Nature Geoscience contents: August 2015 Volume 8 Number 8 pp575-653

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TABLE OF CONTENTS August 2015 Volume 8, Issue 8 Editorial Correspondence Commentaries News and Views Perspective Progress Article Letters Articles Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Editorial Top All hands on deck   p575 doi:10.1038/ngeo2506 Reforms in science teaching are building a stronger, more flexible student population ready to face the challenges of the future. We must remove the barriers that prevent these talented students from entering the geosciences. Correspondence Top Games and climate literacy   p576 Megan K. Fung, Laura R. Tedesco and Miriam E. Katz doi:10.1038/ngeo2499 Commentaries Top From recruitment to retention   pp577 - 578 Rebecca Haacker doi:10.1038/ngeo2501 Increased efforts in recruiting minority students have not proven to be enough to address the lack of diversity in the geosciences. A collaborative mentoring culture is needed to permanently change the make-up of our field. Impact of inclusive field trips   pp579 - 580 Brett Gilley, Chris Atchison, Anthony Feig and Alison Stokes doi:10.1038/ngeo2500 The geosciences benefit from diverse student perspectives and backgrounds, but the field-based learning requirements pose barriers to students with disabilities. If carefully designed, fieldwork can be made accessible while still meeting expectations of academic rigour. News and Views Top Climate change: Attribution of extreme weather   pp581 - 582 Friederike E. L. Otto doi:10.1038/ngeo2484 Anthropogenic climate change alters the risk of some extreme weather events. High-resolution computer simulations suggest that Black Sea warming made the devastating 2012 Krymsk flood possible — a virtually impossible event just 30 years ago. See also: Letter by Meredith et al. Seismology: Raising Kathmandu   pp582 - 584 Roger Bilham doi:10.1038/ngeo2498 On 25 April 2015 northern Nepal shifted up to 7 m southward and Kathmandu was raised by 1 m. The causal earthquake failed to fully rupture the main fault beneath the Himalaya and hence a large earthquake appears to be inevitable in Nepal's future. Education: Literacy from writing   p584 Alicia Newton doi:10.1038/ngeo2503 Cryosphere: Antarctic ice growth and retreat   pp585 - 586 Jeffrey Evans doi:10.1038/ngeo2494 Antarctic Ice Sheet change during the last glacial cycle is unclear. The timing of moraine development in the Ross basin suggests that the ice sheet reached maximum thickness under the warming temperatures of the last termination. See also: Letter by Hall et al. Geoscience JOBS of the week Two research posts in Marine Mineral Resources NERC National Oceanography Centre Re-advertisement - Postdoc in palaeoclimate modelling 726757 Aarhus University Senior Technologist National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool Assistant Professorship in Spatial Ecology / Spatial Environmental Biology, Full Time Trinity College Dublin More Science jobs from Geoscience EVENT 4th Annual International Conference on Geological and Earth Sciences (GEOS 2015) 05.10.15 Singapore More science events from Perspective Top Connections between the bulk composition, geodynamics and habitability of Earth   pp587 - 593 A. M. Jellinek and M. G. Jackson doi:10.1038/ngeo2488 Earth's composition differs from its meteoritic precursors. An evaluation of the evidence suggests that some material could have been lost to space during collisions, which may explain Earth's unusual plate tectonic regime and habitable climate. Progress Article Top The frictional, hydrologic, metamorphic and thermal habitat of shallow slow earthquakes   pp594 - 600 Demian M. Saffer and Laura M. Wallace doi:10.1038/ngeo2490 Slow earthquakes have recently been discovered on the shallow parts of some subduction zones. A review of the conditions under which these quakes form reveals that they could be common in most subduction zones globally. Letters Top Timing of water plume eruptions on Enceladus explained by interior viscosity structure   pp601 - 604 Marie Běhounková, Gabriel Tobie, Ondřej Čadek, Gaël Choblet, Carolyn Porco et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2475 Water plume eruptions on Saturn's icy moon Enceladus are delayed relative to the peak tidal stresses. Simulations suggest the delay can be explained by the moon's interior structure and the presence of a subsurface ocean. In situ evidence for continental crust