Nature Neuroscience Contents: February 2013 Volume 16 Number 2, pp 111 - 250

TABLE OF CONTENTS February 2013 Volume 16, Issue 2 Focus Editorial News and Views Commentary Perspective Reviews Brief Communication Articles Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Do you want to save money on your lab costs? Receive exclusive discounts from top suppliers of lab products and keep up-to-date with the latest product information as published in Nature and Nature Methods. Nature.com marketplace is the new product focused website brought to you by Nature Publishing Group. Visit www.nature.com/marketplace   Focus Top Focus on Memory Focus issue: February 2013 Volume 16, No 2 Perspectives Reviews Contents Editorial Commentary Editorial Top Focus on memory   p111 doi:10.1038/nn0213-111 Nature Neuroscience presents a special focus issue highlighting recent advances and discussing future directions in memory research. News and Views Top Percept and the single neuron   pp112 - 113 Adrien Wohrer and Christian K Machens doi:10.1038/nn.3314 Work reported in this issue has derived the long-sought analytical link between neural readout weights and choice signals in the standard model of perceptual decision making. This fresh perspective opens the door to experimental assessments of percept formation from the activity of sensory neurons. See also: Article by Haefner et al. The yin and yang of cortical layer 1   pp114 - 115 Matthew E Larkum doi:10.1038/nn.3317 Matthew Larkum discusses the results of a large-scale patch-clamp study revealing the existence of two new cortical microcircuits. These circuits both originate in layer I and either inhibit or disinhibit layer V pyramidal cells. See also: Article by Jiang et al. UP states rise from the depths   pp115 - 117 Stuart Hughes and Vincenzo Crunelli doi:10.1038/nn.3313 A study optogenetically generating or suppressing activity in excitatory neocortical neurons in vivo finds that layer 5 pyramidal cells initiate and maintain widespread UP states, whereas layer 2/3 cells are subsidiary. See also: Article by Beltramo et al. Scratching an itch   pp117 - 118 Barbara Namer and Peter Reeh doi:10.1038/nn.3316 Nociceptors respond to both painful and itchy stimuli. MrgprA3-expressing neurons have now been found that are sparsely distributed in the skin and sense a wide variety of pruritogens. See also: Article by Han et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoctoral Position in Systems Neuroscience University of Michigan - Ann Arbor Cognitive Neuroscience Research Assistant Stanford University Postdoc in RNA biology and Neuroscience Wang research group, iCeMS, Kyoto University Postdoc Position in Developmental Neuroscience Karolinska Institute More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Long-Term Potentiation: Enhancing Neuroscience for 40 Years 12.02.13 London, UK More science events from Commentary Top Memory and law: what can cognitive neuroscience contribute?   pp119 - 123 Daniel L Schacter and Elizabeth F Loftus doi:10.1038/nn.3294 A recent New Jersey Supreme Court decision has led to new jury instructions explaining that memory does not operate like a video recording. The authors discuss cognitive neuroscience research on memory and how it might contribute in the courtroom. Perspective Top Epigenetics and persistent memory: implications for reconsolidation and silent extinction beyond the zero   pp124 - 129 K Matthew Lattal and Marcelo A Wood doi:10.1038/nn.3302 In their Perspective article, Lattal and Wood discuss the latest progresses on behavioral features of persistent memory formation, and how epigenetics is forcing a re-evaluation of behavioral and molecular distinctions between memory extinction and memory reconsolidation. Reviews Top Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system   pp130 - 138 György Buzsáki and Edvard I Moser doi:10.1038/nn.3304 In this review, György Buzsáki and Edvard Moser discuss the most recent evidence suggesting that the navigation and memory functions of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are supported by the same neuronal algorithms. They propose that the mechanisms fueling the memory and mental travel engines in the hippocampal-entorhinal system evolved from the mechanisms supporting navigation in the physical world. Sleep-dependent memory triage: evolving