Nature Neuroscience Contents: December 2014 Volume 17 Number 12, pp 1623 - 1841

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Advertisement Coming soon: The CPN Challenge.  The mission of Conquer Paralysis Now is to find a cure. We're so serious about this, we're about to launch a major series of grants and cash prizes to the researchers and teams who can get us there. Take your place as a solver history will remember. Watch for CPN Challenge details at conquerparalysisnow.org. conquerparalysisnow.org. TABLE OF CONTENTS December 2014 Volume 17, Issue 12 Editorial News and Views Book Review Obituary Reviews Brief Communications Articles Resource Technical Reports Corrigenda Errata Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Announcing the Nature Index: A global indicator of high-quality research The Nature Index tracks the affiliations of high-quality scientific articles. Updated monthly, the Nature Index presents research outputs by institution and country. Use the Nature Index to interrogate publication patterns and to benchmark research performance. Access the Nature Index free online.   Editorial Top Nature Neuroscience celebrates its 200th issue   p1623 doi:10.1038/nn.3885 December 2014 marks the 200th issue of Nature Neuroscience. We reflect on the history of the journal and the field. News and Views Top Flavanol-rich food for thought   pp1624 - 1625 Judy Pa and Adam Gazzaley doi:10.1038/nn.3876 A randomized clinical trial in older adults shows that high dietary intake of cocoa flavanols enhances memory performance on an object-recognition task and neural activity as assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, a region that is critical for learning and memory. See also: Article by Brickman et al. Reading dendritic activity with gap junctions   pp1625 - 1627 Frederic Lanore and R Angus Silver doi:10.1038/nn.3880 Patch-clamp recordings and imaging in retina show that electrical synapses between dendrites of neighboring ganglion cells transform spatial patterns of light activated synaptic input into a temporal population code. See also: Article by Trenholm et al. ERKquake in Noonan syndrome: one step closer to personalized medicine   pp1627 - 1629 Mauro Costa-Mattioli doi:10.1038/nn.3879 A study now provides proof of concept that restoration of Ras-Erk signaling during adulthood rescues cellular and cognitive phenotypes in mouse models of the genetic disorder Noonan syndrome. See also: Article by Lee et al. Replay to remember: a boost from dopamine   pp1629 - 1631 Laura A Ewell and Stefan Leutgeb doi:10.1038/nn.3875 A study links transient activation of the brain's reward system during a novel experience to frequent reactivation of memory traces during sleep and shows that artificial activation of the reward circuit can strengthen memories. See also: Brief Communication by McNamara et al. Cortical geography is destiny   pp1631 - 1632 Charles E Connor doi:10.1038/nn.3877 A study demonstrates that learning different character sets produces a repeatable arrangement of distinct cortical modules, suggesting that a preexisting cortical architecture is repurposed during learning. See also: Article by Srihasam et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral Position at Yale Yale University School of Medicine Assistant Professor of Neuroscience UC Riverside RISE- Student Internship Scientific Exchange - in Neuroscience F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG postdoctoral Fellow Johns Hopkins University Shcool of Medicine Cellular Biology / Neuorimmunology postdoctoral fellow Brigham & Women's Hospital - Harvard Medical School More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT 17th International Neuroscience Winter Conference 2015 07.04.15 Soelden, Austria More science events from Book Review Top Neuroscience: the next generation   p1633 Sandra Aamodt reviews The Future of the Brain: Essays by the World's Leading Neuroscientists edited by Gary Marcus and Jeremy Freeman doi:10.1038/nn.3874 Obituary Top Paul Fatt 1924-2014   p1634 Stuart Cull-Candy and Jonathan Ashmore doi:10.1038/nn.3873 Reviews Top Pathological circuit function underlying addiction and anxiety disorders   pp1635 - 1643 Andreas Luthi and Christian Luscher doi:10.1038/nn.3849 In this Review, Luscher and Luthi draw some parallels between anxiety and addiction disorders as diseases of the brain's emotional valence system. The authors present an update on the anatomy and heterogeneity of the fear and reward circuitries, analyze our understanding of the synaptic and cellular