Nature contents: 07 June 2012

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 486 Number 7401      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       Smarter, larger animal models Knockout rats are now available from SAGE® Labs for neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases, including new models of autism spectrum disorders. Learn more.  sageresearchmodels.com/research-models             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Special: Rio+20     Twenty years after global leaders pledged to protect Earth's climate and biodiversity at the Rio Earth Summit, they are back for another try at Rio 2.0. In this special report, Nature shows that while the leaders have made little headway, scientists' understanding of the environmental crisis continues to deepen. ▼ more       Chemical Sciences More Chemical sciences ▼   Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive fuel cells   Small test fleets of vehicles powered by hydrogen fuel cells that use hydrogen have performed well enough. But in this Review, Mark Debe reminds us that significant obstacles must be overcome before the technology becomes a genuinely practical proposition.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Chemical genetic discovery of targets and anti-targets for cancer polypharmacology   Many targeted cancer drugs are kinase inhibitors, often inhibiting a spectrum of kinases. This study examines the concept of 'anti-targets', which when activated lead to unwanted toxicity or the release of feedback mechanisms that counter the beneficial effects of the drug. When these 'bad' targets are avoided, the anticancer response is improved.                   A*STAR Research - Highlighting the best of research at the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore's premier research organization. Recent Highlights - Immunology: Guiding the immune response | Developmental biology: Switching to neurons | Nanoparticle synthesis: Joined at the hip | Microfluidics: Creating chaos | Hard drives: A bit of progress | Photonics: Strong vibrations The new print edition of A*STAR Research is now available!                 Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Ultraviolet-radiation-induced methane emissions from meteorites and the Martian atmosphere   Methane has been detected on Mars in the past, and both biological and geochemical origins have been proposed for it. This paper introduces a new contender: the methane could result from photochemical degradation of organic matter from meteorites. The point is made by showing that samples of the Murchison meteorite exposed to ultraviolet radiation under conditions similar to those expected on Mars release methane gas with an 'extraterrestrial' hydrogen isotopic signature.       Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: eighth century cosmic rays preserved in trees, calculating the real cost of your cappuccino, and is our growing population a ticking time bomb?         Special - Rio+20 ▲top               Editorial                   Back to Earth ▶     The world has a surfeit of pledges, commitments and treaties. What it needs from the second Earth summit in Rio is firm leadership and a viable plan for success.             News in Focus                   President prunes forest reforms ▶     Rousseff rejects elements of Brazil's revised forest code.             Comment                   Rio+20: Lead by example ▶     As host nation of Rio+20, Brazil should choose the right course for its own development, say Fabio Scarano, André Guimarães and José Maria da Silva.             Sustainability: The corporate climate overhaul ▶     The rules of business must be changed if the planet is to be saved, says Pavan Sukhdev.             Features                   Return to Rio: Second chance for the planet ▶             Earth summit: Rio report card ▶     The world has failed to deliver on many of the promises it made 20 years ago at the Earth summit in Brazil.             Reviews                   Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere ▶     Anthony D. Barnosky, Elizabeth A. Hadly, Jordi Bascompte, Eric L. Berlow, James H. Brown et al.             Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity ▶     Bradley J. Cardinale, J. Emmett Duffy, Andrew Gonzalez, David U. Hooper, Charles Perrings et al.             Securing natural capital and expanding equity to rescale civilization ▶     Paul R. Ehrlich, Peter M. Kareiva & Gretchen C. Daily             Letters                   A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change ▶     David U. Hooper, E. Carol Adair, Bradley J. Cardinale, Jarrett E. K. Byrnes, Bruce A. Hungate et al.             