generalization through selective processing   pp139 - 145 Robert Stickgold and Matthew P Walker doi:10.1038/nn.3303 This Review article discusses in the context of learning and memory the function of sleep to earmark which daily event or information should be consolidated and which mundane information should be discarded, and how this 'memory triage' process is a selective and yet generalization process that can also bind features together in a non-congruous manner when they are recalled. Implications of memory modulation for post-traumatic stress and fear disorders   pp146 - 153 Ryan G Parsons and Kerry J Ressler doi:10.1038/nn.3296 In this review, the authors highlight recent progress made in fear learning and memory, differential susceptibility to disorders of fear, and how these findings are being applied to understanding, treatment, and possible prevention of fear disorders in the clinic. Brief Communication Top Lag normalization in an electrically coupled neural network   pp154 - 156 Stuart Trenholm, David J Schwab, Vijay Balasubramanian and Gautam B Awatramani doi:10.1038/nn.3308 In this study, the authors show that velocity-dependent lag normalization in the retina is accomplished via a subset of adjacent directionally selective ganglion cells that are electrically coupled, allowing each activated cell to prime its neighbor. Articles Top Dual origins of the mammalian accessory olfactory bulb revealed by an evolutionarily conserved migratory stream   pp157 - 165 Dhananjay Huilgol, Susan Udin, Tomomi Shimogori, Bhaskar Saha, Achira Roy, Shinichi Aizawa, Robert F Hevner, Gundela Meyer, Toshio Ohshima, Samuel J Pleasure, Yangu Zhao and Shubha Tole doi:10.1038/nn.3297 The accessory olfactory bulb consists of anterior (aAOB) and posterior (pAOB) portions that control distinct aspects of social behavior. In this study, the authors show that, unlike their aAOB counterparts, pAOB neurons arise at the diencephalon-telencephalon border and migrate rostrally. A similar migration is seen in the Xenopus AOB. Coupling of NF-protocadherin signaling to axon guidance by cue-induced translation   pp166 - 173 Louis C Leung, Vasja Urbančič, Marie-Laure Baudet, Asha Dwivedy, Timothy G Bayley, Aih Cheun Lee, William A Harris and Christine E Holt doi:10.1038/nn.3290 This study shows that a non-clustered protocadherin, NFPC, is locally translated in retinal axons in response to Sema3A and demonstrates that NFPC-mediated homophilic adhesion helps guide retinal axons in the optic tract, thus revealing a new mechanism for axon guidance by linking a diffusible cue to adhesion-based navigation. A subpopulation of nociceptors specifically linked to itch   pp174 - 182 Liang Han, Chao Ma, Qin Liu, Hao-Jui Weng, Yiyuan Cui, Zongxiang Tang, Yushin Kim, Hong Nie, Lintao Qu, Kush N Patel, Zhe Li, Benjamin McNeil, Shaoqiu He, Yun Guan, Bo Xiao, Robert H LaMotte and Xinzhong Dong doi:10.1038/nn.3289 Dorsal root ganglion neurons respond to both painful and itchy stimuli, but whether itch-specific neurons exist was, up until now, unknown. Here the authors describe a group of MrgprA3-expressing neurons that innervate the superficial layers of the skin and selectively sense itch. See also: News and Views by Namer & Reeh Morphine hyperalgesia gated through microglia-mediated disruption of neuronal Cl- homeostasis   pp183 - 192 Francesco Ferrini, Tuan Trang, Theresa-Alexandra M Mattioli, Sophie Laffray, Thomas Del'Guidice, Louis-Etienne Lorenzo, Annie Castonguay, Nicolas Doyon, Wenbo Zhang, Antoine G Godin, Daniela Mohr, Simon Beggs, Karen Vandal, Jean-Martin Beaulieu, Catherine M Cahill, Michael W Salter and Yves De Koninck doi:10.1038/nn.3295 Treatment of pain with morphine leads to paradoxical hyperalgesia. The authors provide evidence that morphine-induced hyperalgesia is a result of downregulation of the chloride transporter KCC2 in spinal lamina I neurons. Microglial expression of P2X4 receptors and release of BDNF may underlie this change in neuronal chloride homeostasis and morphine-induced hyperalgesia. In vivo reprogramming of circuit connectivity in postmitotic neocortical neurons   pp193 - 200 Andres De la Rossa, Camilla Bellone, Bruno Golding, Ilaria Vitali, Jonathan Moss, Nicolas Toni, Christian Lüscher and Denis Jabaudon doi:10.1038/nn.3299 Thalamocortical axonal inputs to the neocortex terminate in the cortical