mechanisms thought to underlie the two conditions and discuss recent studies causally linking the resulting circuit dysfunctions and alterations in behavior. Encoding of fear learning and memory in distributed neuronal circuits   pp1644 - 1654 Cyril Herry and Joshua P Johansen doi:10.1038/nn.3869 The amygdala is known to play an important role in fear conditioning. In this Review, the authors discuss extended circuits beyond the amygdala mediating fear learning and expression, focusing on the neural coding mechanisms underlying these behaviors. Brief Communications Top Synaptic plasticity mediating cocaine relapse requires matrix metalloproteinases   pp1655 - 1657 Alexander C W Smith, Yonatan M Kupchik, Michael D Scofield, Cassandra D Gipson, Armina Wiggins et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3846 Synaptic remodeling in the brain is dependent on the extracellular matrix remodeling mediated by zinc-dependent matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Using a rodent model, this study shows that the activity of MMP2 and 9 are differentially increased in the brain region nucleus accumbens after withdrawal from self-administered cocaine, during cue-induced relapse. Along with a similar response following relapse to other drugs of abuse, the study also shows that the increased MMP activity was needed for both relapse behavior and relapse-associated synaptic plasticity that included changes to the glutamate-mediated currents and dendritic spine head diameter. Dopaminergic neurons promote hippocampal reactivation and spatial memory persistence   pp1658 - 1660 Colin G McNamara, Álvaro Tejero-Cantero, Stéphanie Trouche, Natalia Campo-Urriza and David Dupret doi:10.1038/nn.3843 In this study, the authors show that optogenetic photostimulation of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area during exploration can enhance subsequent sharp wave/ripple-mediated reactivation of spatial memory. These results suggest that midbrain DA neurons are key mediators of hippocampal-dependent memory persistence. See also: News and Views by Ewell & Leutgeb A hierarchy of intrinsic timescales across primate cortex   pp1661 - 1663 John D Murray, Alberto Bernacchia, David J Freedman, Ranulfo Romo, Jonathan D Wallis et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3862 Primate cortex can be organized with specialization and hierarchical principles, but presently there is little evidence for how it is organized temporally. Across six separate datasets, the authors find a hierarchical ordering of intrinsic fluctuation of spiking activity, with timescales that increase from sensory to prefrontal areas. Advertisement NeuroMag to transfect primary neurons and neuronal cells   Based on the Magnetofection™ technology, NeuroMag is a unique transfection reagent dedicated to transfect nervous system cells with high efficiency from DIV 1 to DIV 21. Hippocampal, cortical, motor neurons, neural stem cells, dopaminergic...have been successfully transfected. Check our citations database at http://www.ozbiosciences.com/.   Articles Top A hierarchy of ankyrin-spectrin complexes clusters sodium channels at nodes of Ranvier   pp1664 - 1672 Tammy Szu-Yu Ho, Daniel R Zollinger, Kae-Jiun Chang, Mingxuan Xu, Edward C Cooper et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3859 Previous work has suggested that the scaffolding protein ankyrin G is essential for the clustering of Na+ channels at the nodes of Ranvier. However, in this study, the authors show that, in the absence of ankyrin G, the complex of ankyrin R and βI spectrin can mediate Na+ channel clustering at the nodes. Glial ankyrins facilitate paranodal axoglial junction assembly   pp1673 - 1681 Kae-Jiun Chang, Daniel R Zollinger, Keiichiro Susuki, Diane L Sherman, Michael A Makara et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3858 In this study, the authors show that the scaffolding proteins ankyrin B and ankyrin G are expressed by Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, respectively, and are enriched on the glial membrane at paranodal junctions where they interact with neurofascin 155. In addition, they find that ankyrins in oligodendrocytes have key roles in rapid and efficient paranode formation in the CNS. Prostaglandin D2 synthase/GPR44: a signaling axis in PNS myelination   pp1682 - 1692 Amelia Trimarco, Maria Grazia Forese, Valentina Alfieri, Alessandra Lucente, Paola Brambilla et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3857 Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) type III is a