International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations ▶     M. Lenzen, D. Moran, K. Kanemoto, B. Foran, L. Lobefaro et al.               News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           World View                   Turn Spain's budget crisis into an opportunity ▶     Strict funding cuts mean that the country's research system must renew its focus on quality rather than quantity, says science secretary Carmen Vela.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 1–7 June 2012 ▶     The week in science: Tension over Europe's next research funding programme; Venus transits the Sun; and the Shaw and Kavli prizes are awarded.           NEWS IN FOCUS           South Korea surrenders to creationist demands ▶     Publishers set to remove examples of evolution from high-school textbooks.             Japan considers nuclear-free future ▶     Options require big boost for renewable energy sources.             Antibody alarm call rouses immune response to cancer ▶     Trial drug outperforms earlier efforts to marshall the body's defences to combat tumours.             Ancestry testing goes for pinpoint accuracy ▶     Companies use whole genomes to trace geographical origins.           COMMENT           Books and Arts                   Food security: Eating globally ▶     Tom MacMillan gets a taste of the argument against consuming only locally grown food.             Virology: The battle inside ▶     José Esparza enjoys the memoir of a long-term veteran of the virus wars.             Psychology: Markets in mind ▶     Investment bankers are addicts on a steroid roller coaster, finds Richard Lea.             Q&A: The data visualizer ▶     Aaron Koblin, head of the Data Arts Team in Google's Creative Lab, uses data visualization and crowdsourcing to reveal the changing relationship between people and technology. As he presents his work at the Eyeo Festival of digital creativity and prepares to release a collaboration with Google, London's Tate Modern and artist Chris Milk, he talks about the beauty of big data.             Correspondence                   Migration: Value of submerged early human sites Nicholas Flemming, Geoffrey N. Bailey & Dimitris Sakellariou | Ethics: Two faces of marine ecology research Juerg Brunnschweiler | Child mortality: Villages project responds to criticism Paul Pronyk | Law: Pitfalls of Romania's ethics council Octavian Voiculescu                       Nature Reviews Cancer & Nature Reviews Immunology FOCUS ON TUMOUR IMMUNOLOGY & IMMUNOTHERAPY Access the Focus online for FREE until end of September 2012: http://www.nature.com/reviews/focus/tumourimmunology   Produced with support from  Boehringer Ingelheim               Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Neural population dynamics during reaching ▶     Mark M. Churchland, John P. Cunningham, Matthew T. Kaufman, Justin D. Foster, Paul Nuyujukian et al.             A map of nucleosome positions in yeast at base-pair resolution ▶     Kristin Brogaard, Liqun Xi, Ji-Ping Wang & Jonathan Widom     A new technique for mapping nucleosomes genome-wide with single-base-pair accuracy, by chemical modification of engineered histones.             PGC7 binds histone H3K9me2 to protect against conversion of 5mC to 5hmC in early embryos ▶     Toshinobu Nakamura, Yu-Jung Liu, Hiroyuki Nakashima, Hiroki Umehara, Kimiko Inoue et al.     The binding of PGC7 to maternal chromatin, which is important for methylation maintenance during embryogenesis, is shown to be dependent on a particular histone modification, H3K9me2.             A signature of cosmic-ray increase in ad 774–775 from tree rings in Japan ▶     Fusa Miyake, Kentaro Nagaya, Kimiaki Masuda & Toshio Nakamura     A rapid increase in the 14C content of Japanese cedar tree rings occurred during ad 774 to 775, and is about 20 times larger than the change attributed to ordinary solar modulation; neither a solar flare nor a local supernova is likely to have been responsible.             Autoregulation of microRNA biogenesis by let-7 and Argonaute ▶     Dimitrios G. Zisoulis, Zoya S. Kai, Roger K. Chang & Amy E. Pasquinelli     MicroRNA in worms is shown to target non-coding primary microRNA transcripts through interaction with the Argonaute protein, promoting the production of further microRNA and thus generating a positive-feedback loop.             