selectivity   pp1780 - 1788 Kenta M Hagihara, Tomonari Murakami, Takashi Yoshida, Yoshiaki Tagawa and Kenichi Ohki doi:10.1038/nn.4155 Orientation selectivity is a key property of neurons in the primary visual cortex. Using genetic silencing of cortical neurons throughout development, this study shows that initial formation of orientation selectivity is independent of neuronal activity. The initial selectivity is subsequently modified and this later process depends on spontaneous neuronal activity. Distinct recurrent versus afferent dynamics in cortical visual processing   pp1789 - 1797 Kimberly Reinhold, Anthony D Lien and Massimo Scanziani doi:10.1038/nn.4153 By optogenetically silencing thalamus, the authors show that visual cortex does not sustain a response without thalamus for more than a few tens of milliseconds. This rapid cortical activity decay predicts the temporal dynamics of sensory activity transmission between thalamus and cortex in awake animals, whereas under anesthesia, the fidelity of thalamo-cortical connection is dominated by the effect of synaptic depression. See also: News and Views by Alonso & Swadlow Climbing fibers encode a temporal-difference prediction error during cerebellar learning in mice   pp1798 - 1803 Shogo Ohmae and Javier F Medina doi:10.1038/nn.4167 To learn, the brain must be able to tell when it has made a mistake. A new study by Ohmae and Medina reveals the neural algorithm responsible for encoding error signals during cerebellar learning. A replica of this algorithm was previously found in dopamine neurons, suggesting the same elemental mechanism. Inferring learning rules from distributions of firing rates in cortical neurons   pp1804 - 1810 Sukbin Lim, Jillian L McKee, Luke Woloszyn, Yali Amit, David J Freedman et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4158 Experience-dependent synaptic modifications are one of the fundamental mechanisms of learning and memory, yet they are difficult to measure in vivo. Here the authors introduce a network model-based method that infers synaptic plasticity rules from the analysis of the statistics of neuronal responses to novel versus familiar stimuli. See also: News and Views by Senn & Sacramento The neuronal basis of fear generalization in humans   pp1811 - 1818 Selim Onat and Christian Büchel doi:10.1038/nn.4166 Generalizing from past events to novel situations is common in animals. To have an adaptive value, this ability requires flexible control, especially in fearful situations. The authors demonstrate that fear generalization can be broken down to neural mechanisms involved separately in the detection of threat and its uncertainty. Advertisement Nature Reviews Neuroscience  FREE POSTER - Cell-reprogramming technology and neuroscience  This Poster illustrates the principles through which cell-reprogramming technology can be used to generate distinct types of neural cells and outlines the most promising applications of these cells in neuroscientific research. Produced with support from  STEMCELL Technologies      Resources Top Cell type- and brain region-resolved mouse brain proteome   pp1819 - 1831 Kirti Sharma, Sebastian Schmitt, Caroline G Bergner, Stefka Tyanova, Nirmal Kannaiyan et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4160 The authors performed a comprehensive proteome analysis of the adult mouse brain, its major regions and CNS cell types at a depth of >13,000 proteins. This new resource represents the largest collection of cell type-resolved protein expression data of the brain. The power of the data set was illustrated by identifying novel adhesion molecules in glia and neuron interaction. Canonical genetic signatures of the adult human brain   pp1832 - 1844 Michael Hawrylycz, Jeremy A Miller, Vilas Menon, David Feng, Tim Dolbeare et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4171 The authors applied a correlation-based metric, 'differential stability' (DS), to assess reproducibility of gene expression patterning across individual brains, revealing mesoscale genetic organization. The highest DS genes were enriched for brain-related biological annotations, disease associations and drug targets, and their anatomical expression pattern correlated with resting state functional connectivity. See also: Commentary by Akbarian et al. | News and Views by Kelley & Oldham Technical Reports Top Optogenetic acidification of synaptic vesicles and lysosomes   pp1845 - 1852 Benjamin R Rost, Franziska Schneider, M Katharina Grauel, Christian Wozny, Claudia G Bentz et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4161 The authors developed two subcellular optogenetic tools, pHoenix and lyso-pHoenix, that allow light-driven acidification of synaptic vesicles and lysosomes, respectively. pHoenix was used to control the degree of neurotransmitter uptake into synaptic vesicles, revealing that exocytosis of partially filled vesicles is less efficient than the release of completely filled vesicles. Parcellating cortical functional networks in individuals   pp1853 - 1860 Danhong Wang, Randy L Buckner, Michael D Fox, Daphne J Holt, Avram J Holmes et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4164 A cortical parcellation technique accurately maps functional organization in individual brains. Functional networks mapped by this approach are highly reproducible and effectively capture individual variability. The algorithm performs well across different populations and data types and is validated by invasive cortical stimulation mapping in surgical patients. Corrigenda Top Corrigendum: Parthanatos mediates AIMP2-activated age-dependent dopaminergic neuronal loss   p1861 Yunjong Lee, Senthilkumar S Karuppagounder, Joo-Ho Shin, Yun-Il Lee, Han Seok Ko et al. doi:10.1038/nn1215-1861a Corrigendum: Psychiatric genome-wide association study analyses implicate neuronal, immune and histone pathways   p1861 The Network and Pathway Analysis Subgroup of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium:  doi:10.1038/nn1215-1861c Corrigendum: The dorsal posterior insula subserves a fundamental role in human pain   p1861 Andrew R Segerdahl, Melvin Mezue, Thomas W Okell, John T Farrar and Irene Tracey doi:10.1038/nn1215-1861d Corrigendum: Regulating anxiety with extrasynaptic inhibition   p1862 Paolo Botta, Lynda Demmou, Yu Kasugai, Milica Markovic, Chun Xu et al. doi:10.1038/nn1215-1862a Errata Top Erratum: Hippocampal-neocortical functional reorganization underlies children's cognitive development   p1861 Shaozheng Qin, Soohyun Cho, Tianwen Chen, Miriam Rosenberg-Lee, David C Geary et al. doi:10.1038/nn1215-1861b Erratum: Optogenetics and the future of neuroscience   p1862 Edward S Boyden doi:10.1038/nn1215-1862b Top Advertisement Nature Outlook Beauty Nature Outlook: Beauty explores the science behind this aesthetic appeal, the technologies developed to achieve it, and the thorny social and psychological issues that pursuit of it triggers.  Access the Outlook free online for six months.  Produced with support from KYTHERA Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. For event advertising opportunities across the Nature Publishing Group portfolio please contact natureevents@nature.com More Nature Events

You have been sent this Table of Contents Alert because you have opted in to receive it. You can change or discontinue your e-mail alerts at any time, by modifying your preferences on your nature.com account at: www.nature.com/myaccount (You will need to log in to be recognised as a nature.com registrant) For further technical assistance, please contact our registration department For print subscription enquiries, please contact our subscription department For other enquiries, please contact our customer feedback department Nature Publishing Group | One New York Plaza, Suite 4500 | New York | NY 10004-1562 | USA Nature Publishing Group's worldwide offices: London - Paris - Munich - New Delhi - Tokyo - Melbourne San Diego - San Francisco - Washington - New York - Boston Macmillan Publishers Limited is a company incorporated in England and Wales under company number 785998 and whose registered office is located at Brunel Road, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. © 2015 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.