key mediator of Schwann cell development and myelination and is known to undergo proteolytic cleavage to produce an intracellular fragment. In this study, the authors show that this intracellular fragment of NRG1 modulates myelination by inducing the expression of a prostaglandin synthase (L-PGDS) which, in turn, leads to prostaglandin production and activation of GPR44. FMRP regulates multipolar to bipolar transition affecting neuronal migration and cortical circuitry   pp1693 - 1700 Giorgio La Fata, Annette Gärtner, Nuria Dominguez-Iturza, Tom Dresselaers, Julia Dawitz et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3870 The authors show that mice lacking Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) have disrupted neuronal migration during cortical development. FMRP-deficient mice also show altered excitatory-to-inhibitory balance early postnatally. They identify N-cadherin as a target of FMRP and show that re-expressing N-cadherin can rescue these phenotypes in FMRP-deficient mice. Dendritic channelopathies contribute to neocortical and sensory hyperexcitability in Fmr1-/y mice    pp1701 - 1709 Yu Zhang, Audrey Bonnan, Guillaume Bony, Isabelle Ferezou, Susanna Pietropaolo et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3864 Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) patients and the mouse model of the disease are known to have increased neocortical network excitability and hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli. The current study describes dendritic ion channel dysfunction to underlie sensory hypersensitivity in the FXS mouse model, particularly due to the reduction and dysfunction of dendritic h- and BKCa channels. The study also shows pharmacological rescue of cortical hyperexcitability using BKCa channel openers. An α2-Na/K ATPase/α-adducin complex in astrocytes triggers non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration   pp1710 - 1719 Gilbert Gallardo, Jessica Barowski, John Ravits, Teepu Siddique, Jerry B Lingrel et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3853 It has been suggested that astrocytes play a role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders such as ALS. In this study, the authors show that α-adducin forms a complex with α2-Na+/K+ ATPase in mutant SOD1-bearing astrocytes and that this interaction is necessary for the non-cell autonomous toxicity that induces muscle denervation, motor neuron death and decreased mortality. Locus-specific epigenetic remodeling controls addiction- and depression-related behaviors   pp1720 - 1727 Elizabeth A Heller, Hannah M Cates, Catherine J Peña, Haosheng Sun, Ningyi Shao et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3871 The authors selectively modify chromatin in a specific gene in vivo to examine the link between chromatin dynamics and drug- and stress-evoked responses. They report that histone methylation or acetylation at the FosB locus in nucleus accumbens is sufficient to control drug- and stress-evoked transcriptional and behavioral responses. Rods in daylight act as relay cells for cone-driven horizontal cell-mediated surround inhibition   pp1728 - 1735 Tamas Szikra, Stuart Trenholm, Antonia Drinnenberg, Josephine Jüttner, Zoltan Raics et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3852 In vertebrate vision, the two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones, operate under low and bright light intensities, respectively. Here the authors show that under bright light conditions, when rods are not sensing light, they act as relay cells for cone-driven surround inhibition. Mechanism and treatment for learning and memory deficits in mouse models of Noonan syndrome   pp1736 - 1743 Yong-Seok Lee, Dan Ehninger, Miou Zhou, Jun-Young Oh, Minkyung Kang et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3863 Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease that is co-morbid with cognitive deficits in a subset of patients. Using mouse models of NS, a study now shows that the synaptic plasticity and memory deficits in mouse models of NS are due primarily to the dysfunction in the MEK-Erk kinase pathways, and pharmacological intervention that alters MEK-Ras function can alleviate physiological and behavioral deficits in the mouse models of NS. See also: News and Views by Costa-Mattioli Leptin-inhibited PBN neurons enhance responses to hypoglycemia in negative energy balance   pp1744 - 1750 Jonathan N Flak, Christa M Patterson, Alastair S Garfield, Giuseppe D'Agostino, Paulette B Goforth et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3861 