Nature contents: 21 March 2013

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 495 Number 7441      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       Cutting-edge solutions for Neuroscience research. Click here to download our app to explore the latest Neuroscience techniques and products.             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Chemical Sciences More Chemical sciences ▼   A multi-directional backlight for a wide-angle, glasses-free three-dimensional display   Holography can provide ideal 3D viewing but is too slow or expensive for many applications. Multiview approaches are the alternative, exploiting various geometric optical tricks to create 3D images that can be viewed from many directions at the same time. A team working at Hewlett-Packard's laboratories in Palo Alto has developed a new glasses-free multiview 3D display that is particularly well suited to mobile devices. The display uses an LED-lit backlight very similar to those in use in LCD screens today, and is demonstrated in action in transparent hand-held prototypes showing animated sequences of up to six different 200-view images at a resolution of 127 pixels per inch.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Melt-rich channel observed at the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary   Samer Naif et al. use seafloor magnetotelluric data to image the electrical conductivity of the boundary between the hard rocky lithosphere and the asthenosphere, where the rock is less rigid. The electromagnetic data, from beneath the Cocos plate off of Nicaragua, indicate a zone of high conductivity confined to depths of 45 to 70 km. This is interpreted as a 25-km thick partially molten layer separating the sliding tectonic plate from the mantle beneath, and it probably acts as a lubricant to plate motion.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet   Whole genome resequencing of dogs and wolves has been used to identify the 36 genes most likely to have been targets for selection during dog domestication. Over half are brain-related including some linked to behaviours thought central to dog domestication. Surprisingly, ten of the genes are important in starch digestion and fat metabolism. A change of ecological niche may have been a driving force behind the domestication of dogs and this evidence of dietary change suggests that dogs may have found a role scavenging waste from human settlements established during the agricultural revolution.                 Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: how filmmakers represent psychosis, the longest running experiments in science, and the man who studied cholera in nineteenth-century London.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top               THIS WEEK           Editorials                   Wasted energy ▶     The burning off of gas during oil extraction is environmentally unsound and unjustifiable. The United States should instead be seeking to make use of this natural resource.             CITES for sore eyes ▶     Successes at last week's wildlife-trade treaty meeting must be backed up with action.             A pope for today ▶     Latest pontiff looks to enhance social relevance of Catholic Church.             World View                   A chance to drive forward Europe's science ▶     The new head of the European Research Council will have more power and focus than former presidents, says Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 15–21 March 2013 ▶     The week in science: AstraZeneca cuts research posts as part of restructuring plans; Japan recovers methane from seabed hydrates; and Internet innovators win million-pound prize.             NEWS IN FOCUS           Time called on chimp work ▶     NIH likely to retire hundreds of government-owned chimpanzees.             Oil boom raises burning issues ▶     Unburned methane could be adding to the environmental impact of gas flares in North Dakota.             Mars rover under pressure to reach mountain goal ▶     Curiosity's memory glitch prompts mission scientists to pick up the pace.             Gene-analysis firms reach for the cloud ▶     Online bioinformatics companies rush to provide genomics platforms and software for hospitals.             UK company pursues deep-sea bonanza ▶     After decades of preparation, firm moves forward with plans to harvest mineral-rich nuggets from sea floor.             Text-mining spat heats up ▶     Scientists and publishers clash over licences that would let machines read research papers.             Features                   Astronomy: Star tracker ▶     As an early adopter of astronomical technology, Andrea Ghez is revealing secrets about the giant black hole at the Galaxy's centre.             Long-term research: Slow science ▶     The world's longest-running experiments remind us that science is a marathon, not a sprint.             COMMENT           Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet ▶     Planetary stability must be integrated with United Nations targets to fight poverty and secure human well-being, argue David Griggs and colleagues.             Land use: A global map for road building ▶     Roads are proliferating across the planet. Located and designed wisely, they can help rather than harm the environment, argue William F. Laurance and Andrew Balmford.             Books and Arts                   Evolution: Beastly surprises ▶     Henry Nicholls relishes the history of the 'ape man' who braved the dangers of Gabon — and of Victorian England.             