Programmable single-cell mammalian biocomputers ▶     Simon Ausländer, David Ausländer, Marius Müller, Markus Wieland & Martin Fussenegger     In synthetic biology, the use of regulatory proteins that bind either DNA or RNA to reprogram mammalian cellular functions allows a variety of computational ‘logic circuits’ to be built in a plug-and-play manner, which may pave the way for precise and robust control of future gene-based and cell-based therapies.             Structure of the immature retroviral capsid at 8 Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy ▶     Tanmay A. M. Bharat, Norman E. Davey, Pavel Ulbrich, James D. Riches, Alex de Marco et al.     A hybrid cryo-electron microscopy/tomography approach is used to solve the structure of the immature Mason–Pfizer monkey virus Gag lattice at a resolution of 8 Å, allowing the derivation of a model for the structure of retroviral capsid in the immature Gag shell.             Articles and Letters                   Cis-regulatory control of corticospinal system development and evolution ▶     Sungbo Shim, Kenneth Y. Kwan, Mingfeng Li, Veronique Lefebvre & Nenad Šestan     SOX transcription factors converge on a cortex-specific enhancer to regulate the dynamic, cell-type-specific expression of Fezf2, a gene necessary for the formation of corticospinal system.             Chemical genetic discovery of targets and anti-targets for cancer polypharmacology ▶     Arvin C. Dar, Tirtha K. Das, Kevan M. Shokat & Ross L. Cagan     Using Ret-driven models of multiple endocrine neoplasia, it is shown that optimal kinase inhibition must aim to target an ideal spectrum of tumour-relevant kinases while avoiding ‘anti-targets’ that cause unwanted toxicity.             Fluoride ion encapsulation by Mg2+ ions and phosphates in a fluoride riboswitch ▶     Aiming Ren, Kanagalaghatta R. Rajashankar & Dinshaw J. Patel     A riboswitch that binds fluoride was identified recently, which is surprising because both RNA and fluoride are negatively charged; here it is shown that the fluoride ion is coordinated to three positively charged magnesium ions, which are further encased in a negatively charged shell of RNA backbone phosphates and water molecules.             A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change ▶     David U. Hooper, E. Carol Adair, Bradley J. Cardinale, Jarrett E. K. Byrnes, Bruce A. Hungate et al.     Although loss of biodiversity is known to cause reduction in ecosystem function, it is not known how this threat compares to other environmental alterations such as climate change; this analysis of the data from over 100 published studies shows that biodiversity loss is as significant as other major drivers of change in ecosystem function.             International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations ▶     M. Lenzen, D. Moran, K. Kanemoto, B. Foran, L. Lobefaro et al.     Biodiversity threats from Red Lists are linked with patterns of international trade, identifying the ultimate instigators of the threats; developed countries tend to be net importers of implicated commodities, driving biodiversity decline in developing countries.             Preferential electrical coupling regulates neocortical lineage-dependent microcircuit assembly ▶     Yong-Chun Yu, Shuijin He, She Chen, Yinghui Fu, Keith N. Brown et al.     In the neocortex, microcircuits are assembled in a lineage-dependent manner through a distinct sequence of events that involves long-range electrical connections between sister neurons, leading to the formation of chemical synapses between these neurons.             Clonally related visual cortical neurons show similar stimulus feature selectivity ▶     Ye Li, Hui Lu, Pei-lin Cheng, Shaoyu Ge, Huatai Xu et al.     It has been proposed that, during development, clonally related neurons migrate along the same radial glial fibre to form clusters of functionally similar cells; here, sister neurons in the same radial clone are shown to have similar orientation preferences in mice, providing support for this hypothesis.             α2δ expression sets presynaptic calcium channel abundance and release probability ▶     Michael B. Hoppa, Beatrice Lana, Wojciech Margas, Annette C. Dolphin & Timothy A. Ryan     The voltage-gated calcium channel protein subunit α2δ is shown to control both the abundance of voltage-gated calcium channels and their coupling to the vesicular release of neurotransmitters into the synapse; because the α2δ family is a known target of potent analgesics, this study offers a new link between basic synaptic physiology and pain research in the clinic.             An oxygen-regulated switch in the protein synthesis machinery ▶     James Uniacke, Chet E. Holterman, Gabriel Lachance, Aleksandra Franovic, Mathieu D. Jacob et al.     