The counter-regulatory response (CRR) restores blood glucose levels after hypoglycemia. The authors identify a population of leptin receptor- and cholecystokinin-expressing neurons in the parabrachial nucleus of the hypothalamus that modulates the CRR. These neurons are activated by hypoglycemia, inhibited by leptin and project to the ventromedial hypothalamus. VTA CRF neurons mediate the aversive effects of nicotine withdrawal and promote intake escalation   pp1751 - 1758 Taryn E Grieder, Melissa A Herman, Candice Contet, Laura A Tan, Hector Vargas-Perez et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3872 Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and dopamine (DA) are critical for stress and motivation, respectively. The authors show that CRF is synthesized in DA neurons and released in the ventral tegmental area, where it affects GABAergic inputs to DA neurons and mediates the motivational effects of nicotine withdrawal and escalation of nicotine intake. Nonlinear dendritic integration of electrical and chemical synaptic inputs drives fine-scale correlations   pp1759 - 1766 Stuart Trenholm, Amanda J McLaughlin, David J Schwab, Maxwell H Turner, Robert G Smith et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3851 Fine-scale synchrony of neural activity determines the nature of neural coding, but its underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here the authors find that coincident electrical and chemical synaptic inputs are nonlinearly integrated in overlapping retinal ganglion cell dendrites to produce synchronous spiking. See also: News and Views by Lanore & Silver Short latency cerebellar modulation of the basal ganglia   pp1767 - 1775 Christopher H Chen, Rachel Fremont, Eduardo E Arteaga-Bracho and Kamran Khodakhah doi:10.1038/nn.3868 The authors report that in mice, the cerebellum modulates the activity of the striatum via a disynaptic pathway to facilitate optimal motor control. Dysfunction of this pathway can contribute to dystonia. Novel domain formation reveals proto-architecture in inferotemporal cortex   pp1776 - 1783 Krishna Srihasam, Justin L Vincent and Margaret S Livingstone doi:10.1038/nn.3855 Training macaque monkeys with distinct sets of shapes resulted in novel domain formation in inferotemporal cortex. The localization of these domains was similar across monkeys, regardless of set-training order. The stereotyped location of the training-induced domains suggests a pre-existing architecture, and the authors explored various possible proto-architectures. See also: News and Views by Connor A category-free neural population supports evolving demands during decision-making   pp1784 - 1792 David Raposo, Matthew T Kaufman and Anne K Churchland doi:10.1038/nn.3865 The many different behaviors mediated by the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) could arise from distinct specialized categories of neurons or from a single population of PPC neurons that is leveraged in different ways. The authors test this by studying rat PPC neurons during tasks involving multisensory decisions and conclude that a single network of neurons can support different behavioral demands. Mind matters: placebo enhances reward learning in Parkinson's disease   pp1793 - 1797 Liane Schmidt, Erin Kendall Braun, Tor D Wager and Daphna Shohamy doi:10.1038/nn.3842 Shohamy and colleagues found that administration of a placebo can enhance learning from positive outcomes in Parkinson disease's patients. An analysis of fMRI signals recorded during behavior indicated that the drug and placebo both enhanced the representation of expected value in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and attenuated prediction error signals in the ventral striatum. These results suggest that the mere expectation of reward can drive learning. Enhancing dentate gyrus function with dietary flavanols improves cognition in older adults   pp1798 - 1803 Adam M Brickman, Usman A Khan, Frank A Provenzano, Lok-Kin Yeung, Wendy Suzuki et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3850 This study provides causal evidence demonstrating that consuming a high flavanol diet improves dentate gyrus function and dentate gyrus-dependent cognitive functions in aged humans. See also: News and Views by Pa & Gazzaley Resource Top Molecular and functional definition of the developing human striatum   pp1804 - 1815 Marco Onorati, Valentina Castiglioni, Daniele Biasci, Elisabetta Cesana, Ramesh Menon et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3860 This