Books in brief ▶             Primatology: A wild empathy ▶     Christopher Boehm relishes a wide-ranging assessment of primate morality.             Evolutionary biology: Gentle giant of genetics ▶     Oren Harman assesses the first biography of biologist W. D. Hamilton, the 'greatest Darwinian since Darwin'.             Correspondence                   Health care: Medical supplies in Iran hit by sanctions Ali Gorji | Fisheries: Broaden the arguments Alistair J. Hobday, Rodrigo H. Bustamante, Éva E. Plagányi | Fisheries: Manage declines Brian R. MacKenzie, Mark R. Payne | Funding: Australia's grant system wastes time Danielle L. Herbert, Adrian G. Barnett, Nicholas Graves | Mammalogy: Outdated taxonomy blocks conservation Eliécer E. Gutiérrez, Kristofer M. Helgen             Corrections                   Correction ▶             Corrections ▶                         Epigenetics: Why histone modifications matter in health and disease Now live on demand Histones are an integral part of chromatin as they make up the 'protein spools' DNA is wound around. Two prominent speakers will explore one of the key questions in chromatin biology: how the language of post translational modifications on histones influences gene expression. Register for FREE               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Cell biology: Receptor signals come in waves ▶     Martin J. Lohse, Davide Calebiro             Neuroscience: Anxiety is the sum of its parts ▶     Joshua P. Johansen             SCFFBXL3 ubiquitin ligase targets cryptochromes at their cofactor pocket ▶     Weiman Xing, Luca Busino, Thomas R. Hinds et al.     Crystal structures of mammalian CRY2, one of the cryptochrome flavoproteins that have light-independent functions at the core of the circadian clock, show that it binds FAD dynamically and that the F-box protein FBXL3 captures CRY2 by occupying its FAD-binding pocket and burying its PER-binding interface.             Critical role of Trib1 in differentiation of tissue-resident M2-like macrophages ▶     Takashi Satoh, Hiroyasu Kidoya, Hisamichi Naito et al.     Haematopoietic expression of the adaptor protein Trib1 is shown to be required for the presence of adipose-tissue-resident macrophages with an M2-like phenotype; Trib1 deficiency leads to aberrant expression of C/EBPα and impaired adipose tissue function.             A central role for TFIID in the pluripotent transcription circuitry ▶     W. W. M. Pim Pijnappel, Daniel Esch, Marijke P. A. Baltissen et al.     High levels of TFIID, a basal transcription factor, are found to be essential to induce and maintain the transcriptional program of pluripotent cells.             CLASP-mediated cortical microtubule organization guides PIN polarization axis ▶     Klementina Kakar, Hongtao Zhang, Ben Scheres et al.     The microtubule orientation regulators CLASP and MAP65 are shown to control the distribution of the polarity regulator PINOID kinase by controlling its retention at the plasma membrane, providing a mechanism for how polarity is established in plants.             Preservation of ovarian follicles reveals early evolution of avian reproductive behaviour ▶     Xiaoting Zheng, Jingmai O'Connor, Fritz Huchzermeyer et al.     Newly discovered fossils of primitive birds from China, preserved with ovarian follicles intact, show that birds only had one functioning ovary at any given time from a very early date, but that other features, such as skeletal and sexual maturity, remained very dinosaur-like.             A syringe-like injection mechanism in Photorhabdus luminescens toxins ▶     Christos Gatsogiannis, Alexander E. Lang, Dominic Meusch et al.     The TcA component of Photorhabdus luminescens ABC-type toxin complexes forms a transmembrane pore and injects TcC, the functional component of the toxin, into the target cell by means of a syringe-like mechanism.             Conformational biosensors reveal GPCR signalling from endosomes ▶     Roshanak Irannejad, Jin C. Tomshine, Jon R. Tomshine et al.     Conformation-specific antibodies capable of monitoring the activation state of a G-protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptor, the β2-adrenoceptor, reveals receptor and G-protein activation not only in the plasma membrane, but also in the endosome.             Diverging neural pathways assemble a behavioural state from separable features in anxiety ▶     Sung-Yon Kim, Avishek Adhikari, Soo Yeun Lee et al.     Different subregions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis are shown to increase and decrease anxiety in mice, and distinct neural projections arising from a single coordinating brain region modulate different anxiety features.             Distinct extended amygdala circuits for divergent motivational states ▶     Joshua H. Jennings, Dennis R. Sparta, Alice M. Stamatakis et al.     Examination of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis projections to the ventral tegmental area shows that glutamatergic and GABAergic projections have opposing effects on reward and anxiety.             Landscape of the PARKIN-dependent ubiquitylome in response to mitochondrial depolarization ▶     Shireen A. Sarraf, Malavika Raman, Virginia Guarani-Pereira et al.     PARKIN, a protein involved in mitochondria clearance by autophagy, is often mutated in early-onset familial Parkinson's disease; here the cellular repertoire of PARKIN targets is identified by quantitative proteomics.             Articles and Letters                   Functional organization of human sensorimotor cortex for speech articulation ▶     Kristofer E. Bouchard, Nima Mesgarani, Keith Johnson et al.     