Hypoxia activates a translation initiation pathway that escapes global inhibition of protein synthesis.             Crystal structure of an orthologue of the NaChBac voltage-gated sodium channel ▶     Xu Zhang, Wenlin Ren, Paul DeCaen, Chuangye Yan, Xiao Tao et al.     The crystal structure of NavRh, a NaChBac orthologue from the marine Rickettsiales sp. HIMB114, defines an ion binding site within the selectivity filter, and reveals several conformational rearrangements that may underlie the electromechanical coupling mechanism.             Crystal structure of a voltage-gated sodium channel in two potentially inactivated states ▶     Jian Payandeh, Tamer M. Gamal El-Din, Todd Scheuer, Ning Zheng & William A. Catterall     X-ray crystal structures of a bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel in two ‘inactivated’ conformations are reported, revealing several conformational rearrangements that may underlie the electromechanical coupling of voltage sensor movement to inactivation of the pore.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere ▶     Anthony D. Barnosky, Elizabeth A. Hadly, Jordi Bascompte, Eric L. Berlow, James H. Brown et al.     There is evidence that human influence may be forcing the global ecosystem towards a rapid, irreversible, planetary-scale shift into a state unknown in human experience.             Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity ▶     Bradley J. Cardinale, J. Emmett Duffy, Andrew Gonzalez, David U. Hooper, Charles Perrings et al.     Two decades ago the first Earth Summit raised the question of how biological diversity loss alters ecosystem functioning and affects humanity; this Review looks at the progress made towards answering this question.             News & Views                   Biodiversity: Remote responsibility ▶     Edgar Hertwich             Cell biology: High-tech yeast ageing ▶     Michael Polymenis & Brian K. Kennedy             Neuroscience: Sibling neurons bond to share sensations ▶     Thomas D. Mrsic-Flogel & Tobias Bonhoeffer             Research Highlights                   Evolution: Fledglings occupy nests, fool hosts | Neuroscience: Cell transplants for pain | Biochemistry: Proteins designed to self-assemble | Anthropology: Rich milk for poor girls | Neuroscience: Antidepressants' cellular target | Cancer: Forcing cells to divide | Vascular biology: Stem cells from blood vessels | Evolution: Monkey lips smack of speech | Immunology: With stress comes inflammation         NEWS & COMMENT           South Korea surrenders to creationist demands | Antibody alarm call rouses immune response to cancer | Ancestry testing goes for pinpoint accuracy | Return to Rio: Second chance for the planet | Earth summit: Rio report card | Biorepositories: Building better biobanks | Virology: The battle inside | Psychology: Markets in mind | Migration: Value of submerged early human sites Nicholas Flemming, Geoffrey N. Bailey & Dimitris Sakellariou | Ethics: Two faces of marine ecology research Juerg Brunnschweiler           CAREERS           Dental science: Oral observatory             More Biological Sciences ▶                         HudsonAlpha - Natureconference on Immunogenomics October 1-2, 2012 The Jackson Center, Huntsville, AL, USA The conference will bring together four areas to shape this emerging field: scientists in genomics and genetics, immunology, bioinformatics and methodology, and clinical research.  Register today!               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Chemical genetic discovery of targets and anti-targets for cancer polypharmacology ▶     Arvin C. Dar, Tirtha K. Das, Kevan M. Shokat & Ross L. Cagan     Using Ret-driven models of multiple endocrine neoplasia, it is shown that optimal kinase inhibition must aim to target an ideal spectrum of tumour-relevant kinases while avoiding ‘anti-targets’ that cause unwanted toxicity.             Fluoride ion encapsulation by Mg2+ ions and phosphates in a fluoride riboswitch ▶     Aiming Ren, Kanagalaghatta R. Rajashankar & Dinshaw J. Patel     A riboswitch that binds fluoride was identified recently, which is surprising because both RNA and fluoride are negatively charged; here it is shown that the fluoride ion is coordinated to three positively charged magnesium ions, which are further encased in a negatively charged shell of RNA backbone phosphates and water molecules.             An oxygen-regulated switch in the protein synthesis machinery ▶     James Uniacke, Chet E. Holterman, Gabriel Lachance, Aleksandra Franovic, Mathieu D. Jacob et al.     