Nature Neuroscience Contents: April 2013 Volume 16 Number 4, pp 375 - 516

Advertisement Labguru Research and Lab Management Software Manage research projects and lab logistics with Labguru web-based software. Enjoy easy access to current research projects and view your entire research history, including experiments, protocols, orders, specimens and more. Purchase an annual account and get an additional 2 months FREE. To learn more, go to www.labguru.com/nature TABLE OF CONTENTS April 2013 Volume 16, Issue 4 News and Views Brief Communications Articles Resource Technical Report Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Translational CNS Summit will bring together CNS experts to improve the translational potential of your entire CNS pipeline. This is a summit, where you can meet with and learn from commercial and academic leaders that will inspire new strategies to minimize clinical attrition, maximize pipeline potential and see a return on historic investments made in the CNS field.   Nature Neuroscience FOCUS ON MEMORY Nature Neuroscience presents a special Focus that discusses some of the most exciting recent developments and emerging ideas in our understanding of the neurobiology of learning and memory. Read this Focus online: www.nature.com/neuro/focus/memory   News and Views Top Dangerous duet: LRRK2 and α-synuclein jam at CMA   pp375 - 377 Zhenyu Yue and X William Yang doi:10.1038/nn.3361 A report suggests that leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) can be degraded through chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) in the lysosome, and several Parkinson's disease-causing LRRK2 mutants impair CMA-mediated selective degradation of cytosolic substrates. See also: Article by Orenstein et al. Tuning synaptic activity with light-controlled GPCRs   pp377 - 379 Jean-Philippe Pin doi:10.1038/nn.3363 A study reporting spatiotemporal stimulation and inhibition of synaptic activity is made possible by the development of synaptically targeted, light-controlled G protein-coupled receptors. See also: Technical Report by Levitz et al. mTORC2: actin on your memory   pp379 - 380 Sheena A Josselyn and Paul W Frankland doi:10.1038/nn.3362 To be become long-lasting, short-term memories must be transformed into more permanent forms. mTORC2 has now been found to be crucial for the molecular reorganization of the cytoskeleton needed for memory consolidation. See also: Article by Huang et al. An ear for statistics   pp381 - 382 Israel Nelken and Alain de Cheveigné doi:10.1038/nn.3360 A study finds that sound textures are stored in auditory memory as summary statistics representing the sound over long time scales; specific events are superimposed, forming a 'skeleton of events on a bed of texture'. See also: Article by McDermott et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral Fellow in Bioinformatics / Neuroscience Children's National Medical Center PostDoc in Cognitive Neuroscience ( scholarship) Karolinska Institute Marie Curie funded PhD Fellowship - Neuroscience University of Ulm PhD Position - Molecular Neuroscience VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, K.U.Leuven Post-Doctoral Fellow Opportunity-Molecular And Cellular Neuroscience Geisinger Health System More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Methods in Computational Neuroscience 31st July - 28th August 2013 Woods Hole, United States More science events from Brief Communications Top CRF acts in the midbrain to attenuate accumbens dopamine release to rewards but not their predictors   pp383 - 385 Matthew J Wanat, Antonello Bonci and Paul E M Phillips doi:10.1038/nn.3335 Stress reduces motivation to work for rewards. The authors show that corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) acts in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to reduce the motivation to work for food rewards. CRF in the VTA inhibited dopamine release occurring in response to reward delivery, but not to reward-predictive cues. Deep brain stimulation restores frontostriatal network activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder   pp386 - 387 Martijn Figee, Judy Luigjes, Ruud Smolders, Carlos-Eduardo Valencia-Alfonso, Guido van Wingen, Bart de Kwaasteniet, Mariska Mantione, Pieter Ooms, Pelle de Koning, Nienke Vulink, Nina Levar, Lukas Droge, Pepijn van den Munckhof, P Richard Schuurman, Aart Nederveen, Wim van den Brink, Ali Mazaheri, Matthijs Vink and Damiaan Denys doi:10.1038/nn.3344 Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have attenuated reward anticipatory activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), and deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the NAc is used to treat OCD. The authors show that NAc DBS normalizes NAc activity, reduces connectivity between NAc and prefrontal cortex, and decreases frontal low-frequency oscillations in OCD patients. Neural pattern similarity predicts long-term fear memory   pp388 - 390 Renée M Visser, H Steven Scholte, Tinka Beemsterboer and Merel Kindt doi:10.1038/nn.3345 Here the authors demonstrate that the long-term behavioral expression of fear memory can be predicted from neural patterns at the time of learning by applying multi-voxel pattern