Multi-electrode cortical recordings during the production of different consonant-vowel syllables reveal distinct speech-articulator representations that are arranged somatotopically, with temporal and spatial patterns of activity across the neural population corresponding to phonetic features and dynamics.             Circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency ▶     Sebastian Memczak, Marvin Jens, Antigoni Elefsinioti et al.     Biochemical, functional and computational analyses are combined to show that circular RNAs are a large class of animal RNAs with regulatory potency.             ATPase-dependent quality control of DNA replication origin licensing ▶     Jordi Frigola, Dirk Remus, Amina Mehanna et al.     The authors describe how the eukaryotic replicative helicase is recruited to origins and reveal a novel ATPase-dependent quality control mechanism.             The genomic signature of dog domestication reveals adaptation to a starch-rich diet ▶     Erik Axelsson, Abhirami Ratnakumar, Maja-Louise Arendt et al.     Whole-genome resequencing of dogs and wolves helps identify genomic regions that are likely to represent targets for selection during dog domestication.             Differential stem- and progenitor-cell trafficking by prostaglandin E2  ▶     Jonathan Hoggatt, Khalid S. Mohammad, Pratibha Singh et al.     Endogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent regulator of haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) retention in the bone marrow; inhibition of endogenous PGE2 signalling by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs results in enhanced HSC and haematopoietic progenitor cell mobility via E-prostanoid 4 (EP4) receptor antagonism.             NANOG-dependent function of TET1 and TET2 in establishment of pluripotency ▶     Yael Costa, Junjun Ding, Thorold W. Theunissen et al.     The authors show that the pluripotency factor NANOG interacts with TET1 and TET2 methylcytosine hydroxylases, and that the hydroxylation of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine enhances the efficiency of somatic cell reprogramming in a NANOG-dependent manner.             Multiple phases of chondrocyte enlargement underlie differences in skeletal proportions ▶     Kimberly L. Cooper, Seungeun Oh, Yongjin Sung et al.     A microscopy study of the cellular basis of mammalian skeletal elongation in development and evolution reveals three phases of chondrocyte volume enlargement, including a phase of disproportionate fluid increase.             Brown-fat paucity due to impaired BMP signalling induces compensatory browning of white fat ▶     Tim J. Schulz, Ping Huang, Tian Lian Huang et al.     A shortage of constitutive brown adipose tissue is shown to result when brown adipogenic progenitor cells lack a type of BMP receptor; however, this leads to an increase in sympathetic input to white adipose tissue and a compensatory browning of white fat depots.             Natural RNA circles function as efficient microRNA sponges ▶     Thomas B. Hansen, Trine I. Jensen, Bettina H. Clausen et al.     A natural circular RNA termed ciRS-7 is shown to function as a negative regulator of microRNA; ciRS-7 acts as an efficient sponge for the microRNA miR-7, and is resistant to the usual microRNA-mediated degradation pathway of exonucleolytic RNA decay.             Autophagosomes form at ER–mitochondria contact sites ▶     Maho Hamasaki, Nobumichi Furuta, Atsushi Matsuda et al.     This study shows that autophagosomes form at sites of contact between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and that formation requires the SNARE protein syntaxin 17.             Multidomain integration in the structure of the HNF-4α nuclear receptor complex ▶     Vikas Chandra, Pengxiang Huang, Nalini Potluri et al.     The crystal structure of the transcriptional regulator HNF-4α bound to its DNA response element and coactivator-derived peptides is described, revealing a multidomain convergence centre that serves as an allosteric transmission system.             News & Views                   Stem cells: Painkillers caught in blood-cell trafficking ▶     Jason M. Butler & Shahin Rafii             Cancer: Trouble upstream ▶     E. Elizabeth Patton, Lea Harrington             Molecular biology: Circles reshape the RNA world ▶     Kenneth S. Kosik             Evolutionary genomics: Detecting selection ▶     Gregory S. Barsh, Leif Andersson             Cell biology: Receptor signals come in waves ▶     Martin J. Lohse, Davide Calebiro             Neuroscience: Anxiety is the sum of its parts ▶     Joshua P. Johansen             Brief Communications Arising                   Updated structure of Drosophila cryptochrome ▶     Colin Levy, Brian D. Zoltowski, Alex R. Jones et al.             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: Structure of full-length Drosophila cryptochrome ▶     Brian D. Zoltowski, Anand T. Vaidya, Deniz Top et al.             