Hypoxia activates a translation initiation pathway that escapes global inhibition of protein synthesis.             Crystal structure of a voltage-gated sodium channel in two potentially inactivated states ▶     Jian Payandeh, Tamer M. Gamal El-Din, Todd Scheuer, Ning Zheng & William A. Catterall     X-ray crystal structures of a bacterial voltage-gated sodium channel in two ‘inactivated’ conformations are reported, revealing several conformational rearrangements that may underlie the electromechanical coupling of voltage sensor movement to inactivation of the pore.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive fuel cells ▶     Mark K. Debe     Although automotive fuel-cell catalyst development has come a long way in the past fifteen years, more research is needed for oxygen reduction electrocatalysts to be successfully commercialized.             Research Highlights                   Biochemistry: Proteins designed to self-assemble         CAREERS           Turning point: Rachel O'Reilly             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   A signature of cosmic-ray increase in ad 774–775 from tree rings in Japan ▶     Fusa Miyake, Kentaro Nagaya, Kimiaki Masuda & Toshio Nakamura     A rapid increase in the 14C content of Japanese cedar tree rings occurred during ad 774 to 775, and is about 20 times larger than the change attributed to ordinary solar modulation; neither a solar flare nor a local supernova is likely to have been responsible.             Articles and Letters                   The age of the Milky Way inner halo ▶     Jason S. Kalirai     Using observations of four nearby white dwarf stars in the Milky Way halo, the age of local-field halo stars is measured to be nearly around 11 billion years.             Late Miocene decoupling of oceanic warmth and atmospheric carbon dioxide forcing ▶     Jonathan P. LaRiviere, A. Christina Ravelo, Allison Crimmins, Petra S. Dekens, Heather L. Ford et al.     Measurements from several ocean cores reveal that ocean warmth persisted throughout the late Miocene epoch despite CO2 levels of only 200–350 p.p.m.v., probably driven by a deep thermocline that isolated climate responses from CO2 variations.             International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations ▶     M. Lenzen, D. Moran, K. Kanemoto, B. Foran, L. Lobefaro et al.     Biodiversity threats from Red Lists are linked with patterns of international trade, identifying the ultimate instigators of the threats; developed countries tend to be net importers of implicated commodities, driving biodiversity decline in developing countries.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Electrocatalyst approaches and challenges for automotive fuel cells ▶     Mark K. Debe     Although automotive fuel-cell catalyst development has come a long way in the past fifteen years, more research is needed for oxygen reduction electrocatalysts to be successfully commercialized.             News & Views                   Astrophysics: Young dwarfs date an old halo ▶     Timothy C. Beers           NEWS & COMMENT           President prunes forest reforms | Q&A: The data visualizer           CAREERS           Turning point: Rachel O'Reilly             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   A signature of cosmic-ray increase in ad 774–775 from tree rings in Japan ▶     Fusa Miyake, Kentaro Nagaya, Kimiaki Masuda & Toshio Nakamura     A rapid increase in the 14C content of Japanese cedar tree rings occurred during ad 774 to 775, and is about 20 times larger than the change attributed to ordinary solar modulation; neither a solar flare nor a local supernova is likely to have been responsible.             Articles and Letters                   Ultraviolet-radiation-induced methane emissions from meteorites and the Martian atmosphere ▶     Frank Keppler, Ivan Vigano, Andy McLeod, Ulrich Ott, Marion Früchtl et al.     Exposure of the Murchison meteorite to ultraviolet radiation is found to produce methane, suggesting a possible explanation for a substantial fraction of recently estimated Martian atmospheric methane.             Late Miocene decoupling of oceanic warmth and atmospheric carbon dioxide forcing ▶     Jonathan P. LaRiviere, A. Christina Ravelo, Allison Crimmins, Petra S. Dekens, Heather L. Ford et al.     Measurements from several ocean cores reveal that ocean warmth persisted throughout the late Miocene epoch despite CO2 levels of only 200–350 p.p.m.v., probably driven by a deep thermocline that isolated climate responses from CO2 variations.             