analysis to single-trial functional magnetic resonance imaging data. The sleeping child outplays the adult's capacity to convert implicit into explicit knowledge   pp391 - 393 Ines Wilhelm, Michael Rose, Kathrin I Imhof, Björn Rasch, Christian Büchel and Jan Born doi:10.1038/nn.3343 When sleep followed implicit training on a motor sequence, children showed greater gains in explicit sequence knowledge after sleep than adults. Measurements of slow-wave sleep and hippocampal activation suggest that the children's superior performance could be a result of enhanced reprocessing of hippocampal memory representations during slow-wave sleep. Articles Top Interplay of LRRK2 with chaperone-mediated autophagy   pp394 - 406 Samantha J Orenstein, Sheng-Han Kuo, Inmaculada Tasset, Esperanza Arias, Hiroshi Koga, Irene Fernandez-Carasa, Etty Cortes, Lawrence S Honig, William Dauer, Antonella Consiglio, Angel Raya, David Sulzer and Ana Maria Cuervo doi:10.1038/nn.3350 This study shows that Parkinson's disease-associated mutant forms of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) impair chaperone-mediated autophagy in neurons, thereby reducing degradation of α-synuclein by this pathway and contributing to the accumulation of this protein observed in brain tissue from patients with Parkinson's disease. See also: News and Views by Yue & Yang EGF transactivation of Trk receptors regulates the migration of newborn cortical neurons   pp407 - 415 Dirk Puehringer, Nadiya Orel, Patrick Lüningschrör, Narayan Subramanian, Thomas Herrmann, Moses V Chao and Michael Sendtner doi:10.1038/nn.3333 In this study, the authors show that, in newborn cortical neurons, the TrkB and TrkC receptors are transactivated by the EGF receptor, rather than by their traditional ligands, BDNF and NT-3. This transactivation appears to be involved in the migration of these neurons from the ventricular zone to the cortical plate. Scratch regulates neuronal migration onset via an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like mechanism   pp416 - 425 Yasuhiro Itoh, Yasunobu Moriyama, Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, Takaho A Endo, Tetsuro Toyoda and Yukiko Gotoh doi:10.1038/nn.3336 In embryonic development, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the process whereby epithelial cells delaminate from the epithelial sheet and adopt a mesenchymal phenotype in cell motility and migration. This study shows that the Snail superfamily transcription factors Scratch 1 and 2 regulate an EMT-like process in newborn neurons derived from neuroepithelial cells in the developing mouse cortex. This process affects subsequent initiation of radial migration and ultimately neuronal cell positioning. Merlin isoform 2 in neurofibromatosis type 2-associated polyneuropathy   pp426 - 433 Alexander Schulz, Stephan L Baader, Michiko Niwa-Kawakita, Marie Juliane Jung, Reinhard Bauer, Cynthia Garcia, Ansgar Zoch, Stephan Schacke, Christian Hagel, Victor-Felix Mautner, C Oliver Hanemann, Xin-Peng Dun, David B Parkinson, Joachim Weis, J Michael Schröder, David H Gutmann, Marco Giovannini and Helen Morrison doi:10.1038/nn.3348 Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is caused by inactivation of the NF2 gene, which encodes merlin. NF2 patients develop peripheral neuropathies. The authors show that NF2 inactivation decreases axonal integrity in mice and NF2 patient tissue. Their data suggest that merlin activates RhoA and promotes neurofilament heavy chain phosphorylation to maintain axonal integrity. Class I HDAC inhibition blocks cocaine-induced plasticity by targeted changes in histone methylation   pp434 - 440 Pamela J Kennedy, Jian Feng, A J Robison, Ian Maze, Ana Badimon, Ezekiell Mouzon, Dipesh Chaudhury, Diane M Damez-Werno, Stephen J Haggarty, Ming-Hu Han, Rhonda Bassel-Duby, Eric N Olson and Eric J Nestler doi:10.1038/nn.3354 The authors show that reducing histone deacetylase 1 expression or activity in the nucleus accumbens increases global levels of histone acetylation but also increases histone methylation, leading to reduced cocaine-induced changes in behavior. This effect is mediated in part by decreased GABAA receptor expression and decreased inhibitory tone on nucleus accumbens neurons. mTORC2 controls actin polymerization required for consolidation of long-term memory   pp441 - 448 Wei Huang, Ping Jun Zhu, Shixing Zhang, Hongyi Zhou, Loredana Stoica, Mauricio Galiano, Krešimir Krnjević, Gregg Roman and Mauro Costa-Mattioli doi:10.1038/nn.3351 Memory and associated plasticity mechanisms span different timescales, from fleeting to enduring. This study shows that, across species, mTORC2's control of actin dynamics is critical for long-term forms of memory and synaptic plasticity. See also: News and Views by Josselyn & Frankland Low hippocampal PI(4,5)P2 contributes to reduced cognition in old mice as a result of loss of MARCKS   pp449 - 455 Laura Trovò, Tariq Ahmed, Zsuzsanna Callaerts-Vegh, Andrea Buzzi, Claudia Bagni, Marinee Chuah, Thierry VandenDriessche, Rudi D'Hooge, Detlef Balschun and Carlos G Dotti doi:10.1038/nn.3342 Trovò and colleagues find that aging is accompanied by a decrease in the levels of the phosphoinositide PI(4,5)P2, PLCγ activity and the