Research Highlights                   Medicine: Blood test for cancer DNA | Immunology: Flu vaccines may improve with age | Microbiology: Life on the seabed, and below | Chemistry: Protecting DNA in silica 'amber' | Bioengineering: Mobile worm microscope | Zoology: Frog feet share human hair origin | Medical research: Mice poor models for inflammation         NEWS & COMMENT           Text-mining spat heats up | Evolution: Beastly surprises | Primatology: A wild empathy | Evolutionary biology: Gentle giant of genetics | Health care: Medical supplies in Iran hit by sanctions | Fisheries: Broaden the arguments | Fisheries: Manage declines | Mammalogy: Outdated taxonomy blocks conservation | Time called on chimp work | Gene-analysis firms reach for the cloud             More Biological Sciences ▶                         Subscribe to Nature this Spring for only $60/£60/EUR60 Nature brings you the finest peer-reviewed research in all scientific disciplines, not to mention an enticing round up of news, features and commentaries by global experts. Join our expanding community of scientific leaders and subscribe today!               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Research Highlights                   Chemistry: Protecting DNA in silica 'amber'           More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Dusty starburst galaxies in the early Universe as revealed by gravitational lensing ▶     J. D. Vieira, D. P. Marrone, S. C. Chapman et al.     A spectroscopic redshift survey of extraordinarily bright millimetre-wave-selected sources of carbon monoxide line emission — originating from star-forming molecular gas — shows that at least ten of these sources lie at redshifts greater than four, indicating that the fraction of dusty starburst galaxies at high redshifts is greater than previously thought.             A multi-directional backlight for a wide-angle, glasses-free three-dimensional display ▶     David Fattal, Zhen Peng, Tho Tran et al.     A multiview, dynamic three-dimensional display suitable for mobile devices is achieved by using a set of directional grating pixels etched on the backlight surface; such glasses-free displays could revolutionize areas such as data visualization, medical training and entertainment.             News & Views                   Optical devices: 3D without the glasses ▶     Neil A. Dodgson             Condensed-matter physics: A frustrated trio ▶     Sabine Andergassen             Astronomy: The ALMA telescope shows its true colours ▶     Andrew W. Blain             Research Highlights                   Nanomaterials: Fibres toughen when stretched | Quantum computing: Noisy quantum calculations | Chemistry: Protecting DNA in silica 'amber' | Bioengineering: Mobile worm microscope         NEWS & COMMENT           Text-mining spat heats up | Astronomy: Star tracker | Long-term research: Slow science | Books in brief             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Changes in global nitrogen cycling during the Holocene epoch ▶     Kendra K. McLauchlan, Joseph J. Williams, Joseph M. Craine et al.     A global synthesis of stable nitrogen isotopic values in lacustrine sediments indicates a period of declining enrichment from 15,000 to 7,000 years before present, probably in response to terrestrial carbon sequestration.             Melt-rich channel observed at the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary ▶     S. Naif, K. Key, S. Constable et al.     Sea-floor magnetotelluric data are used to image the electrical conductivity of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary offshore of Nicaragua; a high-conductivity layer confined to depths of 45–70 kilometres is found, interpreted to be a partially molten channel of low viscosity.             News & Views                   Earth science: Mainly in the plain ▶     James W. Kirchner, Ken L. Ferrier             Brief Communications Arising                   A Late Eocene date for Late Triassic bird tracks ▶     Ricardo N. Melchor, Robert Buchwaldt, Samuel Bowring             Research Highlights                   Microbiology: Life on the seabed, and below | Geology: Quakes shake the gold out         NEWS & COMMENT           Long-term research: Slow science | Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet | Land use: A global map for road building | Books in brief | Fisheries: Broaden the arguments | Wasted energy | Oil boom raises burning issues | Mars rover under pressure to reach mountain goal | UK company pursues deep-sea bonanza             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                         Nature Immunology ANIMATION: IMMUNOLOGY IN THE GUT MUCOSA Nature Immunology in collaboration with Arkitek Studios have produced an animation unravelling the complexities of mucosal immunology in health and disease. View the Animation for FREE at: www.nature.com/ni/multimedia/mucosal Produced with support from Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Reproductive biology: Breeding opportunities ▶     The reproductive sciences offer an unusual variety of career options — but some are more fertile than others.                   Turning point: Bruno Reversade ▶     Geneticist's work on twinning leads to European award and post in Singapore.             Careers related news & comment                   Seven days: 15–21 March 2013 | A chance to drive forward Europe's science Ernst-Ludwig Winnacker | Funding: Australia's grant system wastes time Danielle L. Herbert, Adrian G. Barnett, Nicholas Graves | Time called on chimp work Meredith Wadman | Gene-analysis firms reach for the cloud Erika Check Hayden | UK company pursues deep-sea bonanza Mark Schrope               naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Postdoctoral Research Associate     Durham University            Graduate research assistant     Texas A&M University            Postdoctoral Fellow     Umea University            Phd positions     University of Hong Kong          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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