on early Mars   pp605 - 609 V. Sautter, M. J. Toplis, R. C. Wiens, A. Cousin, C. Fabre et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2474 NASA's Curiosity rover detected light-toned rocks along its traverse on Mars. Geochemical data suggest that the rocks represent a diversity of silica-rich magmatic rock types that may be analogous to Earth's early continental crust. Importance of latent heat release in ascending air streams for atmospheric blocking   pp610 - 614 S. Pfahl, C. Schwierz, M. Croci-Maspoli, C. M. Grams and H. Wernli doi:10.1038/ngeo2487 Atmospheric blocking can contribute to extreme weather events. A Lagrangian approach applied to reanalysis data shows that a large fraction of air masses are heated before entering a blocking system, pointing to a role for latent heating. Crucial role of Black Sea warming in amplifying the 2012 Krymsk precipitation extreme   pp615 - 619 Edmund P. Meredith, Vladimir A. Semenov, Douglas Maraun, Wonsun Park and Alexander V. Chernokulsky doi:10.1038/ngeo2483 An extreme rainfall event occurred near the Black Sea town of Krymsk in July 2012. Simulations with a high-resolution weather forecasting model reveal that Black Sea surface warming has led to convective precipitation, which can bring strong rains. See also: News and Views by Otto A marine sink for chlorine in natural organic matter   pp620 - 624 Alessandra C. Leri, Lawrence M. Mayer, Kathleen R. Thornton, Paul A. Northrup, Marisa R. Dunigan et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2481 Chloride is abundant in oceans, but is relatively unreactive. Spectroscopic imaging reveals the presence of a chloride sink in organochlorine compounds that can be produced abiotically or by phytoplankton. Accumulation and marine forcing of ice dynamics in the western Ross Sea during the last deglaciation   pp625 - 628 Brenda L. Hall, George H. Denton, Stephanie L. Heath, Margaret S. Jackson and Tobias N. B. Koffman doi:10.1038/ngeo2478 Ice-shelf grounding lines off the coast of Antarctica have retreated over the past 20,000 years. Precise dating of moraines suggests the timing of retreat in the Ross Sea was controlled by the interplay between accumulation and ocean forcing. See also: News and Views by Evans Triggered earthquakes suppressed by an evolving stress shadow from a propagating dyke   pp629 - 632 Robert G. Green, Tim Greenfield and Robert S. White doi:10.1038/ngeo2491 The role of static versus dynamic stresses in earthquake clusters is unclear. Analysis of earthquakes triggered by a dyke intrusion at an Icelandic volcano unambiguously demonstrates that static stresses are important for earthquake clustering. Carbon mobilized at shallow depths in subduction zones by carbonatitic liquids   pp633 - 636 Stefano Poli doi:10.1038/ngeo2464 Carbon is recycled via Earth's mantle at subduction zones. Laboratory experiments show that in the presence of water, carbon-rich liquids can form from the subducted crust at low temperatures, providing a supply of CO2 to surface volcanoes. Articles Top Globally significant greenhouse-gas emissions from African inland waters   pp637 - 642 Alberto V. Borges, Francois Darchambeau, Cristian R. Teodoru, Trent R. Marwick, Fredrick Tamooh et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2486 Inland waters are important sources of greenhouse gases. Measurements over eight years suggest that African inland waters are a substantial source of greenhouse gases, equivalent to a quarter of the global land and ocean carbon sink. Increased Arctic sea ice volume after anomalously low melting in 2013   pp643 - 646 Rachel L. Tilling, Andy Ridout, Andrew Shepherd and Duncan J. Wingham doi:10.1038/ngeo2489 Changes in Arctic sea ice volume are difficult to quantify. Five years of satellite data reveal a reduction in autumn sea ice volume in 2010–2012, but a sharp increase in 2013 and 2014, suggesting that ice volume can recover quickly. Amplified melt and flow of the Greenland ice sheet driven by late-summer cyclonic rainfall   pp647 - 653 Samuel H. Doyle, Alun Hubbard, Roderik S. W. van de Wal, Jason E. Box, Dirk van As et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2482 The frequency of extreme rainfall events over Greenland is predicted to increase as the climate warms. Observations from western Greenland suggest that intense late-summer rainfall in 2011 led to widespread ice-flow acceleration and runoff. 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