PI(4,5)P2-clustering molecule MARCKS in mouse hippocampal synaptic membranes. Moreover, increasing MARCKS levels in old mice corrects some of the synaptic plasticity and memory deficits associated with aging. CaMKII regulates diacylglycerol lipase-α and striatal endocannabinoid signaling   pp456 - 463 Brian C Shonesy, Xiaohan Wang, Kristie L Rose, Teniel S Ramikie, Victoria S Cavener, Tyler Rentz, Anthony J Baucum II, Nidhi Jalan-Sakrikar, Ken Mackie, Danny G Winder, Sachin Patel and Roger J Colbran doi:10.1038/nn.3353 The endocannabinoid 2-AG is produced by the enzyme diacylglycerol lipase (DGL). The authors show that DGLα is phosphorylated and inhibited by calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Inhibition of CaMKII activity increases striatal DGL activity and basal 2-AG amounts, and augments short-term retrograde endocannabinoid signaling at striatal glutamatergic synapses. Local potentiation of excitatory synapses by serotonin and its alteration in rodent models of depression   pp464 - 472 Xiang Cai, Angy J Kallarackal, Mark D Kvarta, Sasha Goluskin, Kaitlin Gaylor, Aileen M Bailey, Hey-Kyoung Lee, Richard L Huganir and Scott M Thompson doi:10.1038/nn.3355 The authors find that serotonin, acting through 5-HT1B receptors, potentiates temporoammonic pathway-to-CA1 cell excitatory synapses in the hippocampus. Chronic unpredictable stress increased the magnitude of this potentiation, and chronic treatment with fluoxetine restored normal levels of this potentiation, a process that was required for the behavioral effects of chronic fluoxetine. A shared inhibitory circuit for both exogenous and endogenous control of stimulus selection   pp473 - 478 Shreesh P Mysore and Eric I Knudsen doi:10.1038/nn.3352 The brain selects stimuli for preferential processing on the basis of both their physical salience and their relevance to behavior. Recording from the midbrain of the barn owl, the authors show that a single inhibitory circuit is critical for both physical salience-driven (exogenous) and internally driven (endogenous) control of stimulus selection. Category-dependent and category-independent goal-value codes in human ventromedial prefrontal cortex   pp479 - 485 Daniel McNamee, Antonio Rangel and John P O'Doherty doi:10.1038/nn.3337 To facilitate decisions between distinct options, goal values could be represented using a common currency. Here the authors find that a region of medial prefrontal cortex contains a distributed goal-value code that is independent of stimulus category. However, in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, they also find unique category-dependent distributed value codes. Neural representations of events arise from temporal community structure   pp486 - 492 Anna C Schapiro, Timothy T Rogers, Natalia I Cordova, Nicholas B Turk-Browne and Matthew M Botvinick doi:10.1038/nn.3331 Research on event perception has focused on transient elevations in predictive uncertainty or surprise as the primary signal driving event segmentation. Here the authors report behavioral and neuroimaging evidence that suggests that event representations can emerge even in the absence of such cues. They propose that this learning occurs in a manner analogous to the learning of semantic categories. Summary statistics in auditory perception   pp493 - 498 Josh H McDermott, Michael Schemitsch and Eero P Simoncelli doi:10.1038/nn.3347 Sensory signals are transduced at high resolution, but their structure must be stored in a more compact format. Here the authors show that the auditory system summarizes the temporal details of sounds using time-averaged statistics. Such statistical representations produce good categorical discrimination, but limit the ability to discern temporal detail. See also: News and Views by Nelken & de Cheveigné Resource Top mRNA expression, splicing and editing in the embryonic and adult mouse cerebral cortex   pp499 - 506 Allissa A Dillman, David N Hauser, J Raphael Gibbs, Michael A Nalls, Melissa K McCoy, Iakov N Rudenko, Dagmar Galter and Mark R Cookson doi:10.1038/nn.3332 Using whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing at single-nucleotide resolution, this Resource article describes the mRNAs, RNA editing, splice variants and exon-intron boundaries of expressed genes in the cerebral cortex of embryonic and adult mice. Technical Report Top Optical control of metabotropic glutamate receptors   pp507 - 516 Joshua Levitz, Carlos Pantoja, Benjamin Gaub, Harald Janovjak, Andreas Reiner, Adam Hoagland, David Schoppik, Brian Kane, Philipp Stawski, Alexander F Schier, Dirk Trauner and Ehud Y Isacoff doi:10.1038/nn.3346 This Technical Report describes light-activatable metabotropic glutamate receptors based on synthetic photoswitchable tethered ligands, and demonstrates optogenetic control of G protein-coupled receptor activity in neurons in vivo and ex vivo. See also: News and Views by Pin Top Advertisement Nature Special: G protein-coupled receptors In this updated online Special we present a selection of recently published Nature papers that involve the structures of various GPCRs. Access selected content from the Special free online for two months. 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