layer 4, whereas corticobulbar and corticospinal output from the cortex mostly originate from layer 5B pyramidal neurons. This study utilizes a novel in vivo gene expression system in postmitotic neurons and demonstrates the reprogramming of layer 4 input-receiver neurons in postnatal mice into layer 5B-like cortical output neurons using the expression of the transcription factor Fezf2. Timothy syndrome is associated with activity-dependent dendritic retraction in rodent and human neurons   pp201 - 209 Jocelyn F Krey, Sergiu P Pasca, Aleksandr Shcheglovitov, Masayuki Yazawa, Rachel Schwemberger, Randall Rasmusson and Ricardo E Dolmetsch doi:10.1038/nn.3307 The authors report that calcium channels with a mutation associated with Timothy syndrome cause activity-dependent dendrite retraction in rodent neurons and in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from individuals with Timothy syndrome. This retraction was independent of Ca permeation but was associated with activation of RhoA signaling. The organization of two new cortical interneuronal circuits   pp210 - 218 Xiaolong Jiang, Guangfu Wang, Alice J Lee, Ruth L Stornetta and J Julius Zhu doi:10.1038/nn.3305 Using simultaneous quadruple-to-octuple whole-cell recordings in rat sensorimotor cortex and testing over 14,000 putative synaptic connections between over 8,000 cells, Jiang and colleagues identify two new multi-layer disynaptic interneuronal circuits. Functionally, these two circuits either inhibit or disinhibit the initiation of complex spikes in the apical dendrite of layer 5 pyramidal cells. See also: News and Views by Larkum Cortico-cortical projections in mouse visual cortex are functionally target specific   pp219 - 226 Lindsey L Glickfeld, Mark L Andermann, Vincent Bonin and R Clay Reid doi:10.1038/nn.3300 Tuning of neurons in higher visual cortices is less diverse than in primary visual cortex (V1), but the mechanisms underlying this specialization are unknown. In this paper, Glickfeld and colleagues used two-photon imaging in awake mice to measure the visual responses of boutons from V1 projection neurons in the higher visual areas and found that bouton tunings matched the preference of their target areas. These findings suggest that inter-areal visual stimulus feature segregation occurs via the target-specific routing of visual information as it ascends the cortical hierarchy. Layer-specific excitatory circuits differentially control recurrent network dynamics in the neocortex   pp227 - 234 Riccardo Beltramo, Giulia D'Urso, Marco Dal Maschio, Pasqualina Farisello, Serena Bovetti, Yoanne Clovis, Glenda Lassi, Valter Tucci, Davide De Pietri Tonelli and Tommaso Fellin doi:10.1038/nn.3306 This study uses optogenetics in vivo in mice to provide causal evidence for the distinct roles played by different cortical layers in the regulation of intrinsic oscillations. See also: News and Views by Hughes & Crunelli Inferring decoding strategies from choice probabilities in the presence of correlated variability   pp235 - 242 Ralf M Haefner, Sebastian Gerwinn, Jakob H Macke and Matthias Bethge doi:10.1038/nn.3309 Here the authors derive the mathematical relationship among the key ingredients of the standard neural decision-making model: choice probabilities, read-out weights and correlated variability. This allows them to infer decoding strategies from experimentally measurable quantities and to test whether the organism is using an optimal decoding strategy for a given task, even without knowing the underlying correlations. See also: News and Views by Wohrer & Machens Neuronal reference frames for social decisions in primate frontal cortex   pp243 - 250 Steve W C Chang, Jean-François Gariépy and Michael L Platt doi:10.1038/nn.3287 The authors studied how neurons in three frontal cortical areas encode the outcomes of social decisions as monkeys performed a social reward allocation task. Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) neurons signaled received rewards, anterior cingulate (ACCs) neurons signaled forgone rewards, and the ACCg emerged as a key nexus for the computation of shared experience and social reward. Top   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. Find the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia on natureevents.com. 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