Resource article provides detailed expression data from the striatum and cerebral cortex of early prenatal human samples, ranging in age from 2 to 20 weeks post-conception. Using a number of different analyses, the authors describe the transcriptional, spatio-temporal expression and functional profile that distinguish human striatal from neocortical neurons while also elucidating some differences between human and mouse striatal development. Technical Reports Top Simultaneous cellular-resolution optical perturbation and imaging of place cell firing fields   pp1816 - 1824 John Peter Rickgauer, Karl Deisseroth and David W Tank doi:10.1038/nn.3866 The authors report an optical method involving simultaneous stimulation of single neurons using a red-shifted optogenetic probe and recording of population activity using a green fluorescent calcium sensor. They use this technique to manipulate individual place cells in CA1 during spatial navigation in a virtual reality environment. Visualizing mammalian brain area interactions by dual-axis two-photon calcium imaging   pp1825 - 1829 Jerome Lecoq, Joan Savall, Dejan Vucinic, Benjamin F Grewe, Hyun Kim et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3867 Lecoq and colleagues introduce a two-photon microscope with two articulated arms that can image nearly any two brain regions, nearby or distant, simultaneously. They validate this new system by imaging calcium signals in two visual cortical areas in behaving mice, and find evidence suggesting activity fluctuations can propagate between cortical areas A genetically specified connectomics approach applied to long-range feeding regulatory circuits   pp1830 - 1839 Deniz Atasoy, J Nicholas Betley, Wei-Ping Li, Helen H Su, Sinem M Sertel et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3854 In this paper, Atasoy and colleagues use a genetically-encoded synaptic marker for electron microscopy (GESEM) to probe long-range neuronal connectivity at the nanoscale level. The authors fused the horseradish peroxidase to the vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) to label synaptic vesicles. Focusing on the mouse feeding system, they show that this new tool is suitable for connectomics analyses of genetically defined populations of neurons. Corrigenda Top Corrigendum: Autism spectrum disorder susceptibility gene TAOK2 affects basal dendrite formation in the neocortex   p1840 Froylan Calderon de Anda, Ana Lucia Rosario, Omer Durak, Tracy Tran, Johannes Gräff et al. doi:10.1038/nn1214-1840a Corrigendum: Direct gating and mechanical integrity of Drosophila auditory transducers require TRPN1   p1840 Thomas Effertz, Björn Nadrowski, David Piepenbrock, Jörg T Albert and Martin C Göpfert doi:10.1038/nn1214-1840b Corrigendum: Dopamine restores reward prediction errors in old age   p1840 Rumana Chowdhury, Marc Guitart-Masip, Christian Lambert, Peter Dayan, Quentin Huys et al. doi:10.1038/nn1214-1840c Corrigendum: Parallel states of pathological Wnt signaling in neonatal brain injury and colon cancer   p1841 Stephen P J Fancy, Emily P Harrington, Sergio E Baranzini, John C Silbereis, Lawrence R Shiow et al. doi:10.1038/nn1214-1841a Corrigendum: Nuclear BK channels regulate gene expression via the control of nuclear calcium signaling   p1841 Boxing Li, Wei Jie, Lianyan Huang, Peng Wei, Shuji Li et al. doi:10.1038/nn1214-1841b Corrigendum: miR-92a regulates expression of synaptic GluA1-containing AMPA receptors during homeostatic scaling   p1841 Mathieu Letellier, Sara Elramah, Magali Mondin, Anaïs Soula, Andrew Penn et al. doi:10.1038/nn1214-1841c Corrigendum: The GABAergic parafacial zone is a medullary slow wave sleep-promoting center   p1841 Christelle Anaclet, Loris Ferrari, Elda Arrigoni, Caroline E Bass, Clifford B Saper et al. doi:10.1038/nn1214-1841d Errata Top Erratum: Dopamine signals mimic reward prediction errors   p1840 Geoffrey Schoenbaum, Guillem R Esber and Mihaela D Iordanova doi:10.1038/nn1214-1840d Erratum: Best-laid schemes for interneuron origin of mice and men   p1840 Zoltán Molnár and Simon J B Butt doi:10.1038/nn1214-1840e Erratum: Betaine acts on a ligand-gated ion channel in the nervous system of the nematode C. elegans   p1840 Aude S Peden, Patrick Mac, You-Jun Fei, Cecilia Castro, Guoliang Jiang et al. doi:10.1038/nn1214-1840f Top Advertisement Nature Communications is now fully open access All new submissions to Nature Communications, if accepted, will be published open access and an article processing charge will apply. 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