Early differentiation and volatile accretion recorded in deep-mantle neon and xenon ▶     Sujoy Mukhopadhyay     Noble gas contents of the Iceland mantle plume show that neither the Moon-forming impact nor billions of years of mantle convection has erased the signature of Earth’s heterogeneous accretion and early differentiation.             A global synthesis reveals biodiversity loss as a major driver of ecosystem change ▶     David U. Hooper, E. Carol Adair, Bradley J. Cardinale, Jarrett E. K. Byrnes, Bruce A. Hungate et al.     Although loss of biodiversity is known to cause reduction in ecosystem function, it is not known how this threat compares to other environmental alterations such as climate change; this analysis of the data from over 100 published studies shows that biodiversity loss is as significant as other major drivers of change in ecosystem function.             International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations ▶     M. Lenzen, D. Moran, K. Kanemoto, B. Foran, L. Lobefaro et al.     Biodiversity threats from Red Lists are linked with patterns of international trade, identifying the ultimate instigators of the threats; developed countries tend to be net importers of implicated commodities, driving biodiversity decline in developing countries.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere ▶     Anthony D. Barnosky, Elizabeth A. Hadly, Jordi Bascompte, Eric L. Berlow, James H. Brown et al.     There is evidence that human influence may be forcing the global ecosystem towards a rapid, irreversible, planetary-scale shift into a state unknown in human experience.             Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity ▶     Bradley J. Cardinale, J. Emmett Duffy, Andrew Gonzalez, David U. Hooper, Charles Perrings et al.     Two decades ago the first Earth Summit raised the question of how biological diversity loss alters ecosystem functioning and affects humanity; this Review looks at the progress made towards answering this question.             News & Views                   Geochemistry: A dash of deep nebula on the rocks ▶     Chris J. Ballentine             Research Highlights                   Glaciology: Greenland glacier map         NEWS & COMMENT           Back to Earth | President prunes forest reforms | Return to Rio: Second chance for the planet | Earth summit: Rio report card | Rio+20: Lead by example | Sustainability: The corporate climate overhaul             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶               Specials - Technology Feature ▲top               Biorepositories: Building better biobanks ▶     High-quality, data-rich samples are essential for future research. But obtaining and storing these samples is not as straightforward as many researchers think.                          Immunology and Cell Biology is proud to present a Special Feature and web focus on the role of type I IFNs in regulating immune responses, which include the reasons for the presence of IFNs, type I IFNs interactions with target cells in the immune system, and the roles and mechanisms of IFNs in specific organs or diseases.  Access the Web Focus today!               Careers & Jobs ▲top               Dental science: Oral observatory ▶     Studying the mouth, including the diagnostic potential of saliva, is offering opportunities to explore overall health.                   Turning point: Rachel O'Reilly ▶     Polymer chemist describes her path to independence.                   UK scientist standards ▶     Professional designations aim to validate expertise.                   Defining employees ▶     Classifying PhD candidates as employees preserves their rights and benefits.                   Foreign-talent loss ▶     Immigration cap criticized for effect on international students.                   Careers related news & comment                   Turn Spain's budget crisis into an opportunity | South Korea surrenders to creationist demands | Japan considers nuclear-free future | Sustainability: The corporate climate overhaul | Law: Pitfalls of Romania's ethics council Octavian Voiculescu             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Sr. Equipment Maintenance Technician 2nd Shift     Life Technologies            PhD in cardiological research     Saarland University, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology            Post Doc     University of Utah at Huntsman Cancer Institute            Lecturer in Chemistry (x2)     University College London (UCL)          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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